4. This question is about transverse waves.

Adam throws a stone into a lake.

He watches the waves move towards the edge.

The distance between each wave is 10 cm.

Adam counts two complete waves reaching the edge in each second.

(a) Calculate the speed of the wave.

You must show how you work out your answer, including and equation
used.

wave speed = .......... unit = .......... [4]

(b) The waves travelling towards the edge of the lake are reflected.

Finish the diagram to show how these three waves are reflected from the
edge.

Page 1 of 12
[3]

(c) Adam goes to another part of the lake where there is a beach.

He throws in a stone. This is what he sees.

Page 2 of 12
(i) Suggest why the wave are getting closer together as they move
towards the beach.

(ii) Adam notices that the waves get more difficult to see as they spread
out across the water.

What happens to the amplitude of the waves as they spread out? [1]

Explain why. [1]

(d) Adam uses a ripple tank to try to reproduce the effect he saw in the
lake.

He places a sheet of glass under the water on the right hand side of the
tank.

Page 3 of 12
(i) State what happens to each of the following as the ripples change
direction in the tank.

wavelength [1]

speed [1]

frequency [1]

(ii) On the diagram, carefully draw a line to show the edge of the glass
sheet that causes the ripples to change direction. [1]

[Total: 15]

Hints and Answers coming soon!

5. Tom cycles to school each morning along a straight flat road.

Page 4 of 12
The graph shows his speed for the first 18 seconds of his journey to
school.

(a) During the first 8 seconds of the journey, Tom's acceleration was
constant.

(i) How can you tell this from the graph? [1]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) Calculate his acceleration during this 8 s period.

Page 5 of 12
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----

You must show how you work out your answer, including any equation
used.

acceleration = .......... unit = .......... [4]

(iii) In the first 8 seconds, Tom travelled about 13 m.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----

Describe how this could be worked out using the graph. [1]

(b) mohamed and his bicycle have a combined mass of 60 kg.

(i) Calculate the total kinetic energy of Tom and his bicycle after 10 s.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

You must show how you work out your answer and any equation used.

kinetic energy = .......... J [3]

(ii) On another morning, Tom reaches a speed of 1.5 m/s after only 1
second of his journey.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Calculate the average force needed for Tom to reach this speed after 1
second.

Page 6 of 12
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------

You must show how your work out your answer, including any equation
used.

force = .......... N [3]

[Total: 12]

6. This question is about using electricity.

This simple circuit can be used to light a bulb.

(a) The current from a battery is direct current.

The current from the mains supply is alternating current.
Use your ideas about electron movement to explain the difference
between direct current and alternating current. [2]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------

(b) The voltage of the battery is 12 V. The current through the bulb is 0.5

Page 7 of 12
A.
Calculate the power transferred to the bulb.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------
You must show how you work out your answer, including any equation
used.
power = .......... unit = .......... [4]
(c) The circuit is switched on.
Calculate the charge which flows through the bulb in 5 minutes.
You must show how you work out your answer, including any equation
used.
charge = .......... unit = .......... [4]

2. The diagram shows a simple step-up transformer.

(a) For safety, a low voltage is needed for a child's train set.
How can this transformer be changed so that a mains voltage can be
reduced to a low output
voltage?------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------- [2+1]
(b) Alternating current must be used for a transformer to work.
(i) What is alternating
current?-------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------ [1]
(ii) Why must an alternating current be used? [1]

Page 8 of 12
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------

(c) (i) Another transformer is being used to step down the voltage from
240 V to 12 V.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The primary coil of this transformer has 4000 turns.
Calculate how many turns are needed on the secondary coil.
You must show how you work our your answer.
number of turns on secondary coil = .......... [2]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------
(ii) The output of this transformer is connected to a radio.
State and explain how the output current to the radio compares with the
input current to the transformer.
Assume the transformer is 100% efficient.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------

3. The diagram shows a coal fired power station connected to part of the
National Grid.

Page 9 of 12
It provides businesses and homes with electricity.
(a) Explain why power is transmitted at high
voltage.-------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
(b) The large generators in power stations are different in structure and
operation from the simple model generator shown in the diagram.

Describe three ways in which the large generators are different. [3]

1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Page 10 of 12
 ------
3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------

1. The diagram represents the orbits of several bodies in our solar

system.

(a) Which body is a comet? Choose A, B, C or D. [1]

Explain your choice. [1]
(b) Gravity is the force which keeps bodies in orbit around planets and
stars.
(i) Two artificial satellites, not shown on the diagram, are in orbit around
the Earth.
One of the satellites takes longer to orbit the Earth than the other.
Explain why. [2]
(ii) The speed of a comet varies as it orbits the Sun.
Where will it be travelling quickest? Explain why. [2]
(c) Stars evolve in different ways depending on their mass. Betelgeuse is
a red supergiant star many times bigger and more massive than our Sun.
It has already used up most of the hydrogen 'fuel' in its core. Betelgeuse
is on the way to the 'stellar graveyard'.

Page 11 of 12
(i) Describe how stars like our Sun were initially formed. [2]
(ii) What reaction, occurring in the core of Betelgeuse, is now coming
towards an end? [1]
(iii) Suggest three further stages Betelgeuse will go through.

1.
2.
3.

(d) Most scientists believe that the Universe is expanding.

What evidence supports this view? Use your ideas about red shift and the
motion of galaxies in your answer. [3+1]

Page 12 of 12