1, Alternating current and Electrical Machines Alternating current. It is that current which varies in. magnitude continuously and reverses its direction periodically. Its value at any instant is given by 1 = Ipsinest = Igsin2nft where Ip is the peak value of a.c. or current amplitude. The frequency of a.c. supplied to our homes is 50 cps. The average value of ac. over a complete cycle is zero. Average or mean value of a.c. It is that value of direct current which sends the same charge in a circuit in the same time as is sent by the given alternating current in the same circuit in its half time period. Igy = 2h = 0.637Iy Effective or rms or virtual value of a.c. It is that value of direct current which produces the same heating effect in a given resistor as is produced by the given alternating current when passed for the same time. [pas or rlegp oF W= elo = 0.7071) Alternating voltage. It is that voltage whose magnitude varies continuously and direction reverses periodically with time. Its instantaneous, average and root. mean square values are respectively given by £ = ESINWt; Eqy = 0.637Ep é 1 rms =e Phasors and phasor diagrams. A rotating vector that represents a sinusoidally varying quantity is called a phasor. A diagram that represents £0 alternating current and voltage of the same frequency as rotating vectors (phasors) along- with proper phase angle between them is called a phasor diagram or Argand diagram. A.C. circuit containing only an inductor. An alternating voltage, = e9sinwt if applied to a pure inductor L drives a current, | = Ip sin (wt - m / 2) in the inductor. The current in the inductor lags behind the voltage in phase by n/ 2 rad. Peak value of current, [) = “2 = Root mean square value of current, Erms _Erns __€0 Tyms = X, OL V2.0L 7. Inductive reactance. It is the effective resistance or opposition offered by an inductor to the flow of a.c. through it. Itis given byX. = wh =2 n/L The SI unit of inductive reactance is ohm (Q).. For a.c., Xo For d.c., f = 0, so X: =0. (7.87) 8...A.C. circuit containing only a capacitor. An alternating voltage, ¢ = egsinwt applied to a capacitor Cdrives a current, |= Ip sin (wt + n/2) in the capacitor. The current in the inductor is ahead of voltage in phase by n/2 rad. Peak value of current, I = 77 = = at Xe Root mean square value of current, Tome = irms — frms __ 0 rms "Xe W/wl” V2-1/w Capacitive reactance. It is the effective resistance or opposition offered by a capacitor to the flow of a.c. through it. A wii Itis given by Xo = = Te The SI unit of capacitive reactance is ohm (Q) Arvind Academy Youtube Channel & click here:https://www.youtube.com/@ArvindAcademyFora. © Xe 5 For d.c., f = 0,s0X¢ = 00 Thus a capacitor allows a.c. to flow through it easily but blocks d.c. Impedance. It is a quantity that measures the opposition of a circuit to the flow of current through it and so determines the magnitude of the current. In a d.c. circuit, this is the resistance R alone. Inana.c. circuit, the reactance X also has to be taken into account, according to the relation: Bare +X? Where Zis the impedance. Impedance triangle is a right angled triangle whose base represents resistance R, perpendicular represents reactance and hypotenuse represents impedance Z of the circuit. From this triangle, the phase angle @ between voltage and current is given by ap off anp=— or cosp=> R Z A.C. through a series LR-circuit. The alternating voltage leads the current by a phase angle Instantaneous voltage, ¢ = eysinwt Instantaneous current, I = Ipsin(wt — 9) : Peak current, Ip = —=2—= uesxz v Impedance, Ze VRP + wl? Phase angle, ¢ = tan~*7£ “ik cos“ AC. through a series CR-circuit. The alternating voltage lags behind the voltage by phase angle Instantaneous voltage, ¢ = égsinwt Instantaneous current, [ 9) Peak current, Jp = Impedance, Ip = Phase angle, @ cos’ z 13, The series LCR-circuit. For a series LCR- circuit connected across a source € = Eosinwt the current |is given by . £0 1 = hpsin(wt ~ 9) = Fsin(at ~ 9) where Zs the total effective resistance of the LCR-circuit and is called its impedance. Z= JR? + (X,—- Xo? = [Re+ oh -*T The phase angle @ between voltage and current is given by tang =22=%2 ana cosp =F ang =———£ and cosp == R Z The voltage leads the current if X. > Ke and it lags behind the current if Xi 1 or No > N >a and bhh A.C. generator. Itis a device to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy of alternating form. It consists of a coil of wire that rotates with angular velocity w in the magnetic field B of a permanent magnet. The flux through the coil varies as @ = NBA cos cof, where N is the number of turns in the coil having the face area A. (At t=0, the loop is normal to the field). Induced emf, £ = NBAwsinwt = e9sinwt NBAw = sinwt = Ipsinwt R lo’ Arvind Academy Youtube Channel & click here:https://www.youtube.com/@ArvindAcademy