Lesson 1:

Using Appropriate Grammatical Signals or Expressions

to Each Pattern of Idea Development

IDEA DEVELOPMENT
- Done by organizing ideas in a logical and clear manner that suits the writer's purpose.
- To achieve this, it is necessary to use appropriate grammatical signals or expressions.

GRAMMATICAL SIGNALS
- Writing devices such as transitional devices, connectors, determiners, and repetitions
that are used to maintain text coherence.
- Coherence establishes a logical connection between ideas in sentences and
paragraphs.
- These ideas can be developed through different patterns depending on the writer's
purpose.

PATTERN OF IDEA DEVELOPMENT

- Refers to the structure of writing on how the ideas are being presented.
- It is important to emphasize that patterns of idea development usually happen
naturally as a consequence of the way the writer engages with and organizes
information while writing.

5 PATTERNS OF IDEA DEVELOPMENT :

General to Particular
- This pattern of idea development discusses the general topic by presenting specific
details that support the topic.
- The writer starts with the general idea stated in the topic sentence, then it is
elaborated and explained through specific details and examples.
(also, for example, as an example, in addition to, for instance, examples of these, first,
second, third, next, on one hand, and on the other hand.)

Cause and Effect

- This pattern of idea development explains the causes or the effects of
something.
-When a writer presents reasons, he or she is explaining the causes.
-When a writer explains the results, he or she is explaining the effects.
Cause:
if, for, since, due to, because, owing to, because of, one cause, and resulting from.
Effect:
so, thus, hence, then, therefore, as a result, in effect, as consequence, consequently,
one of the effects is, and that is why.

Claim and Counterclaim

- This pattern of idea development refers to the structure of presenting a side of an
issue in an argumentative manner. A claim is the writer’s stand on a topic supported by
evidence and logical reasoning. Also, the writer presents the counterclaim or the
opposite stand of an issue to disprove it through evidence and logical reasoning.

(however, nevertheless, on one hand, on the other hand, admittedly, some

people say, some may say, of course, nevertheless, and but not only that.)

Problem-Solution
- This pattern of idea development is used when a writer identifies a problem and
addresses it by presenting one or more solutions. A problem refers to the unsatisfactory
situation that causes troubles or difficulties. A solution on the other hand, refers to the
ways in solving or minimizing the problem.

( because, cause, since, as a result, in order to, and so that, as a solution,

and one way.)

Persuasion
- This pattern of idea development intends to convince the readers to do or believe in
something. It allows the writer to express his or her personal viewpoints about a topic to
convince the readers. This pattern of idea development is based on opinions and
emotions. Below are the grammatical signals to be used in a persuasive pattern of idea
development.

( come, free, need, must, must not, necessary, latest, hurry, join, help, best, better,
great, proven, trusted, create, come along, urgent, amazing experience, avail now, I
believe, I urge, don't miss, can do it, and one of a kind.)
 Lesson 2:
Expanding the Content of an Outline Using Notes from
Primary and Secondary Sources

Outline
- An outline is a tool used in improving and organizing written ideas about a topic into a
logical order. Writers use outlines when writing their papers to know which topic to cover
and in what order.

Types of an Outline:

1. Sentence Outline

2. Topic Outline
- It is a type of outline which presents the major topics, subtopics, and supporting details
in the form of words and phrases.

Contents of an Outline
- An outline is composed of many parts. These parts work together to present a clear
idea of a paragraph or an essay. An outline contains thesis statements, major topics,
subtopics, and supporting details. The following are the parts with their corresponding
definition:
Steps in Writing an Outline:
- Writing an outline involves a series of steps. To achieve a well-organized outline,
follow these steps carefully:
Expand the Content of an Outline Using Different Sources:
 Lesson 3:
Synthesizing Information

Synthesizing
- The prefix “syn” in synthesis means together. Hence, synthesizing is pulling
together different ideas to come up with a new, bigger idea. It is an on-going process
where old and new knowledge, experiences, opinions add up, blend, and fit together
to create new understanding.
 Lesson 4:
Composing an Effective Paragraph

Paragraph
- A paragraph is a group of sentences organized to discuss a topic. In fact, the main
rule of paragraph writing is to focus on one idea or topic. To be able to write an effective
paragraph, one must have the essential parts.

Parts of a Paragraph:

Topic Sentence
- A topic sentence presents the topic of the paragraph. It will serve as a guide for the
writer to keep his or her writing under control. This is why a topic sentence is called the
"controlling idea" of a paragraph.

Supporting Sentence
- The supporting sentences serve as the body of your paragraph. This is where you
elaborate your topic by including specific details or evidence. All of the sentences in the
body must relate to the topic sentence. These sentences should be organized
accordingly through the use of transitional devices.

Concluding Sentence
- A concluding sentence restates what the topic of the paragraph is all about. It comes
after all the details have been included in the body of the paragraph.

Principles in Writing a Paragraph

Unity
- Unity means that all sentences in the paragraph talk about one central idea.This
means that the writer will deal only with one topic. It is important because it guides the
writer with his or her idea.

Coherence
- Coherence refers to the connection of ideas in the paragraph in general. The idea in
the topic sentence, as well as in the supporting sentences and concluding sentences
are connected to each other through the use of transitional devices.

Development
- Development refers to the principle when a paragraph describes, elaborates, explains,
and supports its topic sentence. A paragraph is considered adequately developed if
after reading it, the reader is left with no questions.

Different Patterns of Paragraph Development

Narration
- In the narration pattern, the paragraph tells a story or recounts a series of events. It
arranges the events or ideas in a chronological order which means the events are
organized from beginning to end. Narrative paragraphs can be based on personal
experience or knowledge gained from reading or observation.

Description
- In a description pattern, the paragraph is characterized by using more adjectives or
vivid sensory description. It creates a mental picture of the idea or the topic by
describing how it sounds, smells, tastes, feels, and/or looks. It is often recommended to
use transitional words and phrases that indicate location.

Process
- This pattern of development is usually used to explain a process on how to do
something. It uses transitional devices of enumeration (e.g., first, second, third) and
time (e.g., then, next, finally). It is the right pattern of development when your purpose is
to help your readers understand the steps in a process or procedure, or to give
instructions.

Exemplification
- This pattern of paragraph development uses a series of examples to support the topic
sentence. This means that to further explain the topic, the use of specific examples
must be provided.

Comparison/Contrast
- This pattern of paragraph development is used when a paragraph demonstrates
comparison and/or contrast or examines how given subjects are either similar or
different. Comparison examines how the subjects are the same while contrast examines
how the subjects are different. In writing this paragraph pattern it is highly
recommended to use transitional words and phrases that indicate comparison and
contrast.

Definition
- This pattern of paragraph development aims to give a complete working definition of a
term, concept, or idea. One of the main features of this pattern is that it tells both what
the term is and what it is not. In other words, it defines the boundaries of a term, so the
readers can better understand it.

Classification
- This pattern of paragraph development presents a topic and classifies it into
component parts, types, kinds or categories. It distinguishes its parts by presenting the
characteristics of each. This pattern uses transitional phrases like can be divided, is a
kind/type/part of, can be classified, falls under, can be categorized, is related to, and
associated with.

Cause and Effect

- This pattern of paragraph development explains the reasons why something happened
or explains the effects of something. When an author gives reasons, he or she is
explaining the causes. When a writer explains the results, he or she is explaining the
effects.
 Lesson 5:
Developing Paragraphs that Illustrate Text Types

Text Types
- Text types classify texts according to their purposes, so they are structured differently,
too. Some texts narrate a series of events, while others explain how something works.
Other text types give instructions or list procedures, while others argue for a point to
convince readers. In this module, sample text types are given and explained so that you
can eventually write your own paragraphs.
 Lesson 6:
Delivering A Self-Composed Speech

Speech
- Speech is the use of language in human vocal communication. Each language
uses phonetic vowel and consonant sound combinations that form the sound of its
words. Speakers perform several different deliberate acts of speech, for example,
telling, announcing, questioning, persuading, directing. To express meaning, they may
use enunciation, intonation, loudness, tempo, and other non-representational or
paralinguistic aspects of vocalization.
- You may refer to all social interactions in which language plays a significant role as
speech events. The interlocutors (the people talking to each other) usually face each
other in a discussion and do not speak at the same time. Most people initiate their
conversations and greet each other, then continue to talk in a turn-taking way.

What are the characteristics of a good speech?

- A good speech has qualities which can convey a message effectively through words of
mouth or spoken words. Expression should be transparent and unambiguous so that it
is easy for the public to understand. It should be delivered in an unbiased and
unemotional way so that it doesn't drive the audience away from the main theme. A
good speech is one that ensures the participation of the audience with the speaker and
ensures the audience will ensure their attention through effective listening, expressing
their solidarity with the speech and so on.

How to write an effective speech?

- Research indicates that the speeches make people remember so little. People can
hear and not understand the voice. Write two simple phrases instead of one long,
complicated sentence. Interpret your speech aloud as you write it down. Your question
should be a representation of who you are and what you care about. Do analysis. If you
have the evidence to back him up, your new policy plan will sound very good.

In writing your speech, always remember the following conventions to help you make
your speech an effective one:

• Introduce yourself
• Make a great opening statement (a rhetorical question, a surprising
statement, a famous quote)
• Structure your speech
• Begin every paragraph with a topic sentence
• Use very good English
 • Express your opinion
• Write from the 1st person and engage your audience
• Use personal details and anecdotes
• Use rhetorical questions
• Use emotive language
• Use figurative language
• Use contrast
• Use repetition
• Use the list of three
• Focus on the topic

Introduction
- Because the introduction serves as both a sales pitch and a useful outline, it should
strike a good balance between hype and content. Get the audience's attention,
introduce the subject, clarify its importance to the audience, state a thesis or intent,
and outline the key points which are all essential. You can have a road map that
outlines your key points by the end of the introduction.

Body
- The body of a speech is the central section of the speech in which the main ideas and
key concepts of the speech are discussed. Except for the introduction and
In conclusion, the body is everything. The main points of a speech make up the body of
the speech. This is significant because it aids the audience's comprehension of your
speech.

Conclusion
- Your speech's conclusion summarizes your main points and purpose while leaving a
lasting impression on your audience. The conclusion's purpose is to summarize your
main points and prepare the audience for the end of your speech. You'll want to
recapture the essence of your speech, including your main points and the reason
you spoke. It's especially important to remember that the end of your speech isn't
the time to introduce new points or new supporting evidence; doing so will only
confuse the audience. Consider your conclusion to be like tying a bow or a ribbon:
it's the finishing touch that makes your project stand out.