Storage Tank API 650
Storage Tank API 650
Storage Tank API 650
Before initiating surface preparation or coating operations, the temperatures (air and surface), dew
point, relative humidity, and wind velocity must be checked to ensure that they conform to
specification requirements. SSPC-PA 1 provides information on proper conditions for shop and field
painting. Since ambient and steel temperatures may change quickly, they should be measured
periodically throughout the day. ASTM E 337 dictates that the ambient condition test or
environmental test should be done: “before, during, and after” the application and they must be
monitored at least every four hour interval, even more when the condition are unstable.
TEMPERATURE
The application of a coating system shall occur only when the air & substrate temperature is within
the range indicated by the manufacturer’s written instructions for both application and curing. A
rule of thumb, no work shall be done when air temperature below 50C and surface temperature less
than 30C above dewpoint temperature.
DEWPOINT
Dewpoint is defined as the temperature at which moisture will condense. Dew point is important in
coating work because moisture condensation on the steel surface will cause freshly blast cleaned
steel to rust, or a thin, often invisible film of moisture trapped between coats may cause premature
coating failure.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Due to curing of coatings may be adversely affected by humidity that are too low or too high, no
coating shall be applied unless the supplier or manufacturer’s written technical requirements for
humidity are met. High humidity may cause moisture to condense on or react with uncured coating
films to cause blushing or other adverse effects. However, for certain inorganic zinc and one-
package, moisture-curing polyurethane coating, require a minimum humidity for curing, but for
most organic coatings, the rule of thumb, no work shall be carried when relative humidity above
85%.
WIND VELOCITY
For field or open air application, wind velocity may blow airborne contaminants to work surfaces and
coating materials. It also contributes to dry spray, dusty-spotted effects to the coated surface and
accelerates solvent evaporation time which may cause immature drying. No work shall be done in
the open air field when the wind velocity above 24 km/hour.
Before the start of surface preparation for coating, all necessary construction or modification of
items requiring coating should have been completed. This includes grinding of welds and sharp
edges and filling of pits. Likewise, the surface must be free from all contaminants. Also, the job site
must then be inspected for complete readiness (i.e., all required operational and support equipment
is present, and access for inspection of work is available). This includes safety aspects such as ladders
and scaffolding, power, and traffic control, so that the inspector can safely perform his duties.
ABRASIVE CHECK
All new mineral and slag abrasives must be inspected for physical and chemical properties as
described in SSPC – AB 1. Recycled ferrous metal abrasives must be checked for cleanliness and fines
as described in SSPC – AB 2. The abrasives should be properly labeled for identification. Even if a
sieve analysis (ASTM C 136) is provided by the supplier, it is prudent to run a check at the job site or
retain a sample for later analysis should cleaning rates be lower or profile heights other than
anticipated.
A simple test can be conducted for contaminants or fines in the abrasive. A spoonful of abrasive is
placed in a vial of distilled water and shaken vigorously. It is then checked for:
All air compressors and blasting equipment should be checked for proper size, cleanliness,
operation, and safety. Hand or power tools should also be checked for operation and safety, and
should be used only as specified in their standard operating procedures. These checks should be
made before the start of abrasive blasting and periodically thereafter, especially after a change of
abrasive. Air and blast hoses should be checked for damage and constrictions and should be as short
and of as large a diameter as practical to reduce frictional losses of air pressure. The blast hose
should have a static grounding system. Couplings should be of the external fit type, secured well,
and safety-wired.
Blast nozzles should be of the venturi type, with a flared exit to allow more rapid and uniform
cleaning. An orifice gauge should be used to check the nozzle size (inches) and air flow (cfm at 100
psi). This wedge-shaped instrument or bore-nozzle inserted into the rear of the nozzle has a
measuring range of 1/4 to 5/8 inch and an air flow range of 81 to 548 cfm. Nozzles should be
discarded after an increase of one size (e.g., 1/16 inch is the difference between a #6 and a #7
nozzle). All nozzles must have a deadman control that will automatically shut off the flow of air and
abrasive when released.
The compressed air used in abrasive blasting must be checked to determine whether oil and water
traps have completely removed contaminants. This is done by the blotter test described in ASTM D
4285. A clean, dry, white blotter or cloth is held about 18 inches (450 mm) in front of the blast nozzle
with the air flowing for one to two minutes. Oil and water contaminants are detected visually on the
blotter or cloth surface.
Abrasive blasting is usually done at pressures between 90 and 100 psi for efficient blasting. Higher
blasting pressures may produce even higher blasting rates. A pocket-sized air pressure gauge with a
hypodermic needle can be used for determining cleaning pressure at the nozzle. The gauge is
inserted in the blasting hose just before the nozzle in the direction of the flow. Instant readings can
be made up to 160 psi.
Steel surface cleanliness requirements for abrasive blast cleaned steel (i.e., SSPC levels of surface
preparation) can readily be determined using SSPC-VIS 1 photographic standards. SSPC surface
preparation standards define cleanliness in terms of visible contaminants such as rust, mill scale,
paint, and staining.
Two commonly used methods for determining the profile (average peak-to-valley depth) of blasted
steel surfaces are described in ASTM D 4417. The Testex Press-O-Film Replica Tape method is
preferred, because it is easy to conduct, accurate, and produces a permanent record. The tape
consists of a layer of deformable plastic foam bonded to a Mylar backing. The tape is rubbed onto
the blast-cleaned surface with a plastic swizzle stick to produce a reverse replicate of the profile. The
tape profile is then measured with a spring micrometer. The micrometer can be set to automatically
subtract the two-mil (50 µm) thickness of the non-deformable Mylar backing.
An alternate procedure, in which a surface profile comparator is used, is available for determining
surface profile. Comparators include ISO, Clemtex, and Keane-Tator instruments. Basically, they use
a five-power illuminated magnifier to permit visual comparison of the blast-cleaned surface to
standard profile depths. Standards are available for sand, grit, and shot-blast cleaned steel.
Another concern are the non-visible contaminants such as soluble salts, (e.g., chlorides and sulfates).
These salts are deposited from the environment, e.g., marine air, and industrial pollutants. They can
cause problems such as flash rusting of steel or blistering of applied paint films. These contaminants
are not removed by abrasive blast cleaning (or other mechanical methods). A good indication of salt
contamination on blast-cleaned steel is the rapid rerusting of the steel in the absence of condensing
moisture.
ASTM D 4940 provides a water extraction test procedure for determining salt concentration.
Extraction methods include swabbing, rigid limpet cell, and Bresle cell procedures. After extraction,
the water is tested for conductivity and/or specific salt ions. Test kits for analysis of chloride, sulfate,
and ferrous ions, as well as pH, are commercially available from suppliers of coating instruments.
They contain strips, swabs, papers, and operating instructions for simple chemical testing.
Abrasive blast cleaned steel surfaces should be checked to determine if all the residual abrasive has
been removed by vacuuming, brushing, or blowing. Detection of residual abrasive can be done by
pressing a piece of transparent cellophane (Scotch) tape onto the cleaned steel and then pulling it
off. If any abrasive is visually detected on the piece of tape, further removal of abrasive is required.
All blasted steel surfaces should be primed as soon as possible after cleaning, and always on the
same day except in dehumidified spaces. If not primed soon enough, particularly on humid days,
flash rusting of the steel may occur. If any flash rusting is observed, the steel must be reblasted.
PRE-COATING INSPECTION
• Mixing procedures
• Viscosity
Inspection during and after coating application consists chiefly of checking for:
• Holidays
• Adhesion
• Curing
For coatings that cure by chemical reaction (thermosetting), the inspector should check to see that
the manufacturer’s induction time and pot life requirements are met.
Wet film thickness (WFT) measurements should be made immediately after paint application to
determine if the coating is sufficiently thick to obtain the desired dry film thickness (DFT).
Measurement is less accurate on highly pigmented (e.g., zinc-rich) and quick-dry coatings. Since
measurement of WFT destroys the film integrity, the coating must be repaired after the
measurements have been completed. The most widely used type of WFT gauge, described in ASTM
D 4414, consists of a thin rigid metal notched gauge, usually with four working faces. Each of the
notches in each face is cut progressively deeper in graduated steps. The face with the scale that
encompasses the specified thickness is selected for use.
To conduct the measurement, the face is pressed firmly and squarely into the wet paint immediately
after its application. The face is then carefully removed and examined visually. The WFT is the
highest scale reading of the notches with paint adhering to it. Measurements should be made in
triplicate. Faces of gauges should be kept clean by removing the wet paint immediately after each
measurement.
DFT measurements are made after complete curing of coatings to determine if specified thicknesses
have been met. Calibration of gauges and measurement of DFT by magnetic gauge are described in
detail in SSPC-PA2. Magnetic gauges are normally used for determining coating DFT on steel
surfaces. They rely on the fact that the thicker the coating, the smaller the magnetic field above the
coating. Typical measurement error may be 3–10 percent.
There are several factors that adversely affect DFT measurements with magnetic gauges. These
include:
• Surface condition (contaminated coating surfaces may cause high readings; “pull-off” magnets
may adhere to tacky surfaces; probes may indent soft paints)
• Other magnetic fields (strong magnetic fields from direct current welding or railway systems
may interfere)
All magnetic thickness gauges should be calibrated before use. It is also good practice to check the
calibration during and after use. Gauge suppliers provide a set of standard-thickness, nonmagnetic
(plastic or nonferrous metal) shims to cover their working ranges. The shim for instrument
calibration should be selected to match the desired coating thickness. It is placed on a bare steel
surface with the same profile that will be used for the coating application, and the gauge probe is
placed on it for calibration. If the instrument does not agree with the shim measure, it should be
properly adjusted. If adjustment is difficult, the reading for bare steel can be added or subtracted
from field readings to determine actual thicknesses. The steel surface used for calibration should be
a masked-off area of the steel being painted or an unpainted reference panel of similar steel, if
possible.
Another calibration system utilizes a set of small, chrome-plated steel panels of precise thickness,
available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of
Standards). These standards are expensive but very accurate. SSPC-PA 2 presents detailed
information on the calibration and use of both pull-off and fixed probe gauges.
HOLIDAY DETECTION
Newly coated structures on which the coating integrity is important (particularly linings or coatings
in immersion conditions) should be tested with a holiday detector to ensure coating film continuity.
A holiday (sometimes called discontinuity) is a pinhole or other break in the film that permits the
passage of moisture to the substrate. This allows substrate deterioration to begin. Holidays are not
easily detected visually, and must be located with electrical instruments called holiday detectors.
Holiday detectors are available in two types, low and high voltage, as described in ASTM D 5162.
Low-voltage (30 to 70 volts) holiday detectors are used on coatings up to 20 mils (500 µm) in
thickness. These portable devices have a power source (a battery), an exploring electrode (a
dampened cellulose sponge), an alarm, and a lead wire with connections to join the instrument to
bare metal on the coated structure. A wetting agent that evaporates on drying should be used to
wet the sponge for coatings greater than 10 mils (250 µm) in thickness. The wetted sponge is slowly
moved across the coated surface so that the response time is not exceeded. When a holiday is
touched, an electric circuit is completed through the coated metal and connected wire back to the
instrument to sound the alarm. Holidays should be marked after detection for repair and
subsequent retesting.
High-voltage (above 800 volts) holiday detectors are used on coatings greater than 20 mils (500 µm)
in thickness. The exploring electrode may consist of a conductive brush or coil spring. The detector
may be a pulse or direct current type. It should be moved at a rate not to exceed the pulse rate. If a
holiday or thin spot in the coating is detected, a spark will jump from the electrode through the air
space to the metal.
Electrode Calculation
Electrode Calculation
Reference
Subcontract agreement no xxxx
Final Documentation/Dossier
Subcontractor shall submit a final documentation/dossier including its index for Consultant
review and approval. The index of the dossier shall contain the document, technical data or
record of inspection and QAQC contribution during performance of the service.
Detail document as noted in the subcontract document deliverable register (latest revision)
shall
be included in the final documentation/dossier.
Final documentation/dossier is parts of subcontract agreement between Consultant and
Sub Contractor as described in exhibit A subcontract no xxxx dated 17
September 2007
Front of Book
Index and table of content shall be provided at the front of book and shall clearly indicate the
project title, book title, book number and volume number in which specific data/record
required
can be found.
Introduction
A general introduction shall be provided by subcontractor in book 1 volume 1 giving detail
about
the project overview and sub project/contract where applicable.
Project Summary
A Project summary shall be prepared and presented after introduction section in book 1
volume
1.
A project summary shall details a latest project status that it has been achieved by
subcontractor
at the end of contract. A subcontractor may giving the detail of how many work order closed,
cancel, remaining work order, latest value, progress achievement, status of non conformance
was taken of, detail corrective and preventive action that ever taken, quality engineer
contribution
to the project and others highlight during performance of the service.
Subcontract Agreement and its Amendment
Subcontract agreement including its amendment shall be included in the final
documentation/dossier. It then followed by latest subcontract document deliverable register.
Quality Record
Quality record is systematically format/procedure developed by subcontractor to collect,
index,
file, store, maintain, and turnover to Consultant and or Company at the end of service. All
quality activity such as; developing process control (procedure), inspection procedure, ITP,
assigning quality personnel, inspection and testing, verification, audit, continual
improvement,
calibration and others related to quality shall be documented in section of quality record.
Quality record is intended to showing QAQC contribution to the project.
Quality record, as a minimum, shall consist of the following;
- Quality organization including qualification of personnel
- Quality process control, which shall consist of procedure, standard operating, guideline
and work practice
- Procedure to adequately control the inspection and testing.
- Inspection Record
- Record of concession request or RFI
- Non conformance log and record and its report
- Corrective and preventive action were taken of
- Audit report by subcontractor QA/QC’s engineer
- Record of data sheet and test certificate (acceptance)
Procedure, standard operating, guideline and work practice shall be latest revision and shall
have
Consultant and Company approval.
Miscellaneous Record
All document pertain the project that are not described and detailed in above section, shall be
include in miscellaneous record.
This section may include; minutes of meeting, weekly and monthly report produced during
the
project, latest work order register, closed work order and its certificate (if any), project
correspondence and etc.
Any technical agreement that has not been incorporated in procedure shall be presented in
miscellaneous record.
Audit Reports
Any audit performed by Consultant and or Company during the performance of the
inspection
service shall be included in the final documentation / dossier and be presented at
miscellaneous
record.
An audit carried out by subcontractor QA/QC engineer shall contain at quality record section.
Binders Format
Binders Type
Binders shall be A4 with the color of white and shall have 3 holes.
Each binder shall have a plastic cover on the front and spine for inserting the cover page and
spine detail.
Binders Content
Binders shall be set out in accordance with the above section of this procedure and each
binder
shall be no more than 90 % full content. This is intended to leaving space for any additional
information which might be added in later at Consultant and or Company discretion.
Attachment
Attachment 1 Data book cover page
Attachment 2 Data book spine information
1. Scope of Work
2. Data Sheets
3. This Specification
4. Other Company Specification
5. Other Referenced Publications
6. Approved for Construction Drawings
7. Vendor’s Code