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Network Topologies

Network topology encompasses the physical and logical arrangement of nodes and connections in a network, impacting its functionality, performance, and data transfer rates. Diagrams of network topologies are useful for administrators to identify issues and optimally allocate resources. The main types are physical and logical topologies. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, and mesh, each with their own unique characteristics such as cost, scalability, reliability, and ease of setup that make them suitable for different network needs and sizes.

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199 views5 pages

Network Topologies

Network topology encompasses the physical and logical arrangement of nodes and connections in a network, impacting its functionality, performance, and data transfer rates. Diagrams of network topologies are useful for administrators to identify issues and optimally allocate resources. The main types are physical and logical topologies. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, and mesh, each with their own unique characteristics such as cost, scalability, reliability, and ease of setup that make them suitable for different network needs and sizes.

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NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

Network topology encompasses the arrangement of physical and logical nodes and
connections, impacting network functionality, performance, energy efficiency, and data
transfer rates. Administrators benefit from well-defined topologies for fault identification, issue
resolution, and optimal resource allocation. Diagrams serve as valuable references in
diagnosing network problems, illustrating both physical and logical layouts effectively.

Types of Network Topologies


Network topologies can be classified into two main types: physical and logical. The physical
topology refers to the actual physical arrangement of nodes and connections, such as the wires
and cables used for Ethernet, DSL, fibre optics, and microwaves. On the other hand, logical
network topologies define the network’s configuration, specifying how nodes connect and
communicate with each other, as well as the data transfer patterns.
The various network topologies are:
• Point to Point Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Star Topology
• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Tree Topology
• Hybrid Topology

Bus Topology
Bus topology is a type of network topology in which all the devices are connected to a single
cable which is called the backbone of the network. It consists of a terminator at each end of the
cable. The network cable is responsible for the communication between the devices and when
the data reaches the end of the cable it is removed by the terminator from the data line. It is the
easiest network topology when the devices are to be connected linearly.

Fig. Bus Topology


Advantages of Bus Topology:
• Requires only one backbone cable and N drop lines for N devices.
• Cost-effective, especially for small networks.
• Well-known installation and troubleshooting techniques.
• Utilizes CSMA for efficient communication.
Drawbacks of Bus Topology:
• Requires a lot of cabling.
• Whole network crashes if the common cable fails.
• Heavy network traffic can lead to increased collisions.
• Adding new devices may slow down the network.
• Low security.
It is commonly used in Ethernet LAN and cable TV networks.

Ring Topology
Ring Topology establishes a circular connection among devices, with each device linked to
precisely two neighboring ones. In extensive networks with many nodes, repeaters are crucial
to avert data loss; for instance, in a 100-node ring, data has to pass through 99 nodes to reach
the 100th. Data typically flows in a unidirectional manner but can be made bidirectional by
employing dual connections between network nodes, forming a Dual Ring Topology. The
Token Ring Passing protocol is commonly utilized by workstations in Ring Topology for data

transmission..

Fig. Ring Topology


Advantages of Ring Topology:
• High-speed data transmission.
• Minimal collision potential.
• Cost-effective installation and expansion.
• Economical compared to star topology.

Drawbacks of Ring Topology:


• Single node failure can disrupt the entire network.
• Troubleshooting complexity.
• Adding or removing stations can disturb the entire topology.
• Lower security.

Star Topology
In Star Topology, all devices are linked to a central hub via cables, with the hub serving as the
central node. This hub can be either passive, functioning as a simple connection point, or active,
equipped with repeaters. Typically, coaxial or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers.
Star Topology commonly employs well-known Ethernet LAN protocols like CD (Collision
Detection) and CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access).

Advantages of Star Topology:


• Easy setup with N devices requiring N cables.
• Each device connects with only one port, resulting in a total of N ports.
• Robust, as a failure in one link doesn’t affect others.
• Simplified fault identification and isolation.
• Cost-effective using inexpensive coaxial cables.

Drawbacks of Star Topology:


• Total system failure if the central hub malfunctions.
• High installation cost.
• Performance relies on the single central hub.

It is commonly found in office LANs where computers connect to a central hub, and it’s
also used in wireless networks where devices connect to a wireless access point.

Mesh Topology
Mesh topology is a network where all devices, like computers, switches, and hubs, connect
randomly. It’s robust since even if one connection fails, others can still communicate.
However, it’s costly, lacks hierarchy, and setting up connections can be complex. In a mesh,
each device acts as both a sender and a relay for others. This topology is commonly used
in wireless networks and features point-to-point links between all nodes, making it resilient

but intricate.

Fig. Mesh Topology


Advantages of Mesh Topology:
• Fast communication between nodes.
• Robust and easily diagnosed faults.
• Secure and private data transfer.
Drawbacks of Mesh Topology:
• Complex setup and high cable costs.
• Best for smaller networks due to expensive wiring.
• Elevated maintenance costs.
It is found in internet backbones, military communications, and aircraft navigation systems.

Conclusion
In conclusion, each of the four network topologies, including Bus, Ring, Star, and Mesh,
possesses its unique set of characteristics and architectural features. The Bus topology, with its
simplicity and cost-effectiveness, is suitable for smaller networks but is vulnerable to a single
point of failure. Ring topology offers a unidirectional data flow and efficient fault isolation but
faces challenges in scalability and troubleshooting. Star topology is user-friendly, reliable, and
easy to identify faults, making it an excellent choice for many modern LAN setups. Mesh
topology, while complex and costly, provides exceptional redundancy and robustness, ensuring
consistent communication even in the face of multiple link failures. The choice of topology
ultimately depends on the specific requirements, size, and goals of a network, as each design
offers a balance of advantages and drawbacks.

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