International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 87 No. 2 2013, 261-271

ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.ijpam.eu
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12732/ijpam.v87i2.6
AP
ijpam.eu

THE TIME SHIFTING THEOREM AND

THE CONVOLUTION FOR ELZAKI TRANSFORM

HwaJoon Kim
Basic Education Center
Incheon University
119 Academy-ro, Songdo-dong, Incheon, KOREA

Abstract: Integral transform methods have been modified to solve the several
dynamic equations with initial or boundary conditions in many ways. Laplace,
Sumudu and Elzaki transforms are such typical things. Among these, Elzaki
transform is an efficient and novel tool. In this article, we have proposed the
solution of differential equation with variable coefficients using Elzaki trans-
form, and proved the time shifting theorem and the convolution one for Elzaki
transform.

AMS Subject Classification: 44A05, 44A35, 34A12

Key Words: time shifting, variable coefficients, Laplace transform, Elzaki
transform, Sumudu transform, convolution

1. Introduction

The Laplace transform method is performing a worthy role for solving linear
ordinary differential equations and corresponding initial value problems, having
an idea to replace operations of calculus on functions with operations of algebra
on transforms, but it is not appropriate for differential equations with variable
coefficients.
In order to overcome this limitation, many researches[1, 8-12, 16, 20] for
integral transform have been pursued such as Sumudu transform and Elzaki
one, and they applied to the transform for solving differential equations with
c 2013 Academic Publications, Ltd.
Received: March 6, 2013 url: www.acadpubl.eu
262 H.J. Kim

variable coefficients. Sumudu transform/Elzaki transform, a modified Laplace

transform, was introduced by Watugala in 1993/Elzaki on 2011 to solve initial
value problems in control engineering problems, and it is defined by
1 ∞ −t/u
Z
F (u) = e f (t)dt/
u 0
Z ∞
T (u) = u e−t/u f (t)dt,
0
respectively. This slight difference makes many change. Elzaki insists that the
Elzaki transform can be easily applied to the initial value problems with less
computational work, and can solve various examples which is not solved by the
Laplace or Sumudu transform. By the reason, we would like to propose the
solution of differential equation with variable coefficients using Elzaki trans-
form, and investigate some examples and theorems(time shifting/convolution)
for Elzaki transform.
We have cognizance that the Elzaki transform is well applied for initial value
problems with variable coefficients and solving integral equations of convolution
type, despite of this may have the maladapted disadvantage for finding a general
solution.
In this article, we have showed Elzaki transform of Euler-Cauchy equation,
the Volterra integral equation of the second kind, its convolution theorem, and
time shifting one.

2. The Solution of Euler-Cauchy Equation using Elzaki Transform

The topic for differential equation with variable coefficients[3-7, 18-21] has
aroused deep interest of many researchers. In relation with this, let us check
the definition of Elzaki transform.
Definition 1. The Elzaki transform of the functions belonging to a class
A, where A = {f (t)|∃M, k1 , k2 > 0 such that |f (t)| < M e|t|/kj , if t ∈ (−1)j ×
[0, ∞)} where f (t) is denoted by E[f (t)] = T (u) and defined as
Z ∞
2
T (u) = u f (ut)e−t dt, k1 , k2 > 0,
0

or equivalently,
Z ∞
T (u) = u f (t)e−t/u dt, u ∈ (k1 , k2 ).
0
THE TIME SHIFTING THEOREM AND... 263

We can naturally obtain the following results from the definition and simple
calculations.

1)E[f ′ (t)] = T (u)/u − uf (0)

2)E[f ′′ (t)] = T (u)/u2 − f (0) − uf ′ (0)
d
3)E[tf ′ (t)] = u2 [T (u)/u − uf (0)] − u[T (u)/u − uf (0)]
du
d2
4)E[t2 f ′ (t)] = u4 2 [T (u)/u − uf (0)]
du
′′ 2 d
5)E[tf (t)] = u [T (u)/u2 − f (0) − uf ′ (0)]
du
−u[T (u)/u − f (0) − uf ′ (0)]
d2
6)E[t2 f ′′ (t)] = u4 2 [T (u)/u2 − f (0) − uf ′ (0)].
du
for E(f (t)) = T (u)[8-12].
On the other hand, Euler-Cauchy equations are ordinary differential equa-
tions of the form t2 y ′′ + aty ′ + by = 0 with given constants a and b and unknown
y(t)[13, 15]. And the equation appears in a numbers of physics and engineering
applications, such as when solving Laplace’s equation in a polar coordinates,
describing time-harmonic vibrations of a thin elastics rod, boundary value prob-
lem in spherical coordinates and so on[17]. Since the equation consist of variable
coefficients, the Laplace transform method is not appropriate for this.
Theorem 1. The solution of Euler-Cauchy equation t2 y ′′ + aty ′ + by = 0
can be expressed by
(a − 3)f (0) + tf ′ (0)
y=
b−a+3
using Elzaki transform.

Proof. Let us take Elzaki transform on both sides. Then

d2
E(t2 y ′′ ) = u4 [T (u)/u2 − f (0) − uf ′ (0)]
du2
d T ′ (u)u − 2T (u)
= u4 [ − f ′ (0)]
du u3
= T ′′ (u)u2 − 4uT ′ (u) + 6T (u),

d
E(aty ′ ) = au2 [T (u)/u − uf (0)] − au[T (u)/u − uf (0)]
du
264 H.J. Kim

T ′ (u)u − T (u)
= au2 [ − f (0)]
u2
= auT ′ (u) − 2aT (u)

and E[by] = bT (u). Arranging the equality, we get

u2 T ′′ (u) + (a − 4)uT ′ (u) + (b − 2a + 6)T (u) = 0

where E(f (t)) = T (u) is Elzaki transform of f (t). Thus, we have

u2 [T (u)/u2 − f (0) − uf ′ (0)] + (a − 4)u[T (u)/u − uf (0)]

+(b − 2a + 6)T (u) = 0.

Collecting the T (u)-terms, we get

(b − a + 3)T (u) − (a − 3)f (0)u2 − f ′ (0)u3 = 0.

Since E(1) = u2 and E(t) = u3 , we obtain

(a − 3)f (0) + tf ′ (0)

y = T −1 (u) = .
b−a+3

In [17], we proposed that a solution of Euler-Cauchy equation t2 y ′′ + aty ′ +

by = 0 using Laplace transform can be expressed by
r
a
t b a2
y = my(0)e 2 cos − t
rm 4 r
b a 2 a b a2
+ {ay(0)(m/2 − 1) + my ′ (0)} ( 1/ − )e 2 t sin − t
m 4 m 4
where d/ds = m. The result of theorem 1 is simpler than that of Laplace
transform.

3. The Time Shifting Theorem and the Convolution for Elzaki

Transform

Let us begin the lemma 1.

Lemma 1. Let T (u) be Elzaki transform of the function f (t) in A =
{f (t)|∃M, k1 , k2 > 0 such that |f (t)| < M e|t|/kj , if t ∈ (−1)j × [0, ∞)} with
THE TIME SHIFTING THEOREM AND... 265

Laplace transform F (s). Then Elzaki transform T (u) of f (t) is given by T (u) =
uF ( u1 ) [12].
Next, we consider convolution theorem for Elzaki transform. Elzaki[9]
showed convolution theorem for Elzaki transform using lemma 1, and Ali[2]
showed the theorem using infinite convergent series, but we would like to pro-
pose some more general manners as follows;
Theorem 2. (Convolution theorem for Elzaki transform)

1
E(f ∗ g) = E(f )E(g)
u
for E(f ) is the Elzaki transform of f .

Proof.
Z ∞ Z ∞
E(f )E(g) = u2 f (τ )e−τ /u dτ · g(v)e−v/u dv. (∗)
0 0

As let us put t = v + τ , v = t − τ and so, we get

Z ∞
E(g) = g(t − τ )e−(t−τ ))/u dt
τ
Z ∞
τ /u
=e e−t/u g(t − τ )dt.
τ

Thus
Z ∞ Z ∞
2 −τ /u τ /u
(∗) = u f (τ )e e e−t/u g(t − τ )dtdτ
0 τ
Z ∞ Z ∞
= u2 f (τ ) e−τ /u g(t − τ )dtdτ
0 τ
Z ∞ Z t
2 −t/u
=u e f (τ )g(t − τ )dτ dt
0 0
Z ∞
2
=u e−t/u · (f ∗ g)(t)dt
0

= uE(f ∗ g).
266 H.J. Kim

Example 1. Solve the Volterra integral equation of the second kind

Z t
y(t) − y(τ )sin(t − τ )dτ = t.
0

In [14/ p253], we can find the solution by the Laplace transform,

t3
y(t) = t + .
6
Next, let us approach by the Elzaki transform. The equation can be written by

y − y ∗ sint = t.

Writing Y = E(y) and applying the convolution theorem, we obtain

1 u3
Y (u) − Y (u) = u3
u 1 + u2
where
au3
E(sin at) = and E(t) = u3 [12].
1 + a2 u2
Thus, the solution is
u2
Y (u)(1 − ) = u3
1 + u2
and arranging the equation,

Y (u) = u3 (1 + u2 ) = u3 + u5 .

As we scan a table of Elzaki transforms[12], we see that the answer

t3
y(t) = t + .
6
In the above example, we have obtained the same result in both transforms.
However, there are several examples can solve only by Elzaki transform.
Example 2. The equation y ′′ + ty ′ − y = 0, y(0) = 0, y ′ (0) = 1 for t > 0
cannot solve by Laplace transform, but can solve by Elzaki one.
The equation is represented by

ds dY
= 2
s s Y − 2Y − 1
THE TIME SHIFTING THEOREM AND... 267

using Laplace transform for Y = £(y) but we cannot find the solution. However,
if we use Elzaki transform,

T (u) d T (u)
2
− y(0) − uy ′ (0) + u2 [ − uy(0)]
u du u

T (u)
−u[ − uy(0)] − T (u) = 0
u
for T (u) = E(y). Using the initial conditions, we have

T (u) d T (u)
2
− u + u2 ( ) − 2T (u) = 0.
u du u

By the simple calculation, we get

1 3
T ′ (u) + ( 3
− )T (u) = 1.
u u
2
Implies, T (u) = u3 + cu3 e1/2u and c = 0. Hence, T (u) = u3 and by the inverse
Elzaki transform, we get the solution u = t.

Example 3. There exists several examples can solve by Elzaki transform

but cannot solve by Laplace or Sumudu transform[12].

1) t2 y ′′ + 4ty ′ + 2y = 12t2 , y(0) = y ′ (0) = 0

2) t2 y ′′′ + 6ty ′′ + 6y ′ = 60t2 , y(0) = y ′ (0) = y ′′ (0) = 0

The above example do not give a guarantee that Elzaki transform better
than the other ones. However, Elzaki transform is successfully applied to in-
tegral equation and initial value problems at t = 0, despite of this have the
difficulty for finding a general solution.
Note that the Elzaki transform of unit step function E{u(t − a)} is u2 e−a/u
for u > 0. Using this, we would like to propose time shifting theorem for Elzaki
transform.
Theorem 3. (Time shifting theorem for Elzaki transform) If E{f (t)} =
T (u), then
E{f (t − a)u ∗ (t − a)} = e−a/u T (u)

for u*(t) is the unit step function.

268 H.J. Kim

Proof. The shifted function E{f (t − a)u ∗ (t − a)} is defined by

Z ∞
u e−t/u f (t − a)dt
a

and putting τ = t − a, we obtain

Z ∞ τ +a
E{f (t − a)u(t − a)} = u e− u f (τ )dτ
0
Z ∞
= ue−a/u e−τ /u f (τ )dτ
0
Z ∞
= e−a/u u e−τ /u f (τ )dτ = e−a/u T (u).
0

Example 4.
u3
E{5 sin(t − 2)u ∗ (t − 2)} = 5e−2/u
1 + u2
for u*(t) is the unit step function.
It is clear from
5u2
E(5 sint) = .
1 + u2
Let us check the above example by a direct calculation. Putting I =
E{5 sin(t − 2)u ∗ (t − 2)},
Z ∞
I = 5u e−t/u sin(t − 2)dt
2
Z ∞
= 5u{[−ue−t/u sin(t − 2)]∞
2 +u e−t/u cos(t − 2)dt}.
2
Since the first term is 0, let us integrate by part to the second term. Then we
get Z ∞
I = 5u2 {[−ue−t/u cos(t − 2)]∞2 − u e−t/u sin(t − 2)dt}
2
2 −2/u
= 5u (ue − 1/5I).
Hence, we can easily get the result
u3
I = 5e−2/u .
1 + u2
THE TIME SHIFTING THEOREM AND... 269

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