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Lecture 30

The document discusses the six main steps for preparing a GPS survey: 1. Planning considerations like required accuracy, equipment, personnel, and survey controls. 2. Reconnaissance of the field site to identify existing controls and obstacles. 3. Establishing new control stations in accessible areas free of interference. 4. Developing an observation plan addressing factors like satellite visibility. 5. Evaluating costs against quality needs to minimize expenses. 6. Calculating positions by measuring signal travel times from satellites to the receiver.

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Ridham
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38 views4 pages

Lecture 30

The document discusses the six main steps for preparing a GPS survey: 1. Planning considerations like required accuracy, equipment, personnel, and survey controls. 2. Reconnaissance of the field site to identify existing controls and obstacles. 3. Establishing new control stations in accessible areas free of interference. 4. Developing an observation plan addressing factors like satellite visibility. 5. Evaluating costs against quality needs to minimize expenses. 6. Calculating positions by measuring signal travel times from satellites to the receiver.

Uploaded by

Ridham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture-5

6.6 Preparation of GPS surveys

A GPS receiver computes its satellite position via satellite ranging that enables the measurement of GPs
receiver and the satellites that is being tracked. The range is basically defined as an estimate or pseudo
range as not being in contact with true range or distance and termed as measurement of elapsed transit
time. Satellites broadcast their position as a part of message via radio waves. Position. The initial step is
to measure the distance between GPS receiver and satellite via measuring the time taken by signal from
satellite to receiver. A 3-dimensional position with latitude, longitude and altitude has been computed via
distance measurements to four satellites.

Before start of the GPS survey, some points must be considered as listed below:
 Accuracy must be considered in survey work.
 Hardware and software available for GPS survey, if GPS data used by different types of
manufacturer, then supplied software should be able to convert it into a desired format or
compatible format, (RINEX : Receiver Independent Exchange format it is used in different types
of receiver for data interchange).
 How many personnel requirement.
 Survey control, horizontal, vertical or both.
 How many survey controls required etc.

Desired accuracy will determine following:

 Type of GPS operation


 Type of GPS receiver
 Duration of observation
 Type of network adjustments required

Required Resources: First step

 How many personnel


 Receivers with accessories
 Transportation facility
 Images or Maps
 Satellite and weather forecast information
 accommodation
 availability of equipments

Reconnaissance of field survey: Second step

The following steps needs to be consider for the operation of reconnaissance

 Existing control and new station must be visited


 documentation must be completed
 obstruction must be removed
 Stations must be easily accessible
 orientation must be noted if there is presence of obstruction
Establishing control station: Third step

In order to establish the control station, the following points must be kept in mind:

 Control points should be easily accessible


 No physical or electromagnetic surfaces in control stations
 No reflecting surfaces
 Safe area and should be free from vandalism and theft
 Shelter against weather
 Quiet area for the control station

An Observation plan setting up: Fourth step

For finalizing the observation plan, following points must be consider:

 Number of satellites
 satellite observation window
 GDOP
 Visibility of satellites
 Recording time
 common baseline or station
 Session interval

Cost and quality considerations: Fifth step

It is important to minimize the cost of survey work. Hence, the following expenses need to be evaluated
carefully when survey work needs to be done.

 mobilization and demobilization


 equipment, personnel, shipping expenses for survey
 vehicle or helicopter cost used in survey
 final processing, adjustment and transformation of results
 project report after finalization
 contingency costs
 stand-by rates
 re-observation of survey
 daily rate versus fixed price per point at control station

Position Calculation: Sixth step

Travel time is measured via satellite transmitted the signal and received by receiver. All GPs receivers
checks internal lock and synchronized with the satellites for generating same digital code at the same
time. Fig. 6.5 shows the measurement of signal by receiver from first satellite having sphere of radius
12,000 miles.
Fig. 6..5: Measuremeent of signal by
y receiver from
m first satellite ((http://www.m
montana.edu/gps/understd.htm
ml)

If we assu ume the receeiver picking up a signal from a seconnd satellite, tthe range bettween receiveer and
satellite iss considered as
a 11,000 milles radius via intersecting oof two spherees and forminng a circle. Fiig. 6.6
shows thee measuremen nt of signal by
y receiver from
m second sateellite having sphere of raddius 11000 miiles.

Fig. 6.6: Measurementt of signal by receiver from second satellitee (http://www.m


montana.edu/gpps/understd.htm
ml).

Fig. 6.7 shows the meaasurement off signal by recceiver from thhird satellite having spherre of radius 11,500
miles.
Fig. 6.7: Meeasurement of signal
s by receivver from third satellite

6.6 Preparation of GPS


G surveyss

Setting up
p an observa
ation plan:

As long as
a the GPS sy ystem was no ot yet compleete, a pre-com mputation of coverage waas an indispennsable
preparatorry step in pro oject planningg. With the system
s complletely deployyed in 1995, ssufficient sateellites
are visible above the horizon
h at an
ny time; hencce field camppaigns can bee planned inddependently oof the
constellation. For anallysis purposees, and for kiinematic obseervations, a ppre-computatiion of the saatellite
constellation can still be
b of importan nce.
These so-called ALER RT-lists can bee computed withw data from m the satellite almanac. Alm manac data, thhat is,
low accurracy orbit dataa for all availlable satellitess, are transmiitted in the foourth and fifthh sub frames of the
navigationn message. These
T sub fraames have 25 “pages” eaach 30 seconnds long, so that the com mplete
almanac information caan be read in 12.5 minutess.
With the aid of the almanac
a dataa, satellite poositions can be precompiiled over sevveral monthss with
sufficient accuracy for fo planning purposes. One O must, hhowever, occcasionally exxpect larger orbit
maneuverrs, so that a reegular check ofo the almanaac data is recoommended. W With the almaanac data, visiibility
diagrams and PDOP values v can bee generated. Most manufaacturers provvide suitable software pacckages
(mission planning
p softw ware) on a PCC basis. The almanac
a data are available from variouss internet sourrces.

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