CHAPTER 1 – PHRASES

I. ADJECTIVE PHRASES
ADJECTIVE PHRASE (AP)
(Pre-Modifier) HEAD (Post-Modifier)
ADJECTIVE
(headA)
Degree / Intensifying Adverb (DEG) Prepositional
Phrase (PP)
very, highly, extremely, terribly, awfully, completely, the chef responsible
much, quite, so, too, rather, somewhat, hardly, fairly, for the sauces
moderately, partially, slightly, increasingly, incredibly,
etc.
General / Non-Intensifying Adv (Adv) Infinitive Phrase
frankly, potentially, enthusiastically, immediately, a tree safe to climb
annoyingly, oddly, disgustingly, amazingly, suspiciously, up
awkwardly, beautifully, etc.
rather dubious, somewhat noisy, quite acceptable, too modest, very colorful,
really demanding, extremely subtle, terribly sorry, awfully slow, fairly good,
highly recommended, moderately easy, amazingly warm, beautifully cool,
annoyingly simple, disgustingly rich, i
ncredibly polite, extraordinarily rude, theoretically untenable, oddly
inconclusive, diabolically tinted, immediately recognizable, horribly burnt
She is somewhat anxious about his son’s health.

ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVES

The main reason is his laziness. He feels faint.
He’s a mere youth. The boy is asleep.
The charming girl attracts his attention. The girl is charming.
She’s a lonely wife. I sometimes feel lonely.

II. ADVERB PHRASE

ADVERB PHRASE (AdvP)
PRE-MODIFIER – Adv HEAD ADVERB (headAdv)
Degree / Intensifying Adverb (DEG)
very quickly, quite wonderfully, somewhat fleetingly, and extremely faithfully
General / Non-Intensifying Adv (Adv) (Personal Evaluation)
amazingly well, understandably badly, horribly fast, incredibly gracefully

III. NOUN PHRASE

PRE-NOMINAL MODIFIERS
UUNFILLED (∅)
essays, smoke
Pre-determiner DETERMINERS (DET)
(PRE-DET)
all, both and half 1. Articles: the and a/an: all the men
2. Demonstratives: this, that, these, and those
3. Possessives (Poss)
+ Adj: her, his, its, their, your: both my studious roommates
+ (proper) N: John’s, the book’s
+ ’s: the possessive marker (PossMarker): half Harry’s new books
4. Quantifiers: some, any, etc.
DET – QUANTIFIERS (Q)
(In)definite: some, any, no, each, enough, either, neither and another, the others: some mistakes
Interrogative / Exclamatory: what, which, whose: which platform; what a view
Quantifying Adjectives (QA)
much, many, few and little
Determiners (DET) those many books
the little butter that I have
some few successes
Degree Adverbs very many books
(DEG) too much garlic
so few ideas
very little tact
Word-group quantifying Adjectives
plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great/good deal of, a (small, large, great, considerable, etc.) amount of,
considerable numbers of, etc.
Numbers or numerals (NUM)
Determiners (DET) 1. Ordinal: first, second,..., and last.
2. Cardinal: one, two, three, etc.
Ordinal + Indefinite quantifiers: the first few hours
Ordinal + Cardinal: the second five days
Cardinal + Ordinal: the two first prizes
Indefinite quantifier + cardinal number: several thousand people, many score of ants.
Determiners PRE-MODIFYING NOUNS (ModN)
Quantifiers
some expensive roof maintenance
George’s two wool neckties
the child safety harness
the child poverty action group
 POSSESSIVE COMMON NOUNS (PossCommN)
the summer’s red roses
the red summer’s roses
the summer’s garden roses
the summer’s red garden roses
VERB PARTICIPLES (V-Part)
Determiners the preceding statement
Quantifiers a broken heart
General Advs falling leaves
those leaping/dropping clicks
a broken heart
sliced cake
photocopied materials
these departed guests
the rapidly congealing gravy
GERUNDS (V-Ger)
Determiners living organisms vs. living rooms
Quantifiers the sleeping guard vs. the sleeping car
a drinking horse vs. drinking water
RESTRICTERS (RESTRIC)
just, only, even, quite, especially, merely, and particularly
RESTRICT + (PRE-)DETERMINERS
just girls, even water, especially candy
only ten short minutes, just college girls, just romantic college girls, just another romantic college
girl, especially all our guests, even the empty box, just some white athletic socks, particularly her
spotted kitten, quite a few people, quite a lot of wine, quite some car, quite a party

POST-NOMINAL MODIFIERS (POST-MOD)

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES (PP)
an expedition to the pub
the man in the iron mask
ADJECTIVE PHRASES (AP)
the present members vs. the members present
the responsible men vs. the men responsible
the visible stars vs. the stars visible
PARTICIPIAL PHRASES (PartP)
the car coming down the road
the man expected to arrive at any moment
INFINITIVE PHRASES (InfP)
the man to answer this question
a scheme to win Kathy’s heart
SUBORDINATE ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (SubACl)
the chef that is responsible for the sauces
a tree which is safe to climb up
the mailman, who was exuberantly happy,
the mailman, who was tired and wet,
the car that is coming down the road
the man who is expected to arrive at any moment
the man whom you should ask about this question
the man who should answer this question

HeadN NOUN COMPLEMENTS (nC)

Contentive N PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES (PP)
her belief in God
the rumour of an impending merger
the news of where she is staying
fact, belief, rumour, story,
AN EMBEDDED ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (EmACl)
news, etc
this belief that the company was not making a profit
the rumour that Ed’s wife falls in love with his brother
the news that the enemy were near
SUBORDINATE ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (SubACl vs. AN EMBEDDED ADJECTIVE
CLAUSE (EmACl)
1. the story that Eleanor had met with the senator vs. the story that Eleanor had given to the
senator
2. the fact that rain may fall in deserts [is not unknown] vs. [I disagree with] the fact on
which your argument is based.
3. the news of her marriage [has just been announced] vs. the news on the notice-board [is
completely ignored]

IV. VERB PHRASE

VERBS / VERBS PHRASES (VP)
INTRANSITIVE (intrans)
Phil sunbathed.
The ball rolled.
The door won’t open.
Lightning flashed.
The Bengal tiger died.
Nobody appeared.
A tourist collapsed.
One of the tires exploded.
 We’re going to eat out.
Phil has shown off.
My children have grown up.
That old man does carry on.
Her father passed away.
Nobody turned up.
A tourist fell down.
One of the tires blew out.
AdvP – Optional Adverbial Adjuncts (opA)
Phil sunbathed beside a stream.
A tourist suddenly collapsed.
Movement AdvP - Obligatory Adverbial Adjuncts (obA)
A veiled moon rode in the high heavens (Location).
A large policeman was walking round the corner (Path).
An old man strolled towards the bar (Direction).
We stole out of the lecture-room (Source).
The students raced across the campus (Path).
The boys trudged up the steep path (Direction).
The ship sailed out of the harbor (Source).
I’ll slip into something more comfortable (Terminus).
Position or Existence AdvP - Obligatory Adverbial Adjuncts (obA)
The National Theater stands near the river (Location).
Your rain coat is hanging in the hall (Location).
Her paintings hang in the National Gallery (Location).
A vast plain stretches below the castle (Location).
The book is still sitting on my shelf (Location).
There exists a king in Sweden (Location).
One of the biggest men I’d ever seen was lying on the beach
(Location).
The baby was lying on his front (Location ⇒ Manner).
Occurrence AdvP - Obligatory Adverbial Adjuncts (obA)
The market picks up in the spring (Point of Time).
A desperate hope arose somewhere deep inside her (Location).
No new evidence emerged during the enquiry (Extent in Time).
The funeral took place on 24 April at 3pm (Point of Time).
The mist ascended from the valley below (Source).
Rioting broke up between rival groups of fans (Location).
He emerged as leader at the age of thirty (Manner or Desguise).
[I don’t see] how that follows (Manner).
AdvP (obA) + AdvP (obA)
 The diver plunged down (Direction) to the bottom of the sea
(Terminus).
The frightened villagers ran out (Direction) into the field
(Terminus).
The fully recovered whale swam out (Direction) to the open sea
(Terminus).
The Thames flows through London (Path) to the North Sea
(Terminus).
INTENSIVE (intens) SUBJECT COMPLEMENT (sC) / SUBJECT PREDICATIVE
(sP)
Adjective Phrase
Ed is rather extravagant. (Attributive)
She is twenty-two years old. (Attributive)
The Robinsons are our next-door neighbors. (Identifying)
Mountaineering can prove very dangerous indeed. (Attributive)
The reason was simple.
Noun Phrase
John is a very lucky man. (Attributive)
Tom was an auctioneer. (Identifying)
Two brothers are pilots. (Identifying)
The exam is next Tuesday.
Mary is the most beautiful girl.
to be (the copula),
Finite clause
become, seem, appear,
Ken’s belief is that things can’t get any worse. (Identifying)
prove, turn, get,
He has become what he always wanted to be. (Identifying)
remain, look, taste,
This is how you should do it. (Circumstantial)
feel, smell, sound, etc.
Non-finite clause
The only thing I did was tell him to go away. (Identifying)
My advice is to withdraw. (Identifying)
The best plan is for you to go by train. (Identifying)
What I don’t enjoy is standing in queues. (Identifying)
What most people prefer is others doing the work. (Identifying)
Prepositional Phrase (PP)
Oscar should be in the engine room. (Circumstantial)
The manager is in a good mood. (Circumstantial)
The truck drivers are on strike.
Adverb Phrase (AdvP)
The amusement park is over there.
MONO NP – DIRECT OBJECT (PP – ADVERBIAL ADJUNCT
TRANSITIVE (dO) OF AGENT) (opA)
(monotrans)
The police have identified the victim.
I used to spend all my money.
The frost has killed off the bud.
The victim has been identified by the police.
All my money used to be spent (by me).
The bud has been killed off (by the frost).
I ran across a former school friend.
NP – DIRECT OBJECT PP – ADVERBIAL ADJUNCT
(dO) (obA)
He jumped the horse over the fence (obA of Path).
The sergeant marched the soldiers along the road (obA of Path).
I’ll walk you home (obA of Terminus).
You could bring it to the kitchen (obA of Terminus).
I always get off / leave the bus at 42nd street (obA of Location).
Liza has been putting the liquor under the bed (obA of Location).
She placed the baby on the blanket (obA of Location).
He put his arms around me (obA of Location) and walked me away
(obA of Direction)
You could bring it to the kitchen.
Relational Verbs NP – PREDICATOR COMPLEMENT (predC)
have, possess, lack, We have plenty of time.
suit, contain and fit I don’t possess any valuables.
His argument lacks force.
Will 5 o’clock suit you?
This jar contains nails.
These gloves don’t fit me.
Verbs of NP – (predC)
Measurement
have, possess, lack, The window measured 1m by 2m.
suit, contain and fit Each ticket costs two dollars.
This suitcase weighs 20 kilos.
The flight to Tokyo took 21 hours.
Verbs of Equal NP – (predC)
Reciprocity
marry and resemble Sam married Susan last May.
Joe resembles his father.
Verbs Finite or Non-finite clause – (predC)
He complains that he is never consulted about anything.
I wonder if you would like to join us for tea.
 Don’t bother to clear away the dishes.
Fancy getting into a panic over a silly thing like that
COMPLEX DIRECT OBJECT PREDICATIVE (oP)
TRANSITIVE OBJECT
(complex) (dO)

NP – dO Adjective Phrase
The teacher made the lesson extremely interesting. (Attributive)
She dyed her hair blond. (Attributive)
Hold your hand tight.
The government’s imports policy has made the farmers furious.
I imagined him a bit older/much taller than that.
The lesson was made extremely interesting (by the teacher).
NP – dO Noun Phrase
Beth is making Stella her spokesperson.
Does he consider himself a genius? (Attributive)
Fellow sportsmen regard him a world class player. (Attributive)
Can you imagine yourself the owner of a luxury yacht. (Identifying)
They elected her Miss Universe. (Identifying)
We declare Frank Wilson the winner.
The club elected Mr. Jones membership secretary.
Stella is being made Beth’s spokesperson.
He called her an angel.
NP – dO Preposition Phrase
Party members regarded him as the only possible candidate.
They don’t accept him as honest. (Attributive)
They previously considered this painting as worthless. (Attributive)
The police didn’t accept the story as genuine. (Identifying)
I regard your suggestion as worthy of consideration. (Identifying)
Doctors recognise Johnson as a leading authority. (Identifying)
I consider you as my best friend. (Identifying)
The burglar left the house in a mess. (Circumstantial)
We found the Dean in a good mood. (Circumstantial)
I consider yourself under arrest. (Circumstantial)
The club won’t appoint a teenager as the committee treasurer.
We regard your action as criminal.
He was regarded as the only possible candidate (by party members).
I prefer it with water.
NP – dO Non-Finite Clause
The policeman got the traffic moving. (Attributive)
 An official has declared the place to be free from infection.
(Attributive)
We believed him to be honest. (Attributive)
We consider this to be very important. (Attributive)
He kept us waiting. (Circumstantial)
I regard that as asking for the impossible. (Circumstantial)
She left me stunned. (Circumstantial)
The authorities ordered hundreds of demonstrators placed under
house arrest. (Circumstantial)
The court considered Smith to be a trustworthy witness.
The extra money helped John to be independent.
The traffic was got moving (by the policeman).
The place has been declared to be free from infection (by an
official).
NP – dO Finite Clause
Dye your hair whatever color you like. (Attributive)
Our supporters’ enthusiasm has made the club what it is today.
(Identifying)
He made the team what it is today.
DITRANSITIVE NP – iO NP – dO
(ditrans)
They gave Steven a prize.
I’ll buy you some toys.
Ed has saved me a place.
NP – dO Preposition Phrase – iO
They gave a prize to Steven. (Recipient)
A prize was given to Steven.
I’ll buy some toys for you. (Beneficiary) – No passive
Ed has saved a place for me.
We are offering our clients a unique opportunity. (… to our clients)
He owes several people money. (…to several people)
I handed Jennifer the pile of letters. (…to Jennifer)
He teaches medical students English. (…to medical students)
Do you send your neighbours Christmas cards? (…to your
neighbours)
Book me a seat on the night train. (… for me)
Would you cash me these traveler checks? (…for me)
She cut the boy some slices of ham. (…for the boy)
I’ve kept you a place in the front row. (…for you)
He got us a very good discount. (…for us)
 She made all the family a good paella. (…for all the family)
NP – dO Predicator Complement (predC)
We’ll allow everybody a ten minute break.
The shop assistant charged me too much for the toothpaste.
Everybody will be allowed a ten minute break.
I was charged too much for the toothpaste.
He wished me a happy day.
He gave the door a push.
[Let’s] ask someone the way.
The bank has refused me a loan.
They grudged him his pocket money.
It cost John an effort.
PREPOSITIONAL PP – PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT (prepO)
(prep)
Monotransitive
Prepositional PP – prepO
(monotrans-prep)
glance, reply, refer, Max glanced at the falling acrobat.
look, etc. He would never resort to cheating.
You are hinting at me?
I don’t’ believe in him.
Linda is thinking of/about changing her job.
She has disposed of her art treasures.
You can’t rely on Kevin.
The minister referred to the importance of exports.
The organizers hadn’t reckoned with a strike.
The manager is dealing with a critical client.
The Prime Minister can’t account for the loss of votes.
Her art treasures have been disposed of.
Kevin can’t be relied on.
The importance of exports was refered to.
A strike hadn’t been reckoned with.
A critical client is being dealt with.
The loss of votes can’t be accounted for.
Ditransitive NP – dO PP – prepO
Prepositional
(ditrans-prep)
They blamed the fire on the gardener.
They blamed the gardener for fire.
That firm supplies the university with paper.
 He convinced the jury of his innocence.
The government should inform the public of the consequences.
I will introduce you to my friends.
I congratulated Janet on her success.
It reminds me of Italy.
They robbed her of her watch and jewels.
Why don’t you help yourself to wine?
He convinced himself of the rightness of his actions.
The fire was blamed on the gardener.
The gardener was blamed for fire.
The university is supplied with paper.
The jury was convinced of his innocence.
She was robbed of her watch and jewels.
The public should be informed of the consequences.
You will be introduced to my friends.
Janet was congratulated on her success.
I am reminded of Italy.
TROUBLESOME VERBS
1. The trumpet sounded.
The doctor sounded the patient’s chest.
She sounded just the person we need for the job.
2. The water feels warm.
I could feel the tension in the room.
3. The long summer holiday stretched ahead of them.
The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.
4. Violence has erupted on the street.
The demonstration erupted into violence.
5. I have to appear in court on a charge of drunken driving.
The street appeared deserted.
6. The doctor can only stay the progress of this disease.
They stayed friends for years. (stayed = remained)
7. I’ll make some tea.
I’ll make a pizza for you.
I’ll make the question easy.
They make a good couple.