Quarter 2

HOW IONS ARE

FORMED

Ms. Denilyn Agripa

Valence Electrons and Group Numbers
Lewis Electron Dot Structure
Formation of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
using crisscross method ( atomic charges)
Naming Ionic and Covalent Compounds
 Objectives

1.Review the Valence electron and charges of

atoms
2.Draw the Lewis electron Dot Structure of an
Atom
3. Show the transfer and sharing of electrons.
4.Name the Ionic and Covalent Compounds.
 Symbol Protons Electrons Charge

40
Example Ca+ 20 18 +2
20

27
1 Al+ 13 13 _______
13

80
2 Br- 35 _______ -1
35

39
3 K+ ________ 18 +1
19

16
4 O- ________ _________ -2
8

24
5 Mg ________ _________ 0
12
 LETS
BIO

MED
RECALL
CHM

MAT
 BIOLOGY MEDICAL CHEMISTRY MATHS

BIO
7 v.e
MED
7A or 17
P
CHM HALOGEN
5
MAT IODINE
I
53 e
5th
-1
BIO

MED
IONS?
CHM

MAT
  Ions can either gain or lose
electrons, when this happens the
atom will acquire a net electrical
charge called ion.
 If the ion has fewer electrons than
protons, it has positive charge
called cations.
BIO  If the ion has more electrons than
protons it has a negative charge
MED called anions.
 Cations (+) are mostly metals, they
CHM
lose electrons while anions (-) are
MAT nonmetals, they gain electrons.
BIO

MED

CHM

MAT
BIO

MED

CHM
O
MAT

36
 19

8 10

BIO 12 12

MED

CHM How will you know the number of protons and

electrons?
MAT
 Lewis Electron Dot
BIO

MED
Structure (LEDS)
CHM

MAT
 (LEDS) is shorthand to represent the valence electrons of
an atom, represented by dots surrounding the symbol of the
element proposed by Gilbert Lewis. The element’s symbol
represents the nucleus of the atom and the dot represents
BIO
the valence electrons.
MED

CHM

MAT
BIO Lewis Electron Dots
MED
100
CHM
200
MAT

300
BIO

MED
Ionic compound
CHM +200
POINTS
MAT
 When atom of metallic
element loses or transfers
electrons it forms
compound called Ionic
compound.

BIO

MED Ionic compound is a compound

consists of metal and non-metal
CHM formed when metal loses its
valence electrons to a non-metal.
MAT
Recall the valence electrons of
the elements.
BIO

MED

CHM

MAT
BIO

MED

CHM

MAT
• For a Lithium (Li) atom to be stable it mimic the valence
electrons of the nearest noble gas which is Helium having 2
valence electrons(exception to the Octet rule not all noble
gases have 8 valence electrons), so Lithium having 3 valence
electrons means that it has excess 1 electron, this electron
must be disposed of by transferring it with a halogen. For a
neutral Li atom (before transferring its electron) its atomic
number is 3
● In the example below, using Lewis electron dot structure, Lithium (Li) has 1
valence electron while Fluorine (F) has 7 valence electrons; both elements
are not stable. To be stable Li need to transfer its 1 valence electron to F as
shown from the sample.
Magnesium and Chlorine
Some Common Ions
 Covalent Bonds

A covalent bond exists when

two electrons are shared by
two non-metallic atoms
Single Covalent Bonds
● Two atoms share one pair of electrons.

○ 2 electrons.
● One atom may have more than one single bond.

•• •• ••
F • • F H• •O •H
••

••

•
•• •• ••
•• •• ••
••

••
••
F F

••
H O H

••
•• •• ••
F F
Chemical Bonds
 Lewis Structures of Simple Molecules
• A Lewis structure is a combination of
Lewis symbols that represents the
formation of covalent bonds between
atoms.
• Lewis structure shows the bonded atoms
with the electron configuration of a noble
gas; that is, the atoms obey the octet
rule.
 Lewis Structures
• The shared pairs of electrons in a molecule are called bonding pairs.

• In common practice, the bonding pair is represented by a dash (—).

• The other electron pairs, which are not shared, are called nonbonding
pairs, or lone pairs.

Each chlorine atom sees

an octet of electrons.
• The covalentMultiple Covalent
bond in which Bonds
one pair of
electrons is shared is called a single bond.

• Multiple bonds can also form:

In a double bond two pairs
of electrons are shared.

In a triple bond three

pairs of electrons are
Note that each atom obeys the shared.
octet rule, even with multiple
bonds.
37

Bond and Lone Pairs

● Electrons are distributed as shared or BOND

PAIRS and unshared or LONE PAIRS.

••
H Cl ••
••
Unshared or
lone pair (LP)
shared or bond pair

This is a LEWIS ELECTRON DOT

structure.
 PROPERTIES OF
IONIC AND COVALENT
COMPOUND
 Properties of Ionic compounds

Conducts electricity when

MOLTEN or in SOLUTION(aq)

High melting point and boiling

point hard solids

Form crystalline structures

The atoms (ions) in ionic compound show strong attractions due to
electrostatic force and require more energy to break
Properties of Covalent compounds
The atoms of covalent compound between atoms are
quite strong, but the intermolecular forces are relatively
very weak, and molecules can easily separate in small
amount of energy
Melt and boil at lower temperatures (takes less energy to
break up because atoms are organized as individual
molecules)

This generally leads to high boiling and high melting

point for ionic compound, and low boiling point and
melting point for the covalent compound.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
and
BOND TYPE
Use electronegativity values to determine if Ionic or Covalent
(polar/nonpolar) bonds. Introduction Electronegativity is the ability
of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons toward it.
Electronegativity Difference to Classify Bonds

ELECTRONEGATIVITY BOND TYPE

DIFFERENCE
0 < 0.4 Nonpolar
0.5 – 1.9 Polar
>2.0 Ionic

The degree to which a given bond is ionic or

covalent is determined by calculating the
difference in electronegativity between the
two atoms involved in the bond.
 ▪ Polar
▪ Nonpolar
Covalent Compounds can be polar or
nonpolar. The polarity of molecules
results from the differences in the
electronegativity of the bonded
atoms.

A polar covalent bond is a covalent

bond in which the atoms have an
unequal attraction for electrons
and so the sharing is unequal while
nonpolar covalent bond is a
covalent bond in which the bonding
electrons are shared equally
between the two atoms.
Electronegativity value and table 1 for the EN difference
and bond type

Examples:

Combining
Atoms H Cl

EN Values 2.1 3.0

Difference 0.9

Type of Bond Polar Covalent

Combining Atoms O O

EN Values 3.5 3.5

Difference 0

Type of Bond Nonpolar Covalent

Combining Atoms Na Cl

EN Values 0.9 3.0

Difference 2.1

Type of Bond Ionic

Let’s Try this!
Calculate the electronegativity difference and give the kind
of bond that exists between the atoms in each pair.
Atoms Electronegativity Type of Bond (Ionic, Polar
Difference Covalent, Non Polar Covalent

1. Mg and O

2. H and F

3. O and H

4. Cl and Cl

5. N and O
 Summing Up:
❑ Ionic compounds occurs between a metal and a non metal.
Metals lose all their valence electron and become cations.
Nonmetals gain enough electron to fill their valence level
and become anions.
❑ Ionic bond occurs when there is a transfer of electrons from
metal to nonmetals.
❑ Covalent compounds occurs between a nonmetal and a
nonmetal elements
❑ Covalent bonding occurs when two non metals share
electrons to fill their valence energy level.
❑ Since the two atoms share electrons, they do not take on a
charge.
 See You Next Year 01

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T H A N K S !
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Well done!
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