2.

10 Electric Power Systems

values as
2.14 Draw an impedance diagram for the system shown in Fig. 2.4(a), expressing all
per-unit values.
10 kVA
2500 V
G
Z= j0.2 pu
T Transmission T
line
M
3Ez=(50 +/200) S2
40 kVA 80 kVA 25 kVA
2500/8000 V 10,000/5000 V 4000 V
20 kVA
2500 V G Z=0.l pu Z=0.09 pu
Z=j0.3 pu
(a)

jl.0 pu

j0.125 pu j0.088 pu
M
j0.75 pu (0.039 +j0.156) pu
kVA = 0.5 pu
VG3

(6)

Fig. 2.4

We arbitrarily choose 50 kVA to be the base kVA. Then, from Eq. (2.6), for generator G.
2500)(s0)
Zpu = j0.2(2500)° (10) =jl.0pu
For generator G,

Zpu = j0.1 (2500) (50) = j0.75 pu

(2500) (20)
For transformer T,
(2500)° (50)
= j0.125 pu
(2500) (40)
For the transmission line,
50,000
Zpu = (50 + j200) = 0.039 +j0.156 pu
8000
For transformer T
Zpu =j0.09 0,000)(s0)
= j0.088 pu
(8000)° (80)
 Power System Representation 2.11

And finally for motor M,

25
kVAp= 50
= 0.5

These values produce the reactance diagram in Fig. 2.4(b).

2.15 Draw an impedance diagram for the system shown in Fig. 2.5(a),
percent values. expressing all values as

10 MVA G1
10% 15 MVA
6%
(4 +j40) 2
66 kV
5 MVA
8%
(a)
j10%
G
j4% (0.918 +j9.18)%

jl6%
G

(6)

Fig. 2.5

Let us arbitrarily choose 10 MVA to be the base MVA. Then, for generator G
Percent impedance = 10 = 10percent
For generator G2
10
Percent impedance = 8 = 16 percent
For the transformer,
10
Percent impedance = 6 =4 percent

And for the transmission line,

10x 106
Percent impedance = (4 + j40) (66 x 10')² x 100 = (0.918 +918) percent

These values produce Fig. 2.5(6).

 2.12 Electric Power Systems

2.16 Draw aper-unit reactance diagram for the system shown in Fig. 2.6(a).
We arbitrarily choose 20 MVA and 66 kV as base values. The per-unit reactance diagram is
that shown as Fig. 2.6(b), where, for G, Xpu = 0. 15 pu because its percent reactance is
15 percent with the same kVA base. Also for G, andG,
20
Xpu = 10
j0.1 = j0.2 pu
For T, and T,.
20
Xpu 30
j0.15 =j0.1 pu

10 MVA
G
10%

20MVA j60 S2
G 10 MVA
15%
30 MVA G3
30 MVA 10%
11/66 kV 66/11 kV
15% 15%
>To load
2.5 MVA
11/6.6 kV
8%
(a)

Vo3
Vai)
Gi G2
j0.15 pu j0.2 pu 02 pu
Line

j0.1 j0.276 j0.1

pu pu pu
Ts j0.64 pu
To load
(6)

Fig. 2.6

For T3,
20
Xpu = j0.08 = j0.64 pu
2.5
and for the line,
base kVA 20,000 = j0.276 pu
Xpu = line (base kV)1000 = j60
(66) (1000)
 Power System Representation 2.13

SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

2.1 A system operates at 220 kVA and 11 kV. Using these quantities as base values, find the base
current and base impedance for the system.
[Ans. 20 A; 550 2]
2.2 Using 220 kVA and 11 kV as base values, express 138 kV, 2 MVA, 60A, and 660 2 as per-unit
values.

[Ans. 12.54 pu; 9.09 pu; 3 pu; 1.2 pu)

2.3 If 25 2 and 125 A are the base impedance and base current, respectively, for a system, find the
base kVAand base voltage.
[Ans. 390.625 kVA; 3125 V]
2.4 The percent values of the voltage, current, impedance, and voltamperes for a given power
system are 90, 30, 80, and 150 percent, respectively. The base current and base impedance are
60 Aand 40S2, respectively. Calculate the actual values of the voltage, current, impedance, and
voltamperes.
[Ans. 2160 V; 18 A; 24 S2; 5832 kVAJ
2.5 A single-phase transmission line supplies a reactive load at a lagging power factor. The load
draws 1.2pu current at 0.6 pu voltage while drawing 0.5 pu (true) power. If the base voltage is
20 kV and the base current is 160 A, calculate the power factor and the ohmic value of the
resistance of the load.
[Ans. 0.694; 43.375 2]
2.6 The per-unit impedance of a system is 0.7 pu. The base kVA is 300 kVA, and the base voltage is
11kV. (a) What is the ohmic value of the impedance? (b) Will this ohmic value change if 400 kVA
and 38 kV are chosen as base values? (c) What is the per-unit impedance referred to the 400-kVA
and 38-kV base values?
[Ans. (a) 282.33 2; (6) no; (c) 0.0782 pu]
2.7 The one-line diagram for a two-generator system is shown in Fig. 2.7(a). Redraw the diagram to
show all values as per-unit values referred to a 7000-kVA base.
[Ans. Fig. 2.7(6))
2.8 Redraw Fig, 2.7(a) to show all impedance values in ohms.
[Ans. Fig. 2.8]
2.9 A 100-kVA, 20/5-kV transformer has an equivalent impedance of 10 percent. Calculate the im
pedance of the transformer referred to (a) the 20 kV side and (b) the 5-kV side.
[Ans. (a) 400 2; (b) 25 2]
2.14 Electric Power Systems

Z= G
1MVA (10 +j20) 2
11 kV 2 MVA
Z= j0.1 pu 2 MVA 3MVA 11 kV
11/33 kV 33/11 kV Z= j0.05 pu
G |Z=j0.15 pu Z=j0.1 pu
0.5 MVA
11 kV
Z=j0.15 pu
(a

GË
G3
j0.7 pu (0.064 +j0.129) pu
j0.175 pu
j0.058 pu j0.026 pu
G

j2.1 pu
(b)

Fig. 2.7

G guu
G
j12.1 2 (10 +j20)2
j3.025 2
j9.075 2 j36.3 2
referred to 11 kV referred to 33 kV
or or

j81.675 j4.03 S2
j36.3 S2 referred to 33 kV
referred to 33 kV

) Fig. 2.8
30 MVA
30 kV M
20%
F) G
100 MVA
33 kV
20 MVA 12%
j60 2
30 kV M2 Line
15% 50 MVA
33 kV
10%
50 MVA
30 kV M3
20%

Fig. 2.9
 Power System Representation
2.15
2.10 Three-phase generators G and G,
Transforners T; and T, are rated atsupply motor loads M, M,, and M,, as
0,08 pe unit.
Assuming 100
100 MVA and 33/110
kV, and
shown in ig. 2.9.
per-unit values. MVA and 33 kV are Used as each
base values. obtain allhasthe reactance of
a
(Ans. reactances as
2.11 Usc the results of Transformers, 0.08 pu; line, 0.496 pu;
motors, 0.551, 0.620, and 0.331 pu
shown in Fig. 2.9. Supplementary Problem 2.10 to draw a reactance diagram for the system
[Ans. Fig. 2.10]
0.0% pu 0.496 pu j0.08 pu

0.551 pu 0.62 - 0331 pu

pu j0.12 pu c0.20 pu

M M M3 G G2

Fig. 2.10
2.12 Three impedances, Z, =6220° , Z, =
8/40° 2,
are supplied by a 480-V, three-phase source. Findand Z, = 1020°2, are connected in wye and
the line currents. Draw phasor diagrams
showing all voltages and currents.
(Ans. I, =46.19-50°A; I, = 34.64Z-190°A; I, =
2.13 A three-phase balanced Joad has a 10-2 27.71290°A]
resistance
a220-V, three-phase source, Calculate the
in each of its phases. The load is supplied by
power absorbed by the load if it is connected (a) in
wye and (b) in delta,
[Ans. (a) 14.52 kW; (b) 14.52 kW]
2.14 A three-phase, three-wire, 500-V, 60-Hz source supplies a
Connected capacitor bank that draws 2 kvar per phase, andthree-phase induction motor, a wye
a balanced three-phase heater
draws a total of 10 kW. The inductíon motor is operating at its rated 75 that
hp and has an efficiency
and power factor of 90,5 and 89,5 percent, respectively. Draw a
tem, and deterrnine (u) the system kW, (b) the system kvar, and (c) one-líne diagram for the sys
the system kVA.
[Ans, (a) 71.82 kW; (b) 24.81 kVar; (c) 75.98 kVA]
2.15 A 44)-V, three-phase source supplies a wye-connected 10-kVA load at 0.8
and a delta-connected, 10-kVA, unity-power-factor load. Calculate the lagging power factor
total apparent power
input to the two Joads.
Ans. 18.97218.49°kVAJ
 h. [Ans.
0.95] 13.12
A] A1 motor
2.14 whose
208-V. A] = 28.70Z90°A]
that 11.55 12 Z, W] zeroJ result
tne
Verify Problemthree-phaseload.A; 20Z0°,
loadthree-wire, 5169.83
A; in to
[Ans. 27.76 currents the
three-phase
6.93 wye-connected equal
2.15? that
2.15. Supplementary A: = A; W,
A; a verify
Problem 8 Z, 15.78Z-65.46°
three-phase, three not zero.
1363.21
Problem 79.76branch, thatV. is
each[Ans.
208 the whichalways and
Iça
Supplementary per a given
is
JAns. and to [Ans.of 2.11,
Supplementary
of 2 a current
voltage Ibc
sum is
A,
calculations. system 45270° from
lagging,
2.11, loadFig.
[Ans. Z Z3 phasor 18.09Z0
Systems
Electric
Power supplied
line Fig.applied Lab in 2.22.
delta-connected
the is 2.11, I,
of factorthe
impedance in
the
result. findProblem
of three-phase Fig.
2.11 A;
loads
power of circuit Fig. Determine to
loads load are determine 15.782-114.54°
power your 2.23
Supplementary
two each branch of
true the circuit a
the the whose of in Problem
fron of 0.65 and for the W:) 2.11. currents
by W significance
of each drawn per
factor loadat circuit, I, and the Fig.
Supplementary
obtained kVA
(resistance) and in
to Q, [Ans.line in
power current cuIrent delta-connected I, 14Z-45° readingsof obtained
10 the circuit
the the
currents b C
is of Sketch 280
V 3¢
Explain of
overall
factor line line S2
total10 wattmeter sum that
the
= of
the the theZ for
the power a is source.
balanced
60
Hz phases. the resultas
CalculateDetermine drawsimpedance S. Determine I, that same
is 14Z45° the Calculate the
Whatsame Find three Verify the
that Use
A is
2.16 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.232.24