IOT-BASED VEHICLE ACCIDENT DETECTION AND TRACKING.

BY
S/N NAMES OF STUDENT MATRIC NUM
1. EZIAH ONYEBUCHI DANIEL 178862028
2. OLOWOMEYE OLUWAPELUMI BLESSING 178862065
3. ABDULAZEEZ GANIYAT INIOLUWA 178862049
4. SAMUEL VICTORY IZUCHUKWU 178862077
5. ADEFOKUN ADEDOLAPO ELIZABETH 1808003009
6. TAIWO PHILIP OLUWASEUN 178862138

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded computing

devices within the existing Internet infrastructure. Typically, IoT offers advanced connectivity of

devices, systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M)

and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications. The interconnection of these

embedded devices (including smart objects), is implemented in nearly all fields of automation

enabling advanced applications like a Smart Grid. The term things in the IoT refers to a wide

variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals,

electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles with built-in sensors, or field operation devices that
assist fire-fighters in search and rescue. Current market examples include thermostat systems and

washer/dryers that utilize Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.

Accident detection and vehicle messaging system using GSM modem which helps to detect

accident by pressure sensor. pressure sensor (Piezo elements) comes in handy when you need to

detect pressure or a knock. Can use these for tap or knock sensors pretty easily by reading the

voltage on the output. pressure sensor helps to send the signal to Arudino controller. Arudino

controllers send the alert message through GSM modem with location. If the person meets a

small accident, the driver can inform attention is not required by terminating the message using

switch. This is to avoid wasting the time of the medical and police team. GSM modem is similar

to mobile phone without any display, keypad and speakers. This accepts a SIM card, and

operates over a subscription to a mobile operator

1.2 Statement of the Problem or Research Motivation

The high demand of automobiles has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents.

Life of the people is under high risk. This is because of the lack of best emergency facilities

available in our country. An automatic alarm device for vehicle accidents is introduced in this

paper. This design is a system which can detect accidents in significantly less time and sends the

basic information to first aid centre within a few seconds covering geographical coordinates, the

time and angle in which a vehicle accident had occurred. This alert message is sent to the rescue

team in a short time, which will help in saving the valuable lives. A Switch is also provided in

order to terminate the sending of a message in rare case where there is no casualty, this can save

the precious time of the medical rescue team. When the accident occurs the alert message is sent
automatically to the rescue team and to the police station. The message is sent through the GSM

module and the location of the accident is detected with the help of the GPS module. The

accident can be detected precisely with the help of both Micro electro mechanical system

(MEMS) sensor and vibration sensor. The Angle of the rolls over of the car can also be known

by the message through the MEMS sensor. This application provides the optimum solution to

poor emergency facilities provided to the roads accidents in the most feasible way. The usage of

auto mobiles has improved linearly over the past decade, which increased in the risk of human

life. This is because due to the insufficient emergency facilities.

Traffic is on the increase because the demand for vehicles is getting higher day by day. So,

transportation needs improvement as, since demands are increasing, there'll be more possibility

of car accidents. Vehicle accidents are one in every of the leading causes of the fatalities. it'll be

a heavy consequence if people can’t get assistance on right time. Poor emergency incident may

be a major reason for death rate in our country. Crash analysis studies have shown, traffic

accidents could are prevented with the utilization of this advanced life saving measure. This

design focuses on providing basic information on the accident site to the emergency contacts. As

a results of the sudden help, precious life may get saved. During this work, a three-axis

accelerometer and GPS tracking system work for accidental monitoring. This design detects

accidents in less time and sends this information to the specified authorities. The development of

a transportation has been the generative power for citizenry to own the best civilization above

creatures within the earth. Automobile features a great importance in our way of life. We utilize

it to travel to our work place, confine touch with our friends and family, and deliver our goods.

But it may also bring disaster to us and even can kill us through accidents. Speed is one in every

of the foremost important and basic risk factors in driving. It not only affects the severity of a
crash, but also increases risk of being involved in an exceedingly crash. Despite many efforts

taken by different governmental and non-sgovernmental organizations all round the world by

various programs to aware against careless driving, yet accidents are going down every now

then. However, frequent lives could are saved if the emergency assistance could get the smash

information in time. As such, productive automatic accident detection with an automatic

information to the emergency service with the accident location may be a prime must defend the

beneficial human life. This project is to employ proposes to advance the potential of a GPS

receiver to detect the speed of a vehicle and detect an accident basing on the supervises speed

and send the placement and time of the accident from the GPS data processed by a

microcontroller by using the GSM network to the Alert Service Centre.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Here the following objectives are set, in the view of above mentioned research

background for the present work in ADS, accident detection and rescue management

system.

To develop signal identification using pressure sensor.

 To design a vehicle unit with sensor system to detect accident details and send the alert

message to the Road side unit.

 To design a road side unit that receives all alert message’s and sends that into the rescue

To develop a system that incorporate the signal identification module develop

1.4 Research Methods/Methodology

The device comprises of different sensors which are Pressure sensor, Accelerometer, GSM
module and GPS module. All these sensors and modules are combined and connected to each
other through Arduino board, which is the Microcontroller.

Hardware Components

In our implementation we have used an IoT device containing different components and

modules as well as communications capability. The main components of this device are:

1. Arduino Mega 2560 Microcontroller Board

Arduino Mega 2560 consist of 54 digital input/output pins and 16 analog inputs. This

Arduino Microcontroller board also features 16MHz crystal oscillator, 4 UARTs (hardware serial

ports), a power jack, an In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) header, a USB connection and a

reset button (Alagarsamy et al., 2019).

Figure 3: Arduino (Lakshmi et al., 2014)

2. GSM Module

A GSM module put together a GSM modem with standard communication interfaces like

RS-232, USB etc., so that it can be easily linked with a computer or a microcontroller based
system. The power supply circuit is likewise made in the module that can be triggered by using a

viable adaptor (Thiyagarajan et al., 2020).

Figure 4: GSM antenna (Sawant et al., 2016)

3. GPS Module

By using the GPS device anyone can easily get the position coordinates of the device

present anywhere on the globe. To process this, what all required is to associate the ‘TX’
(Transmitter) pin of the GPS to the ‘RX’ (receiver) pin on the microcontroller (Govindaraj et al.,

2020).

Figure 5: GPS module (Patil et al., 2016)

4. Ultra-Sonic Sensor

Ultra-Sonic is an instrument used for measuring the distance to an object by the use of

ultrasonic sound waves. The device consists of two significant components- Triggers and Echo.

Trigger is like a transmitter, it sends a wave from the device. Echo is a receiver. The wave

transmitted from the trigger gets reflected back after hitting the object and echo receives that

wave, thus calculating the distance (Patil et al., 2016).

 Figure 6: Ultra-Sonic Sensor (Mane et al., 2014)

5. ADXL335 Accelerometer Module

An accelerometer is an electroic device which is used to measures the acceleration force. The

device will calculate acceleration simply due to cause of gravity i.e. g force. It measures

acceleration in g unit. The accelerometer can be used for tilt-sensing applications as well as

dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration (Lakshmi et al., 2014).

Figure 7: Accelerometer Module (Krishna et al., 2017)

 6. LM35 temperature sensing element

The LM35 is a reasonably frequently used temperature sensor that can be used to

measure temperature with associate degree electrical output comparative to the temperature (in

°C). The LM35 has an output voltage that's proportional to the Celsius temperature (Patil et al.,

2016).

Figure 8: temperature sensing element (Thiyagarajan et al., 2020)

1.5 Contributions to Knowledge

The proposed system can be used for detecting the accidents which helps in reducing the
loss of life due to fatal accidents and it also helps in reducing the time taken for the ambulance to
reach the accidental spot.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter preview a review of the research related to the IOT based Vehicle Accident

Detection and Tracking. The subject, the concept, objective, uses and purpose. This section

contains related literatures, with emphasis on the motivation of the author(s), objectives and

methods used in satisfying their objectives.

2.2 An overview of research on IoT- based car Accident detection and notification

algorithm for general road accidents.(Shivani et al.,2019)

2.2.1 Introduction

Nowadays, there is an increase in the number of accidents that happen in the world. As the

population is increasing, there is the number of cars increasing on the road that contributes to

severe accidents that happen daily. Around 80 per cent of accidents contribute to the loss of

many lives. Mostly, the growing countries are being targeted by the day to day road accidents.

The major reason is the lack of infrastructure, lack of traffic control and accident management.

Out of all the developing countries, India has been listed as the country with a higher number of

accidents. The most prominent reason for the loss of a life during an accident is the
unavailability of immediate help that can save a person's life by a few seconds. The moment an

accident has occurred, the life of all passengers travelling in the vehicle is at stake. It all depends

on response time that can save their lives by a few minutes or seconds. According to the

statistics, reducing accident delay time by even 1 minute can save 6 per cent of lives. Hence, this

response time is very crucial, and it needs to be reduced or at least either improved to save their

lives, Isna K. and S. D. Sawant. To contribute to our society and reduce the number of accidents

happening in our day to day life, there are several techniques and mechanisms that can drop

down the rate of accidents and can save lot lives. Living in a tech world that is growing day by

day with new technologies, we can apply these techniques in our society and help them

overcome such problems.

2.2.2 Statement of the problem

The main idea of this paper is to notify the concerned authorities about an accident only if the

passengers are injured. The proposed framework is intended to solve the same by incorporating

more features in the already existing work done by the authors. With the addition of some

functionalities, this system can resolve most of the accident scenarios by detecting accidents on

time and triggering immediate help from emergency services without wasting any time.

Moreover, the driver’s health is being tracked by heart rate sensor (embedded in seatbelt) which

serves as the added advantage. If implemented with proper planning and resources, this

framework could serve to be a great help to the society. Hence, there is need of such systems that

could save the lives involved with accidents.

2.2.3 Methodology

The significance of defining the research problem is to address the gaps in the literature. The

purpose is to contribute to the existing work to enhance the quality of the overall framework so
that it can benefit the end society in future. This can be achieved by adding more functionalities

and features that can improve the working of the end system. Dhanlakshmi and Leni designed a

system that monitors the condition of the car during its journey. The parameters that are

addressed in their work are, gas leakage which is monitored by using an MQ2 gas sensor, vehicle

speed which is recorded by hall-effect sensors, GPS and GSM modules for communication and

tracking location of vehicles. However, for an accident detection case, only speed has been

considered by making use of hall -effect sensors. Moreover, Pin and Wang proposed a vehicle

collision detection algorithm which works well for T-intersection road design. The parameters

that are considered for the design of the algorithm are, curvature area of T-intersection junctions

and the predicted time for the two cars to meet at the junction. We feel that the algorithm is

effective for the specific case of T-intersection and not for general road accidents. Therefore,

there is a need for modifying the existing work done by authors to support the general road

accidents.

In our approach, we are addressing the gaps by adding an accelerometer, vibration sensor and

most importantly heart rate sensor. These components contribute to the hardware setup of the

system. Also, we would like to introduce an algorithm for general road accidents that is

appropriate for this hardware setup. We have considered a few parameters which are helpful for

accident detection and notification. These parameters are vehicle acceleration, retardation, crash

impact, the value of heart rate sensor (embedded within the belt) and information of accident

location which is tracked by GPS. It is then sent to emergency services/family members by GSM

communication. We implemented the system by designing an IOT based car. The car is

embedded in Arduino as a development board which is interfaced with different sensors as listed

above. It is controlled via Bluetooth module HC05. Also, the car is tested for different conditions
to seek results. For this setup, the algorithm operates on the data gathered by accelerometer

ADXL345, vibration sensor, heart rate sensor, GPS and GSM module. These sensors have their

configurations and threshold range. The accelerometer's input range can be 2g to 200g (negative

and positive) and it can vary even more. Whereas, the vibration sensor has only two states, low

and high. It is low for normal cases. On experiencing a large impact force from the environment,

it becomes high. The heart rate sensor is the essential component since it keeps track of the

driver's heart beats during the journey.

Proposed algorithm

The main functioning behind the proposed system is the generalized accident detection and

notification algorithm that takes different inputs into account and based on that it generates

results that are helpful for determining the status of the proposed system. To generate intended

results, the following are considered:

- Deployment of the hardware components in every car.

- Algorithm works only for the area which has strong networks.

- It is only applicable to cars.

- Highway junction is not considered

- Only cases for possible crash are considered.

- Driver must wear seat belt each time to record the heartbeats since heartrate sensor is embedded

in seatbelt.

Following are the cases that are considered for an accident and its chances:

a. Case 1: Warning to Avoid Accident

In this case, the driver is alerted for overspeeding

b. Case 2: When the car is static

This case depicts a scenario for a possible crash when the car is at rest. The driver inside the car

could be injured based on the value given by the heart rate sensor.

c. Case 3: When the car is static, and the driver is not inside

This case depicts a situation when the car is at rest, but the driver is not inside. This is also a case

for an accident, but for such cases, emergency services need not be informed.

d. Case 4: When the car is moving

It is the most common case when a moving car gets hit by another vehicle. For such situations,

emergency services must be prompted for rescue. It is the most common case when a moving car

gets hit by another vehicle. For such situations, emergency services must be prompted for rescue.

2.2.4 Limitation of the study

This system can resolve most of the accident scenarios by detecting accidents on time and

triggering immediate help from emergency services without wasting any time. Moreover, the

driver’s health is being tracked by heart rate sensor (embedded in seatbelt) which serves as the

added advantage. If implemented with proper planning and resources, this framework could

serve to be a great help to the society. Hence, there is need of such systems that could save the

lives involved with accidents.

2.3 Automatic Vehicle Accident Alert System.(D.Shanthi et al.,2018.)

2.3.1 Introduction
Our proposed work is aimed at modernizing the present technology using Internet of Things.

With the help of IOT using cloud services we aimed to develop a technology that everyone can

use for the betterment of society who owns a car. In case any accident occurs, the number fed

into the application, gets a message. As the number of vehicle is increasing, we can see a lot of

accidents due to rash driving, drunk driving, etc. So this technology helps the user and the family

to track the person in case any accident occur. This would save more lives as it would be easier

to find the accident location and provide the basic care required. Also in-built emergency would

be fed according to the car and the closest concerned could be provided even if no number is fed.

In the present scenario, there are several sensors and technology embedded in high end cars. One

of such a new feature is closest object detectors that can be found in cars like Volkswagen. This

feature allows the driver to know how far the other car/object is from self car and starts beeping

alarming the driver about the closeness.

Also there are some apps which help us to press the button of mobile and send message to the

contacts stored. But as the traffic is increasing and hence the number of accidents as well, there

is an alarming need to automate the process of process. There is presently no way in which the

people can detect where accidents occur. Though CCTV’s are installed on road but till the time

emergency is reached, the driver is dead. There is no way in the present system to make

ambulances locate the accident immediately after it occurs until someone manually calls the

ambulance.

2.3.2 Statement of the problem

Automatic Vehicle Accident Alert System, an alerting message which contains

accident’s time and location sent automatically by the particular device embedded

in a vehicle to emergency and relief agencies. So, they can rush to the accident and
help the victim in time. The required parameters and the sensor values are sent to

the Dynamo tough mobile application. The data is stored in the AWS

platform. To detect the accidents accelerometer sensor is used so when accident is

detected we can retrieve the location from the mobile app and send notifications to

nearest hospitals from the mobile app and can intimate family members. Also for

double confirmation force sensors come into action when the accelerometer fails to

send the required details through the mobile application using Bluetooth.

2.3.3 Methodology

In the system proposed by us, we mainly aim to reduce the time of accident occurrence and the

time of medical amenities to reach at the location. By doing so, we can save a lot of lives and

reduce accidental deaths occurring because of non-availability of services. This is done basically

by automating the whole process from detection of accident to informing the concerned. With

the help of IOT, the message is immediately sent via the app developed even if the person is

injured and cannot use the phone. Also the proper location of the accident would be easily

detectable.

Advantages

1. This module does not require any manual processing during the time of accident.

2. Every time the driver opens the app, the application asks for a new number to be saved. This is

done to ensure that driver feeds the number in the area between where he started from and where

is he reaching. This ensures that the nearest person receives the details in time of accident so that

it is possible for the receiver to reach on time and provide the healthcare.

3. Even if the person is seriously injured and there is no internet, then also the proposed work

would work and send the message of accident occurrence.

4. This proposed work is dependent on two different types of sensors so in case anyone fails to

detect the accident or report to the cloud app, the other sensor would come in action.

5. Even if the driver forgets to store the contact while opening the app, there would be an inbuilt

emergency number that would be stored while giving the app so as to ensure that at least one

number is fed to send the message.

2.3.5 Limitation of the study

The exact location of still remains unidentified to the relative of the driver if accident occurs

until manually informs but due to security locks on phone, people are not able to inform the

person’s concerned relative unless the police verifies. Many deaths occur not because of on spot

accident but due to lack of medical provisions that are required that can help to save the person.

This happens either because of negligence of nearby people to call the ambulance or either

ambulance not getting the exact location.

Many people are still unidentified in case of accident as their relative or friend don’t even know

the accident has occurred. The apps manually require the person to click the button to inform the

contacts but what if the phone is kept far from the person and the action time of accident is so

fast that the person is not able to stimulate reaction. Also what if the saved contacts are from far

off area from the location or not even in the town?

2.4 Accident Detection, Alert and Tracking System Based on IoT( Darwin et al 2020.)

2.4.1 Introduction

Due to on road accidents,17 death occurs in India every hour. About 1.5 lakh people die every

year. This has rose to more percentage in 2019.These rate of accidents increases every day, due

to the increase in number of transportations on the road. Death rate also increases to 2.4% every

year. The major reasons for the accidents are due to high speed, drink and drive, uncontrollable
situations and if the vehicle hits any hard objects.78.4% accidents are due to drivers’ fault which

includes speeding and consumption of alcohol. The existing system gets the information only

through manual mode. Traffic police are employed to detect if the driver is consuming alcohol or

not. This paper aims in reducing the accident rate by alerting the drivers by some alternate

solutions. Once the accident occurred, the location was sent as s message through GPS & GSM.

This helps in finding the location easily and to give immediate first aid at earliest. Here,

Microcontroller plays the major role. This system contains sensors to vigilant the drivers. The

sensors such as vibration sensor, Alcohol sensor and Eye blink sensor are used here. Both GPS &

GSM are used to trace the location and notifies the respective numbers via text message.

[NimishaChaturvedi, Pallika Srivastava] The system is designed by Aboli Ravindra Wakure,

Apurva Rajendra Patkar in the year 2015 to find and report the place where the accident occurred

and to provide the immediate help. The spot is traced through GPS. GSM shows vehicle’s

position in terms of latitude and longitude. But this required lot of human works to enquire.

[AboliRavindraWakure, ApurvaRajendraPatkar] The emergency alert module immediately alerts

the telematic Operator Server if the virtual fence is crossed by vehicle or it detects the highest

alcohol level. This system also interacts with other ECU’s by CAN in the vehicle. This is

specified only to accidents occurred due to alcohol consumption. The automatic detector

includes a microcontroller based on ADU that has both GPS & GSM. The acceleration is

calculated by ADU which detects the accident and notifies the emergency services to get the

immediate help. This works out only for two wheelers, T Kalyani.The accident detection module

alerts the drivers if they are not in the position to control the vehicle and alarm them. Once the

accident occurs location is sent to the registered mobile number. This was done by

MahendraVucha, T Kalyani,B Naresh, S Monika . The current available gives an information

using arduino that is used to transfer messages to the different devices of the system. This takes

place only in the presence of internet. The statistics exhibits the number of accident cases

increases; the proposed method yields solution. Tanushree Dalai made a model for automotive

which gave emergency alert. This method only recognizes when any object hits the vehicle. In

view of all the models, it clearly shows that all requires some human works. Our model is more

automatic and functions in a short duration of time. The alarm will be generated very instantly

once the risk is identified and the location can be identified easily.

2.4.2 Statement of the problem

The suggested system here alerts and detects the occurrence of accident and

forwards the information to the registered number. This is done after mere

attempts. In worst conditions, soon after the accident occurs, the vibration sensor is

activated and transfers the message. The GPS finds the location where accident

happened and the GSM sends the message. If any accident occurs, the module

sends data of information to the given number. These are found after several trails

and it worked out well. These can be applied in all network available areas. These

helps in giving the medical treatment as soon as the accident occurred as the

location can be found easily.

2.4.3 Methodology

In the uncontrolled situations and because of carelessness the driver should be alarmed once any

high-risk situation is identified. This may help the drivers to manage the vehicles and thereby the

accident may be significantly avoided. This is possible only when the system is working quickly.

Manual mode is still used to get various information and the existing system and traffic police
are employed to detect if the driver is ingesting alcohol or not. This paper utilizes WSN

(Wireless Sensor Networks) for spotting accident’s location and alarming the authorities

regarding accidents, vehicle tracking using GPS modem. A PIC Controller, Eye Blink Sensor,

Vibration Sensor, Alcohol Sensor, Power Supply, GSM, GPS, Relay and Motor are used in the

making of the proposed work. The block diagram consists of different sensors used in our

system, microcontroller, Buzzer, GSM, GPS, Relay, Motor and LCD Display. The block

diagram of the proposed system is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Block Diagram

The MCU (Microcontroller Unit) is being used as the main part to get information’s. Here, the

PIC MCU is used which has five ports. This has 8-bit data memory bus. It contains different

types of on-chip. It has crystal oscillator which is used to trigger microcontroller. It also contains

reset switch and MAX 232 which provides the interface between GPS and GSM module. Here
we use PIC 16F877A Microcontroller because it has enhanced flash program memory typical of

100,000 erase/write cycles and self-reprogrammable which is under software control. They use

selected oscillators and in sleep mode they save power. The ports used are bidirectional input and

output pins. The ports produce digital and analog outputs respectively. This use registers USART

and timers and the memories are organized. We propose, an eye blink sensor is capable of

detecting whether the person is going to sleep or not and the alarm unit alerts the driver. This

proposed system is an IR based that keeps the vehicle secure and gives high security to drivers.

When driver attempts to drive the vehicle after consuming alcohol then vehicle won’t start. The

sensor detects different concentrations of alcohol. This uses semiconductor type of sensor to

detect alcohol. In case if vehicle hit any obstacles then vibration sensor detects the collision then

controller get information of the location of vehicles using GPS and send it to family or

ambulance number. The basic piezoelectric materials are used here. The LCD display is an

electro-optical amplitude modulator is used to display the messages and alerts of the sensors.

They are sharp and bright the buzzer is electronic signaling devices which alarms the driver, are

used by automobiles. This sounds a warning in unlike forms of continuous or beeping or

intermittent buzzing. GPS provides the location and whereas GSM provides both longitude &

latitude of the vehicles position. GPS also used as a navigational tool. GPS can provide unique

address for any point on the Earth. GSM uses digital technology. GSM provides International

roaming; spectrum efficiency is improved and it has low-costs base stations. It accesses multiple

technology and it has both uplink and downlink frequencies. The relay acts as the switch in this

system ant it is operated electrically. The motor indicates the vehicle’s movement. This paper

focuses on automatic accident and prevention system ensures more safety, sophisticated security.
This module monitors all hazards and threats. The proposed idea is user friendly. This finds

useful in cab services, buses and trucks. The output of the

2.4.5 Strength of the study

In the proposed work, WSN is used to work more efficient than the other manual functions. Our

model is fully automatic whereas the other involves manual functions. This can be able to find

the system’s location easily. The specifications we used will give the better results than any other

models. As this is fully automatic, the system ensures good prevention, safety and more security.

The system we use utilizes wireless sensors to alert the drivers which are user friendly. Each

sensor performs their own operation and gives alarm. In future it can be further enhanced by

finding this usage in network less places.

2.5 IoT Based Vehicle Accident Detection and Tracking system using GPS Modem Swetha

et al 2017.)

2.5.1 Introduction

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded computing

devices within the existing Internet infrastructure. Typically, IoT offers advanced connectivity of

devices, systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M)

and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications. The interconnection of these

embedded devices (including smart objects), is implemented in nearly all fields of automation

enabling advanced applications like a Smart Grid. The term things in the IoT refers to a wide

variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals,

electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles with built-in sensors, or field operation devices that

assist fire-fighters in search and rescue. Current market examples include thermostat systems and

washer/dryers that utilize Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.

In this project we describes about “IoT BASED VEHICLE ACCIDENT DETECTION AND

TRACKING SYSTEM USING GPS TECHNOLOGY”. We are using Raspberry pi in our

project. When the system is switched on, LED will be ON indicating that power is supplied to

the circuit. The vibration sensors that we are using in our project sense the obstacle, and then it

sends interrupt to Raspberry Pi. The GPS receives the location of the vehicle that met with an

accident and gives the information back. This information will be sent to a mobile number

through a WhatsApp message. This message will be received using internet present in the circuit.

The message will give the information of longitude and latitude values. Using these values the

position of the vehicle can be estimated. Modem performs modulation during transmission and

performs demodulation during reception.

2.5.3 Methodology

In this project we are using a Raspberry Pi3. When the system is switched on, LED will be ON

indicating that the power is supplied to the circuit. When the vibration sensor senses any

obstacle, they send interrupt to Raspberry Pi.

The GPS receives the location of the vehicle that met with an accident and gives the information

back. This information will be sent to a mobile number through WhatsApp message. This

message will be received using internet present in the circuit. This message will give the

information of longitude and latitude values. Using these values the position of the vehicle can

be estimated. The received data is given to the Raspberry Pi. Correspondingly it gives an

acknowledgement in the form of an WhatsApp message to the mobile phone. LED used in the

circuit displays the reception of messages. The Raspberry Pi interfaced to GPS modem via an

internet, where the devices are activated using select lines internally built in the internet. Internet

is interfaced to Raspberry Pi via transmit and receive pin.LED is interfaced to any ports of
Raspberry Pi; it is used to display the current status of the GPS modem, whether data is being

read from GPS.

• We can monitor the speed of the vehicle.

• We can find the location of the vehicle.

• Alert message to mobile phone for remote information.

• Mobile number can be changed at any time.

2.5.4 Limitations of the Study

The limitation of this study is that its Costlier, Sending Data is not secure, This system is not

applicable for poor network connection places.

2.6 Vehicle Accident Detection System by Using GSM and GPS(GOWSHIKA et al., )

2.6.1 Introduction

The high demand of automobiles has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents.

Life of the people is under high risk. This is because of the lack of best emergency facilities

available in our country. An automatic alarm device for vehicle accidents is introduced in this

paper. This design is a system which can detect accidents in significantly less time and sends the

basic information to first aid centre within a few seconds covering geographical coordinates, the

time and angle in which a vehicle accident had occurred. This alert message is sent to the rescue

team in a short time, which will help in saving the valuable lives. A Switch is also provided in

order to terminate the sending of a message in rare case where there is no casualty, this can save

the precious time of the medical rescue team. When the accident occurs the alert message is sent

automatically to the rescue team and to the police station. The message is sent through the GSM

module and the location of the accident is detected with the help of the GPS module. The
accident can be detected precisely with the help of both Micro electro mechanical system

(MEMS) sensor and vibration sensor. The Angle of the rolls over of the car can also be known

by the message through the MEMS sensor. This application provides the optimum solution to

poor emergency facilities provided to the roads accidents in the most feasible way. The usage of

auto mobiles has improved linearly over the past decade, which increased in the risk of human

life. This is because due to the insufficient emergency facilities.

2.6.2 Statement of the problem

Accident detection and vehicle messaging system using GSM modem which helps to detect

accident by vibration sensor. Vibration sensor (Piezo elements) comes in handy when you need

to detect vibration or a knock. Can use these for tap or knock sensors pretty easily by reading the

voltage on the output. Vibration sensor helps to send the signal to Arudino controller. Arudino

controllers send the alert message through GSM modem with location. If the person meets a

small accident, the driver can inform attention is not required by terminating the message using

switch. This is to avoid wasting the time of the medical and police team. GSM modem is similar

to mobile phone without any display, keypad and speakers. This accepts a SIM card, and

operates over a subscription to a mobile operator.

2.6.4 Methodology

The Prototype of this Accident Detection and information passing technique uses the following

steps:

1. The Complete Setup is depicted in the form of block diagram.

2. Piezoelectric sensor detects the first occurrence of the accident and it is intimated to the

MCU.
 3. The Latitude and Longitude are detected using GPS and it is sent as message to the

rescue team through GSM.

4. The message receiver number is pre stored in the EEPROM.

5. A OFF Switch is also provided at times of need to avoid false message.

GSM – GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

GSM is used as a media which is used to control and monitor the transformer load from

anywhere by sending a message. It has its own deterministic character. Thereby, here GSM is

used to monitor and control the DC motor, Stepper motor, Temperature sensor and Solid State

Relay by sending a message through GSM modem. Hence no need to waste time by manual

operation and transportation. Hence it is considered as highly efficient communication through

the mobile which will be useful in industrial controls, automobiles, and appliances which would

be controlled from anywhere else. It is also highly economic and less expensive; hence GSM is

preferred most for this mode of controlling. Hence this automatic system is more efficient and

less expensive and more convenient to use from were ever possible. Hence can be preferred

mode of communication for controlling purpose.

GPS - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

GPS is used in vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems enable a base station

to keep track of the vehicles without the intervention of the driver where, as navigation system

helps the driver to reach the destination. Whether navigation system or tracking system, the

architecture is more or less similar. When an accident occurred in any place then GPS system

tracks the position of the vehicle and sends the information to the particular person through GSM

by alerting the person through SMS or by a call. GPS module sends the data related to tracking

position in real time, and it sends so many data in NMEA format. NMEA format consists several
sentences. in which we only need one sentence. This sentence starts from $GPGGA and contains

the coordinates, time and other useful information. This GPGGA is referred to GLOBAL

POSITIONING SYSTEM FIX DATA .Know more about NMEA sentences and reading GPS

data here.

Now a days large amount of accidents are happening in highways due to increase in traffic and

also due to rash driving of the drivers. And in many situation the family members or the

ambulance and police authorities cannot able to get information regarding to that accident in an

appropriate time. This result in delaying the help which is more important to that person who

suffer from that accident. Our project automatic accident vehicle detection and messaging system

using GSM modem is designed to overcome such problem and to prove help for the person who

met with accident and save their life too by passing message to rescue team in right time. In this

project we are using accident detection unit which fitted the vibration sensor in the vehicle. For

example, In case of accident, occurs if the car is hit to some other vehicle or an object it create

some vibration in that case then the vibration sensor will detect the vibrating signal and it pass

the message to the arduino. Arduino is used as a Central Processing Unit (CPU) of our project.

When the arduino receives a signal from vibration sensor it immediately pass the message to

GSM modem then the GSM modem then the GSM modem will starts its process. In this project

we used reset button it will be used by the driver if the accident is very normal for example if the

driver hit the wall in some situation like parking then the driver will press the reset button this

will inform the arduino to that system will not send SMS. But if the driver is not in a situation to

press the switch or if the accident is really a major accident then the driver will not press the

reset button and then the system will send SMS. Here, we use GSM modem to send SMS to the

family members and the rescue team. Buzzer is also used to indicate as a accident has been
occurred which will create a beep sound. Thus the life of a person who met with an accident has

been identified and save their life too.

2.6.5 Strengths of the Study

 Isolates both GSM&GPM

 Alerts police and medical units about accidents.

 Simple design and can be interfaced with other systems.

 Easy to operate by the user.

 Reliable system.

 Easy to operate.

 Monitors hazards and threats.

 Sophisticated security.

 Simple and Reliable Design.

2.7 Identification of Accident and Alerts Using IoT Based System (Saravanan et al.,2019)

2.7.1 Introduction

According to the survey in 2020, nearly 1214 road crashes occurring every day in India. Many of

the accident create drastic damages to people and some of them lost of lives due to the problems.

Every year, usages of automobile have been dramatically increasing and at the same time rate of

road accidents are also gradually increasing. Now days, the main reason of accident are due to

the carelessness of driver, violation of traffic rules. If the emergency information reached at

correct time, then life of many people met with accident have been saved. Due to the scare of

emergency facilities, there is need of automatic alert system to rescue the people met with the

accidents. The proposed system overcome the above said issue and provides the accident
information at correct time and first aid be given to rescue the injured peoples. Even though in

many countries are using the web camera to monitor the vehicles in the suspected area. Based on

the monitoring in the control room, first aid initiation can be taken to help the injured people.

This methodology can’t be used in large dense people countries like India. The suggested system

collect the vehicle information collect the vehicle information and immediately transferred to the

control room and then all the process involved have been automated to give the accurate

information. The proposed IOT based system integrates all the components such as, hardware

components, sensors, actuators and network connectivity and also reduces the risks involved in

the manual process.

2.7.2 Statement of problem

There is need of automated system for alerting the accident information to control center. The

proposed IOT based system gathers the vehicle information and immediately passed to nearest

help centre. This process saves the life of many people injured in accidents.

2.7.3 Methodology

The suggested IOT based system detects the accident and sends the information to nearby first

aid center in less time. In many developing countries the road accident is characterized by human

powered vehicles without resource segregation of traffic. This caused considerable concern for

the engineers and planners. Unless action is taken, the road accidents are predicted to cause the

leading death. Unnatural accidents are caused so approximate measures are developed A person's

uncontrolled event results in personal injury. The highest percentage of all deaths due to road

traffic accidents, It not only affects the crash but also increases the risk involved. With this

system, an application is created with the hardware components so that the information is

transferred to the traffic controller.IOT is used to integrate all the hardware and software
components.IOT refers to a rapidly expanding network of connected objects capable of gathering

and exchanging data using embedded sensors.

Step 1: Signal Identification and Signal Processing: The Vibration sensor sense the activity of

accident and the vehicle information stored in the registered user is immediately transferred to

the microcontroller.

Step 2: Locating the position of vehicle: The position of vehicle is located using the GPS system.

Longitude and Latitude axis of the geographical location is tracked and forwarded to the nearest

emergency service.

Step 3: Receiver Control: The RF transmitter sends the accident information to the

microcontroller. RF receiver receives the information and immediately process give the alert

message to the control room.

Step 4: Alert Message generated using GSM module: The microcontroller send the alert message

about the vehicle and user details of the registered number. With this detail, the control room can

easily track the location of vehicle and emergency information is shared to health center to

rescue the injured people at the correct time.

Step 5: Display panel for output-The LCD Panel is used to display the user details for the control

room. Notification of alerts can be identified and processed through the LCD panel without any

delay.

2.7.4 Strength of the Study

The suggested IOT based automatic vehicle accident identification and alerting system. This

method gathers the accident information in less time and forwards the information immediately

to the nearby first aid center. The mechanism involved in the method is very reliable and easy. In
the existing techniques either the GPS or the SMS mechanism is used to deliver the accident

information. The proposed technique combined both the concept of global positioning and short

message service either if any one of the method fails, even in that case the user or the vehicle

information will reach to the control room at the exact time for saving the life of the injured

peoples in the accident.

2.8 A Review Paper on Accident Detection System Using Intelligent Algorithm for Vanet

(Saad Masood But,2016)

2.8.1 Introduction

The rapid development of economic construction and people’s living standard continues to

improve. As well as road traffic accident take place frequently this caused huge losses of life and

property to the country and people. Traffic has become an important event in the national

interest. It will be serious consequences if people cannot send weft to the outside for help when

traffic occur. Poor emergency incident is a major cause for the high number of traffic fatalities

and the death rate in our country.

A number of technological and sociological improvements have helped reduce traffic fatalities

during

the past decade, e.g., each 1% increase in seatbelt usage is estimated to save 136 lives, Moreover,

each minute that an injured crash victim does not receive emergency medical care can make a

large difference in their survival rate, i.e. Analysis shows that reducing accident response time by

1 min correlates to a six percent difference in the number of lives saved. An effective approach

for reducing traffic fatalities, therefore, is to reduce the time between when an accident occurs

and when first responders, such as medical personnel, are dispatched to the scene of the accident.
Accident detection system use sensors embedded in a car to determine when an accident has

occurred. These systems immediately dispatch emergency medical personnel to serious

accidents. Eliminating the time between accident occurrence and first responder dispatch reduces

fatalities by 6%. In this paper we discussed to the technologies which use in proposed system,

GPS and GSM cooperate with VANET. In addition we studied in the related work research

papers steps are being taken as to how to minimize the loss of life and property despite poor

emergency facilities. The authors have also aimed at giving an overview of implementing safety

services in vehicular systems of today and future development. We gave brief analysis to these

research papers taking inconsideration the Strengths and weaknesses. Then we proposed the

system which based on vibration sensors and processing capabilities can be used to overcome the

challenges of detecting traffic accidents and deliver the emergency message at short time.

2.8.2 Statement of Problem

While going through a couple of research papers we have come across various works which have

got some weakness. The GSM and GPS module both play an important role in tracking and

monitoring vehicles, but still it is found that there are some gaps where GSM technology fail in

some times . Many spots over the roads not cover by GSM network like long road tunnels and

GSM handoff spots. So if accidents happen at these locations, vehicle cannot send emergency

message to request rescue services via GSM. In other hand we can be seen that in some research

papers, the most enhanced the ad-hoc on demand distance vector protocol (AODV) based on

improve the protocol algorithm to achieve network metric performance. These researches

adopting a normal traffic flow case, so these enhancement approaches and parameters unsuitable

for special road cases scenario like what happen to the road traffic flow when accident occurs.

2.8.3 Methodology
Due to the GSM network problems which may happen in any location over the roads lead us to

suggest use are dundant technology (VANET) to ensure and guarantee deliver the emergency

message. Vehicle Ad hoc Network is a Network which contains mobile nodes that topology

constantly changing. The mobile nodes can move quickly from one place to another place. Most

current VANET routing protocols select paths according to minimum hop count. Minimum hop

paths have poor performance because they tend to contain wireless links between far nodes.

These long wireless links can be slow or lossy, leading to poor throughput. Cause to mobility the

link between far nodes is broken speedily. Proposed work can be considered by achieve method

of routing which select path between the source and destination which are more stable than other

paths through intermediate nodes. More stability paths can be select through a method which

measures signal strength between nodes and select the average values. If receive the signal

strength closest to the average values then it is accepted for further processing otherwise it is

discarded. The benefit of this scheme is by selecting average routes to the destination, we can

optimize the lifetime of the network and to meet the goal of the Accident detection system to

send emergency message in short time and guarantee arrives to rescue services center. In general,

Accident detection system with VANET provide redundancy to send message to RSC ,also the

expected result of the proposed algorithm will improve the network performance by avoiding

broadcasting storm and decrease delivery time to the emergency message. The new algorithm

will support the link stability by select the nodes have average lifetime taking in consideration

the traffic flow when accidents happen.

2.8.4 Strength of the study

With help of this system the risk of deaths can be decreased to a large extent. This system based

on (GPS, GPS and VANET) is more reliable for the fact of accuracy for detect an accident spot
and informs the rescue services center by providing two routes to deliver emergency message.

VANET helps in finding the optimize route to the emergency message by using enhanced

AODV algorithm.

2.9 A Review on Vehicle Tracking and Accident Detection System Using Accelerometer.

(B.Rani et al,2018.)

2.9.1 Introduction

The major death rates in the world are due to the road accidents. India faces the highest death

rate in the world. Reasons for the accident are speed driving, lacking sufficient sleep, drink and

drive. Automatic accident detection helps to recognize the location of the accident and to find the

location of the accident. For an ambulance vehicle, every second is important. If there is a delay

in the arrival of ambulance, there will be a loss of life.

Delay is caused mainly because of the traffic signals. Therefore, time factor is an important task.

Radio Frequency module is used to control the traffic signals automatically. Therefore, the

ambulance vehicle will reach the hospital in exact time to save the human. In addition, the main

goals for the automatic accident detection techniques are to detect the accident and to send the

message automatically to the emergency contacts along with the location. Emergency contacts

include family members, friends, hospitals, police station etc.

The incidents of accidental deaths have shown increasing trend during the year 2000-2015 with

an increase of 50 percent in the year 2010 as compared to the year 2000. According to Planning

Commission of India, the total annual economic loss is 2.5% of India’s GDP due to rising

number of road fatalities.

Another important reason can be improper medical help. Survey shows that each minute that an

injured crash victim does not receive emergency medical care can cause into fatality. Most
victims lose their lives due to such reasons. Therefore, this idea of saving lives by curing the

problem comes into existence.

Real-time position of the vehicles are informed by the system using the pre-install smart sensing

accelerometer equipment. This data is recorded and all the information can be observed by

remote location to provide the required services to the victims. Tracking of the vehicle can be

done in all-weather condition. GPS and GSM technologies are used in this system to provide all

the data to the remote server which are then processed and the extracted information is used to

provide the services to the individual at the time of emergency.

The main contributions of this paper are: (a) Vehicle registration and preparation, (b) Passengers

‘registration, (c) Monitoring accidents through a web interface located in the PSO headquarter.

2.9.2 Methodology

This proposed system is mainly used for tracking various vehicles either small vehicles like cars,

motorbikes by their owners or various large size vehicles like buses and loaded trucks by the

authorized company. If an accident occurs this tracking system helps to retrieve the exact

position of the vehicles. This system sends an automated message to all the pre-install numbers

in the device such as the drivers family members, police station, ambulances and the nearest

hospitals. Exact position of the vehicles can be acquired by the help of the GPS (Global

Positioning System).

GSM(Global System for Mobile Communication) is used to send and receive the message to the

various people of the accident that has happened. All the entire working of the hardware is

executed with the help of the Redness’s Micro controller. This micro-controller coordinates with

all the modules and helps sending the message. When an accident happens the shock triggers the

sensors resulting into sending signals t the micro controller. Once the signal is received the micro
controller then sends the result according to its programming. Authorized person about the

mishap that has happened. When accidents happen it becomes very difficult to send help to the

victims as no notification the accident has the reached the hospitals, police or the family

members of the victim. Thus resulting in a huge lose of life. To avoid such situations we can

send an automated SMS to the predefined numbers in the system. Bluetooth Technology is used

as a medium to activate the GPS by the sensors. It is an intermediate between the sensors and the

GPS. But now not only Bluetooth technology can be used but also MESA technology can be

used to activate GPS and send the location coordinates to the predefined numbers.

This accident detection & recovery model consists of various micro-controller, software and

hardware components such as:

Vehicle Registration and Preparation: This phase deals with the process of vehicle

registration. The vehicle’s owner must prepare the vehicle for this system by installing the IoT

device. After installing the device, the owner gives the Vehicle ID to the operator responsible for

vehicles registration in the head quarter’s database. This would lead the PSO to recognize that

the registered vehicle satisfies the pre-conditions to be integrated in the system.

The IoT device encompasses four modular components: shock sensor, GPS, NFC reader, and

cellular IoT. Those combined modules altogether spontaneously notify the rescue organization

headquarter whenever an accident takes place, pinpoint the exact location, and recognize the

passengers inside the vehicle on the headquarter map. The triggered sensor signal reports the

vehicle’s identifier along with the accident’s location which appear on a web-based interface in

the rescue center. This enables the rescue teams to respond immediately.

Passengers’ Registration: The mobile application aims at providing a one-time only registration

form for passengers’ personal data. The personal data include: (a) Full name, (b) Blood type, (c)
Phone number, (d) Email, (e) Medical history (f) Date of birth, (g) Reference phone number. The

whole record of passenger’s information is uploaded to the headquarters’ database once the

registration process is complete.

Shock sensor: Shock sensor can be integrated in various ways to match the vehicle

requirements. It could be activated by vibration or triggered by highly effective safety system

airbag. This airbag system contains several components and mechanism which all work together

to ensure the physical integrity of the passengers to the highest degree. The sensitivity of the

employed sensor is adjusted to meet the standards adopted in safety airbag systems. During the

accident and transmits the electrical signal to the encoder.

GPS Module

A GPS navigation device, GPS receiver, or simply GPS is a device that is capable of receiving

information from GPS satellites and then to calculate the device's geographical position. Using

suitable software, the device may display the position on a map and also provide directions. The

Global Positioning System (GPS) uses a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) made up of a

network of a minimum of 24, but currently 30, satellites placed into orbit The GPS module has

Receiver with antenna which provides the location of the vehicle. The GPS system is commonly

used to get information about coordinates, speed, time and distance. In this module, a GPS

system is adopted to implement the in-vehicle device.

GSM/GPRS Module

General Packet Radio Services (GPRS), a packet-based wireless communication service In this

device, It is responsible for establishing connection between victim vehicle device and a remote

device and for also transmitting the message to all the predefined numbers which contains the

information about the vehicle location. GSM/GPRS network uses TCP/IP connection.
2.9.3 Limitation of study

This embedded system is useful for tracking and retrieving the exact position of any vehicle

which has met with an accident by using Global Positioning System (GPS) and sensors. This

project provides very good idea of how we can extract a location of accident and send the SMS

notifications and help can be provided to the victims.

2.10 Vehicle Accident Detection, Prevention and Tracking System.(Pankaj et al,2020.)

2.10.1 Introduction

With the headway of innovation, it has seemed, by all accounts, to be both a gift and blast.

Innovation has filled our heart with joy to day life simple, then again; it has additionally showed

up as a danger to human life. Insights show that consistently more than 1.25 million individuals

lose their life because of street mishaps.

The presented paper is based on IOT. This framework is utilized to detect the location of the

vehicle and prevent the vehicle from an accident by the use of an alarm. The person needs to

introduce the application in their cell phone and register by giving the immediate contact

numbers to which the alarm message would be sent. For e.g., if the driver feels sluggish while

driving and the vehicle is going to be smashed, the alarm buzzes, which makes the driver

mindful of his status. This application uses GPS for locating the position of the vehicle. Through

this it is additionally conceivable to compute the distance traveled by the vehicle in ‘X’ seconds

by means of its coordinates. To begin sending location to the server, the user has to first login to

the application on his phone via the credentials used during the registration.

2.10.2 Statement Of Problem

The expanding number of road mishaps is because of an expanding populace and a

huge number of vehicles on the street. We can't stop mishaps yet we can find a

to forestall it. As indicated by the statistics, an enormous number of individuals

lose their life since they don't get legitimate or quick assistance. This paper

presents a method to prevent and provide the necessary help immediately. This is

an IoT(Internet of Things) based system consisting of Arduino board, Ultra Sonic

sensor, temperature sensor, accelerometer GPS(Global Positioning System)

module, and GSM(Global System for Mobile communication) module. At the

point when an accident will happen, the location of the accident is detected by a

GPS module and an alert message will be sent with location via GSM module to

the registered mobile numbers. This alert message will help in giving quick

assistance to the victim. The response time of the proposed device is too little, it

implies when the vehicle meets mishap, within a couple of moments the message is

transmitted, hence helps in saving the lives of a large number of people.

2.10.3 Methodology

The device comprises of different sensors which are Ultra sonic sensor, Accelerometer,

Temperature sensor, GSM module and GPS module. All these sensors and modules are

combined and connected to each other through Arduino board, which is the Microcontroller.

Accident Detection:

The main advantage of this system is that along with the detection of an accident it is also

capable of preventing it. The Ultra sonic sensors situated at all the 4 sides of the vehicle will

prevent the car from being too close from any object. If in case car meets an accident or small

scale collision, the device will detect the accident.

Ultra-Sonic:

Ultra-sonic will compute the distance between your vehicle and the surroundings. If any object

or vehicle draws close to the set limit, it will buzz an alarm which will only turn off if you

maintain the specified distance.

Accelerometer:

Accelerometer will trace the X, Y and Z coordinates of the vehicle. These coordinates will help

in detecting whether the vehicle is left, right or top tilted. This will also help in detecting the

amount of damage during the accident.

GPS Module:

GPS module will trace the location of the vehicle after every 30 seconds by satellite so that if

vehicle is fully damaged and all the sensors including the car is destroyed, at least the recent

location is tracked.

GSM Module:

GSM module is used to send a message with the current location. When the accident is detected,

it will send an alert message to respective people, nearby police station and hospital.

Message Sent:

All the data from the sensors, the message sent and the location are stored in Cloud storage. The

alert message will be sent to the people whose mobile numbers would be listed during the time

of registration.

2.10.4 Limitations and Strength

The implementation of the system to the vehicle would lead to increased vehicle cost on one

hand, but on the other hand would also increase the chances of being safe on road and preventing

one from any mishap. The proposed system is found to be highly beneficial in terms of

determining the accident location to provide the immediate rescue to the injured person.

2.11 IDENTIFICATION OF ACCIDENT AND ALERTS USING IOT BASED

SYSTEM.

2.11.1 Introduction and Motivation:

Alagarsamy et. al., (2019) proposed an approach according to the survey in 2020, nearly 1214
road crashes occurring every day in India. Many of the accident create drastic damages to people
and some of them lost of lives due to the problems. Every year, usages of automobile have been
dramatically increasing and at the same time rate of road accidents are also gradually increasing.
Now days, the main reason of accident are due to the carelessness of driver, violation of traffic
rules. If the emergency information reached at correct time, then life of many people met with
accident have been saved. Due to the scare of emergency facilities, there is need of automatic
alert system to rescue the people met with the accidents.
According to Alagarsamy et. al., (2019) the proposed system overcome the above said issue and
provides the accident information at correct time and first aid be given to rescue the injured
peoples. Even though in many countries are using the web camera to monitor the vehicles in the
suspected area. Based on the monitoring in the control room, first aid initiation can be taken to
help the injured people. This methodology can’t be used in large dense people countries like
India. The suggested system collect the vehicle information collect the vehicle information and
immediately transferred to the control room and then all the process involved have been
automated to give the accurate information. The proposed IOT based system integrates all the
components such as, hardware components, sensors, actuators and network connectivity and also
reduces the risks involved in the manual process.
2.11.2 Methodology
Alagarsamy et. al., (2019) recommended IOT based system detects the accident and sends the
information to nearby first aid center in less time. In many developing countries the road
accident is characterized by human powered vehicles without resource segregation of traffic.
This caused considerable concern for the engineers and planners. Unless action is taken, the road
accidents are predicted to cause the leading death. Unnatural accidents are caused so
approximate measures are developed a person's uncontrolled event results in personal injury. The
highest percentage of all deaths due to road traffic accidents it not only affects the crash but also
increases the risk involved. With this system, an application is created with the hardware
components so that the information is transferred to the traffic controller. IOT is used to integrate
all the hardware and software components. IOT refers to a rapidly expanding network of
connected objects capable of gathering and exchanging data using embedded sensors.
Step 1: Signal Identification and Signal Processing: The Vibration sensor sense the activity of
accident and the vehicle information stored in the registered user is immediately transferred to
the microcontroller.
Step 2: Locating the position of vehicle: The position of vehicle is located using the GPS
system. Longitude and Latitude axis of the geographical location is tracked and forwarded to the
nearest emergency service.
Step 3: Receiver Control: The RF transmitter sends the accident information to the
microcontroller. RF receiver receives the information and immediately process give the alert
message to the control room.
Step 4: Alert Message generated using GSM module: The microcontroller send the alert
message about the vehicle and user details of the registered number. With this detail, the control
room can easily track the location of vehicle and emergency information is shared to health
center to rescue the injured people at the correct time.
Step 5: Display panel for output-The LCD Panel is used to display the user details for the control
room. Notification of alerts can be identified and processed through the LCD panel without any
delay.
Figure 1: Block diagram for the proposed system

 Field survey data

An ultrasonic sensor generates the sound of high frequency wavelength from the sounds
detected and evaluates the echo which the sensor receives back. It is used to measure the
distance of an object and also to determine the time interval between the sending the
signal and receiving the echoes. Detect the high frequency sound not able to hear from
the human beings, which come from the object and send back by the sensor. The sound
waves is transmitted to a particular distance, if any obstacles is detected, the echoes is
returned back and the time taken for the bounce back is used to determine the distance
between the source and designated object. Usually the bats used the similar kind of
principles of echolocation concept for detecting the food and prey. Some sensor uses a
separate transmitter and receiver, but in the ultrasonic sensor, both the process has been
combined. The distance is calculated based on the below mentioned formula.
D = ½ TD *S (1)

In the above mentioned equation (1), D-represents the distance, TD indicate the time and
S-denotes the sound speed. The main intention of ultrasonic senor is used to measure the
distance of transmitter and receiver.

 Accelerometer Sensor
 The acceleration sensor is used to find out the acceleration due to the free fall of multiple
axes or single for find the direction and magnitude of the objects. The main advantage of
this sensor is easily embedded in the micro machine also used in the portable device to
find out the position of the device. This sensor is used in the various fields such as
automobile, laptop etc. Accelerometer is used in laptop for protecting the hard drives
from damages. If laptop is fall down suddenly, in order to protect the damage, the hard
disk will automatically turn off. It is used in the cars for the notification car crashes and
deploys airbags at the correct time for avoiding the damage to the users. The extension of
accelerometer is used in mobile phone as motion sensor for changing the display in
various modes.
 LCD Display
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is used as output display for indicating the vehicle of user
information to the control room. The LCD is use to display the contents in the fixed
format like the seven segment display. Both crystal and liquid is used as the combination
for the display purpose, at some particular temperature, liquids contents in the molecule
will combine and form as crystal. The glass plates inner surface is coated with electrodes
contain the symbols and letter formed in the pattern.
 ARDUINO
The Arduino is micro controller to allow the users for upload program in the device. It
contains the input and output pins. Inputs can be collected from the sensors and then
projected output is displayed through LCD. Arduino is one of the best interactive devices
connected with the laptop or other interface. It can be used as IDE, the instruction is
fetched to the microcontroller, and then the open source platform can easily integrate
with the hardware and software components. Now a day, the world is changing towards
the usage of IOT devices, the Arduino board is required to integrate all the components.
 Figure 2: IOT based accident identification and alerting system Segmentation

 Comparison Parameters
The proposed IOT based accident identification and alerting system is compared with the
similar state-of–art technologies. Limitations of the related works are clearly highlighted
in the literature survey. Accuracy of the proposed techniques is measured in terms of
response time taken for delivering the accident information to the control room. The time
taken for gathering the alert information and forwarding the data to the nearby emergency
have been considered and compared with the related techniques. The proposed technique
takes less time (0.101) seconds for gathering and delivering the accident information to
help center. In the related works, some of the techniques used SMS service and other
using the GPS system.

Because of the network problem, if there is any delay happens, the emergency/first aid
can not reach at correct time. But the proposed system combined the concept of both
 service, even any one of the method fails, the vehicle or user information reached at the
correct time for rescue the injured peoples.
Figure 3: Response time of proposed technique with state-of-Art technologies

2.11.4 Limitations:

Based on the information provided by GSM and GPS, the accuracy of the accident
information predicted is the only limitation of the suggested technique.
2.12 VEHICLE COMMUNICATION NETWORK IN INTELLIGENT
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM BASED ON INTERNET OF THINGS( Hong
Zhang et al)

2.12.1 Introduction
With the rapid increase in the number of motor vehicles, the phenomenon of ‘‘urban traffic
congestion’’ has seriously affected the urban environment. Traffic congestion is a common
problem in a city, which may be caused by various reasons such as traffic order, traffic planning,
and traffic construction. There are many reasons for traffic congestion. One is dynamic
congestion, and general traffic congestion is often referred to as dynamic congestion. Because of
the unreasonable traffic order, loopholes in intelligent traffic and traffic optimization, it leads to
unreasonable traffic congestion; the other is static congestion, which is caused by the tightness of
parking spaces. The development of the Internet of Things in the United States has always been
at the forefront of the world, which is reflected in the development of infrastructure,
technological level and industrial chain. Countries around the world solve the traffic problems
mainly by adopting the following methods to achieve the goals of improving traffic, reducing
congestion, improving driving safety, saving resources and protecting the environment.
(1) Speed up the construction of infrastructure and increase the capacity of vehicles by
expanding the capacity of urban transportation networks;
(2) Adopting scientific transportation planning and management methods to carry out reasonable
planning and scientific management of road transportation networks;
(3) Application Intelligent transportation systems with computer technology and modern
communication technology as the core make roads and vehicles more intelligent.
Due to the importance of vehicle communication network research, many research teams
began to study vehicle communication networks and achieved good results. The purpose of
Fausto research is to improve the safety of road traffic systems and the stability of traffic flows
by providing information to vehicles control. Fausto assumes that vehicles accidentally approach
each other to form and manage a locally autonomous, decentralized dynamic network. In order to
improve the traditional time slot reservation method, Fausto proposed a reservation ALOHA
protocol for the spread spectrum workshop communication network based on head spacing
information. Because the near-far problem in SS communication is a cause of system
performance degradation, the solution proposed by Fausto can improve communication
efficiency. Computer simulations verify the performance of the system in an environment where
the vehicle is assumed to travel freely on the highway. The results show that with this method,
workshop-to-vehicle communication can be performed smoothly between a vehicle and
surrounding vehicles. In order to develop a reliable low-power wireless communication protocol
in a car, a true wireless channel model needs to be established. Shao proposed measurements for
two different vehicles (compact passenger cars), a gasoline vehicle and an electric engine
vehicle, with the aim of developing such a passage model. They measured the Received Signal
Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Packet Delivery Rate (PDR) values for several channels and
communication settings, such as different IEEE 802.15.4 channels, transmit power levels, packet
sizes, and different Wi-Fi interference Level. They observed several unique characteristics of
wireless channel behavior, leading to independent areas with similar behavior inside vehicles, the
effects of different types of engines, and the effects of electric vehicle charging. Although the
research results are relatively rich, there are still shortcomings, mainly reflected in the
insufficiently developed vehicle communication network.
In order to solve the problem of vehicle communication network, this paper focuses on
the communication performance of the vehicle self-organizing network, so the OPNET software
focusing on simulation communication is selected to perform micro-simulation and simulation of
the traffic system between the vehicle and X. OPNET Modeler supports the simulation of
wireless networks under the IEEE802.11 standard, and provides support for Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP), routing and other protocols on wired and wireless networks. Relevant
parameters can be defined using simulation models and the IEEE802.11p protocol. From the
perspective of traffic system micro simulation, this paper aims at the urban road traffic scenarios
of the Internet of Things-based intelligent transportation system for vehicle self-organizing
networks, including single-hop wireless data communication V2I scenarios and multi-hop
wireless data communication V2V scenarios. OPNET Modeler was used to model and simulate
the V2I single-lane and one-way running scenarios, the V2I two-lane and two way running
scenarios, the V2V motion scenario, and the V2I scenario with redundant systems in urban road
traffic scenarios.

2.12.2 Methodology
In the Internet-based intelligent transportation system, various transportation infrastructures,
transportation vehicles, and transportation objects must be considered. Establish a basic traffic
system identification network and develop various intelligent management and service systems.
This concept focuses only on the development of specific business needs, changing existing
transportation systems, moving to shared information resource platforms and the simultaneous
conversion of specific business needs. To apply the Internet of Things to the field of intelligent
transportation, we must first build an intelligent transportation system architecture in the context
of the Internet of Things. The intelligent transportation architecture based on the Internet is
composed of an identification layer, a network layer, and an application layer. The functions of
each layer are described in detail below
 Perception layer
The perception layer is mainly responsible for collecting traffic information in real time and
accurately. The perception of traffic information is mainly realized through sensors and
transmission networks, such as pressure sensors, temperature sensors, microwave radar sensors,
ultrasonic sensors, and video capture equipment. After the data collected by the sensor is
transmitted through the wireless sensor network, the data aggregation is finally completed.
 Network layer
The function of the network layer is to achieve highly reliable and highly secure transmission
of traffic information. The network layer must have the ability to realize the communication
between the sensing access layer and the application layer, and it needs a communication
network with a high carrying capacity to complete the transmission of massive, secure, and high-
speed information. Communication networks can be divided into wired access networks and
wireless access networks according to different access methods. Wired access networks include
Ethernet and telephone line networks, and are suitable for traffic intersection camera equipment
and underground detection coils [13]. Wireless access networks include existing mature mobile
communication networks, WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network, Wireless Local Area
Network), which are suitable for mobile sensing devices.
 Application layer
The main functions of the application layer include processing, analysis and application of
the traffic data collected by the traffic-aware network, and supporting various intelligent traffic
services. User application service types at the application layer: government application
demonstration systems, social application demonstration systems, and industry and enterprise
application demonstration systems can be broadly divided into system types. Typical
applications include intelligent traffic control systems and dynamic traffic information services.
System, intelligent electronic toll collection system, public transportation control system, smart
car. The architecture of the intelligent transportation system based on the Internet of Things is
shown in Figure 1
Intelligent transportation wireless sensor network is a task-oriented wireless self-organizing
network system. It usually consists of a large number of sensor nodes and several data
aggregation nodes deployed in an environmental monitoring area. These sensor nodes integrate
sensors, embedded processors, and wireless transceivers Etc., with functions of traffic
information collection, data processing, data forwarding. It can form a network through wireless
communication and self-organization, monitor and process environmental data or traffic objects
in the detection area, upload the monitored data and information to the convergence node, and
complete the specified monitoring tasks by agreement.
The intelligent transportation system gateway is the link between two different networks
and has the ability to access traffic-aware networks and public networks. At the same time, the
communication protocol conversion and network management between the two are realized.
After the traffic information collected by the traffic awareness network is connected to the public
network through the gateway, it is obtained by the traffic management platform. The traffic
management platform completes the data processing, analysis, storage, and responds
accordingly.
 Physical layer and MAC layer
In the vehicular ad hoc network, we usually put the physical layer and the MAC layer
together and call it the PHY/MAC layer. At present, high-frequency waves, microwaves,
millimeter waves and infrared light waves have been used in vehicle communication systems. In
the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allocated a dedicated
short range communication frequency (Dedicated Short Range Communications, DSRC for
short) of 75 MHz from 5.850 GHz to 5.925 GHz for vehicle communication. Europe and Japan
have allocated corresponding frequency bands for in-vehicle communication networks. So far,
the physical layer and the MAC layer of the in-vehicle communication network are mainly
facing three challenges. The first is how to provide stable communication between vehicles and
the effective sharing of broadcast frequency bands. The second problem is how to deal with the
changes in node density in the on-board ad hoc network. For example, the density of traffic flow
suddenly increases abnormally in a congested state. The third issue is how to guarantee the
quality of communication service QoS in the wireless environment for support in emergency
applications.
 Figure 2.3.6.2 Protocol models for OSI, TCP/IP, MANET, and VANET.

 Network routing layer

The routing protocol of VANET at the network layer of vehicle mounted ad hoc networks
mainly refers to the research of mobile ad hoc networks, but it also has special features that
are suitable for traffic communication scenarios. Generally, VANET is a linear network,
nodes move fast and can predict their trajectories. The position of the node can also be
obtained by GPS and other means. Due to the characteristics of high-speed movement, the
network topology may change very quickly. The establishment and maintenance of
communication links is a challenge. At the same time, the communication capabilities in a
sparse network must be considered. The research commonly used protocols include unicast
routing protocols (DSR, AODV), multicast routing protocols (MAODV, MOLSR), and
location-based routing protocols (GPSR, MDDV), etc. (Perkins, 2000).
 Transport layer
VANET’s network protocol architecture is formulated with reference to the TCP/IP protocol,
but research has found that the TCP protocol for wired networks is not well applied to wireless
networks. Under the TCP protocol, when network congestion occurs, connectivity is greatly
reduced, which cannot guarantee the network throughput performance in VANET. Although
there are some improved TCP protocols that can be used in VANET, the main research is based
on UDP connections.

 Protocol security issues

 Security is one of the most concerned issues of VANET, because it is directly related to
people’s lives. VANET has strict regulations on protocol security applications, including the
authenticity, confidentiality, reliability and security of data transmitted by users during
communication.

Figure 3 Traffic simulation software interacts with network simulation software: an isolated
approach.

2.12.3 Conclusion
As a new research direction in the field of intelligent transportation, the vehicle
communication network closely combines tourism and urban construction to form a large,
invisible network that is complementary to vehicles, base stations, transportation systems, and
urban construction to improve driving safety. Can reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents and
improve driving efficiency has important application value. This article takes the vehicle’s self-
organized network urban road traffic script as the object, and establishes a wireless data
communication script based on a single-hop V2I script and a single Internet intelligent
transportation system including a multi-hop V2V script. OPNET Modeler software is used to
model and simulate the vehicle wireless communication network, and to build a vehicle self
organizing network simulation platform and analyze its performance. As people’s understanding
of vehicle self-organizing networks is in its infancy, vehicle self-organizing networks have
research value in key technologies, safety certifications, and practical applications.
This paper constructs a vehicle model based on the technical characteristics of the vehicle
self-organizing network. Ignore unnecessary factors in the simulation process, and evaluate the
overall performance of V2I single lane unidirectional moving vehicle self-organizing network. In
the urban road traffic scene, the mobile network of the communication network between the
vehicle and the infrastructure (V2I), the vehicle, passes through the wireless access point AP in
turn. The number of mobile nodes in the service area of an AP is limited at a certain time. That
is, within the wireless signal coverage of the same AP, there are at most two mobile nodes active,
and the interference between the nodes is small. Therefore, it is determined that a mobile node
can occupy the communication channel with the AP alone. The effective measure to reduce the
delay is to reduce the number of times of information forwarding and increase the
communication range. However, in the vehicle ad hoc network communication, the
communication range of mobile nodes is limited. The smaller the delay, the more important it is
for the transmission of emergency information.

2.13. IOT BASED VEHICLE ACCIDENT DETECTION & RESCUE

INFORMATION SYSTEM( Dr.C. Nalini)

2.13.1 Introduction
Nalini et al (2018) explained IoT based vehicle accident detection and rescue information system
is developed in order to detect vehicle accident and send the location information of the accident
place to vehicle owner, nearest hospital and police station via a web service. The communication
between the web server and hardware device is established via GSM/GPRS shield, and the
location is traced by using the GPS shield. The accident is detected through vibration sensors,
keypad and buzzer. The project is developed for real time data fetching form the hardware device
using through web application, android mobile application or SMS. This project approximately
provides the accurate detection of the location of accident occurred, and send notification to the
nearest police station and hospital.

2.13.2 Methodology
Our project work on the principle of detection and tracking of accident. The system is on and
initialization. If vehicle is normal, no information sends to rescue team. Whenever accident
occurred, the vehicle changes it direction randomly and vibrates with high frequency .The
MEMS sensor detects the happening with vehicle. The controller get the input from sensor and
send the accident alert information to rescue team and family member and location of the
accident place through WIFI and GPS .It can facilitate connectivity to the nearest hospital and
provide medical assistance through IOT technology.
 File Downloading Process
File downloading process is to get the corresponding secret key to the corresponding file to the
user mail in and then decrypt the file data. The file downloading process re-encryption key to
storage servers such that storage servers perform the re-encryption Operation. The length of
forwarded message and the computation of re-encryption is taken care of by storage servers.
Proxy re-encryption Schemes significantly reduce the overhead of the data Forwarding function
in a secure storage system.
 Implementation
The project is developed by using GSM/GPRS/GPS/Bluetooth Shield SIM808 directly connected
to all the pins of Arduino. Pin 2 of Arduino is used for RX and pin 3 for TX. 3 vibration sensors
are connected with Arduino in pin number 8, 9 and 10. A LCD display is connected at pin
number A5, A4. A confirmation switch is connected in pin 6, and a warning buzzer is added in
pin.

2.13.3 Limitations:
 It has low reliability
 Poor control system
2.13.4 CONCLUSION
A privacy-preserving public auditing system for data storage security in cloud computing.
We utilize the homomorphism linear authenticator and random masking to guarantee that the
TPA would not learn any knowledge about the data content stored on the cloud server during the
efficient auditing process, which not only eliminates the burden of cloud user from the tedious
and possibly expensive auditing task, but also alleviates the users’ fear of their outsourced data
leakage. Considering TPA may concurrently handle multiple audit sessions from different users
for their outsourced data files, we further extend our privacy-preserving public auditing protocol
into a multiuser setting, where the TPA can perform multiple auditing tasks in a batch manner
for better efficiency.
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 IOT DEVICE

The device comprises of different sensors which are Pressure sensor, Accelerometer, GSM
module and GPS module. All these sensors and modules are combined and connected to each
other through Arduino board, which is the Microcontroller.

3.1 COMPONENTS:

 Arduino: This is the core unit of the entire system as it controls the flow of information
between sensors. It is basically a development board which gives the flexibility of writing C
programs for the sensors and later they can be deployed in the flash memory of Arduino to
check the functioning o f sensors.
 Accelerometer: It is a type of sensor which is designed to measure acceleration accurately. It
measures acceleration in three axis which are x-direction, and z-direction. The x-axis of the
accelerometer gives the measure of positive acceleration, y-axis gives the measure of
negative acceleration (retardation) and z-axis indicate the angle of turnover of the device in
which it is installed.
 Global Positioning System (GPS): A global positioning sensor is a receiver which gives
position, speed and timing information of an object. On installation of this sensor, any device
can be tracked to locate its position.
 GSM: It is a component which is used for mobile to mobile communication. It is responsible
for sending SMS to the desired number or making a call whenever instructed.
 Central Server: Once an accident is detected, the central server is immediately informed
about it. It is responsible for locating nearby ambulances that can reach the accident location.

The main functioning behind the proposed system is the generalized accident detection and
notification algorithm that takes different inputs into account and based on that it generates
results that are helpful for determining the status of the proposed system.

3.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCESSING

The suggested IOT based system detects the accident and sends the information to nearby

first aid center in less time. In many developing countries the road accident is characterized by

human powered vehicles without resource segregation of traffic. This caused considerable

concern for the engineers and planners. Unless action is taken, the road accidents are predicted to

cause the leading death. Unnatural accidents are caused so approximate measures are developed

A person's uncontrolled d event results in personal injury. The highest percentage of all deaths

due to road traffic accidents. It not only affects the crash but also increases the risk involved.

With this system, an application is created with the hardware components so that the information

is transferred to the traffic controller. IOT is used to integrate all the hardware and software
components.IOT refers to a rapidly expanding network of connected objects capable of gathering

and exchanging data using embedded sensors.

Step 1: Signal Identification and Signal Processing: The Vibration sensor and the accelerometer

senses the activity of accident and continually send readings to the microcontroller.

Step 2: Locating the position of the vehicle: The position of the vehicle is located using the GPS

system. The longitude and Latitude axis of the geographical location is tracked and forwarded to

the nearest emergency service.

Step 3: Receiver Control: The sensors send the accident information to the microcontroller. The

microcontroller receives the information and immediately processes gives the alert message to

the control room.

Step 4: Alert Message generated using GSM module: The microcontroller send the alert message

about the vehicle and user details of the registered number. With this detail, the control room can

easily track the location of vehicle and emergency information is shared to health center to

rescue the injured people at the correct time.

Step 5: Display panel for output-The LCD display is used to display the status of the system.

3.3 SYSTEM DIAGRAM

Car accident detection majorly used three input devices at the input section which are namely the

vibration sensor (SW420P), the accelerometer (ADXL335), GPS module (Neo 6M) and the push

button. The signals from these devices are sent to the microcontroller and continually processed

by the microcontroller. The microcontroller is the central processing unit of the system, it

basically performs the logical operation of the system. It processes the input data and sends the
required information to the output devices. The microcontroller unit has been implemented using

the ATMEGA320P which is the microcontroller that is found on the Arduino Uno board. The

SW420P vibration sensor sends information to the microcontroller in form of a digital signal

which can either be a logical high (5V) or a logical low(0V). A logical high input to the

microcontroller denotes that an accident as been detected. The accelerometer ADXL335 sends an

analog signal to the microcontroller, which is converted to an 8-bit analog value. The analog

value of the accelerometer is obtained when the system is initialized and these values are stored

in variables. The microcontroller continually polls the analog value of the sensor and whenever a

deviation from the initial value is sensed above a certain threshold, the microcontroller raises a

flag for accident detected.

The GPS module (Neo 6M) sends updated information about the device location every second,

the information which includes the latitude, longitude, speed, date, and time is continually

updated every 1 second and stored in variables in the microcontroller. This information is

displayed on the 16 x 2 LCD and also send as an SMS message whenever an accident is detected

or when the panic button is pressed. The push button serves the function of a panic button or for

emergency cases, and this makes the system a fail-safe system. The push button sends a digital

low signal to the microcontroller whenever it is pressed. The microcontroller processes the

digital signal and responds accordingly.

The output section is made up of the GSM module (SIM800L) and the 16 x 2 LCD display. The

GSM module is interfaced with the microcontroller using the UART communication protocol. It

sends a customized message to the response number whenever an accident is detected or when

the panic button is pressed. The 16 x 2 LCD display information during the initialization of the

system and after initialization. It constantly displays information related to location, speed, date,
and time. Whenever an accident is detected, it displays information regarding the status of the

message.

The Power supply section is made up of the DC-DC boost converter (LM2893), the charger

module (TP4056), and the 3.7V lithium-ion battery. The DC-DC boost converter converts the

3.7V battery voltage to 5V which is the operating voltage of the module used in the system. The

charger module charges the battery whenever the battery voltage gets low and can be charged

using a 5V charging adapter.

The block diagram for the system is shown in fig 3.1 and the schematic diagram has been

designed using fritzing and it is as shown in fig 3.2

POWER SUPPLY

GPS MODULE
 16 x 2 LCD DISPLAY

VIBRATION SENSOR

GSM MODULE
ACCELEROMETER

GSM MODULE
PUSH BUTTON

Fig 3.1 : SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.2: System Circuit Diagram

3.4 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

The system's primary goal is to create a coffee-cost solution for detecting vehicular accidents.

The suggested system operates in two stages. During the first phase, the Arduino examines the

pin to which the sensors and push button are connected and waits for the input to turn on from

the vibration sensor or the push button or the input signals from the accelerometer to exceed the

set threshold, while the GPS module continually updates the information. In the second step, the

GPS receiver retrieves the GPS location; after determining the precise location, the GSM module

generates an SMS with details about the accident and transmits it to the appropriate authorities,

and the buzzer continually gives a buzzing sound until the push button is pressed again.
The Arduino Uno has been programmed using the Arduino IDE, the program is written with

Arduino C and it makes available several libraries for working with the sensors and modules.

Most times these libraries are written in C++ by third party developers.

The Arduino IDE includes a software library named "Wire.h" that makes interfacing with serial

modules simple to create. To create an executable cyclic executive program, users just need to

define two functions:

1) setup(): a function that is called once at the beginning of a program to initialize settings.

2) loop(): a function that is called continually until the board shuts down.

Fig 3.3 shows the flowchart for the accident detection system
 START

FINITIALIZATION

WAIT FOR GPS SIGNAL

ISIS GPS
READY? WAIT

YES

SSYSTEM RUNNING

NO

IIS NO GIS NO IS
BUTTON VIBRA ACCELERO
PRESSED TION METER

YES

YES YES
ACQUIRE GPS SIGNAL

SEND SMS; BEEPS BUZZER

Fig 3.3: System Flow Chart

3.4 FINAL DESIGN
The design was implemented and housed in an adaptable box and it is as shown below in fig 3.4

Some tools have been implemented in order to bring the project concept to hardware and some of

the tools used are

1. Soldering Iron

2. Gum gun

3. Soldering lead

4. Tweezers

5. Soldering paste

6. Drilling Tools

7. Soldering Workstation

8. Multimeter

9. Magnifying Lens

10. Screwdrivers
Figure 3.4: Accident Detection, Alert and Tracking System
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 INPUT SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN

Automatic car accident detection has been developed using different modules and the

operation of the device is dependent on the different working modules. The power supply section

is an important aspect of the unit and it has been developed using different components. The

system basically works on a 5V supply. The microcontroller, the GSM module SIM800L, the

GPS module Neo-6M, the vibration sensor SW420P, and finally the accelerometer, ADXL335

work with an operating voltage of 5V. The power supply section has the following specification

1. Input Voltage of 3.7V

2. Output Voltage of 5V

3. Output Current – 4A

The LM2587 module has been used to implement the power supply section, this section works

with a 3.7V lithium battery, the LM2587 takes as input the battery voltage of 3.7V and is

regulated to boost the voltage to 5V operating voltage, the section is as shown in fig 4.1
Fig 4.1: LM2587 power supply section

The LM2587 module specifications are as given below:

 Non-Isolated Step-Up Module

 Input Voltage: DC 3-24V
 Input Current: 5Amp (Max)
 Output Voltage: DC 4-30v
 Output Current: Rated 3A ( peak 5A)
Output Power: 30watt without Heat Sink; 35watt with Heat Sink
 Operating temperature: Industrial grade
(-40 to +85)
 Full load temperature rise: 45
 Load Regulation: ± 0.5%
 Voltage regulation rate: ±0.5%
The system has also incorporated a charging section which is implemented using the TP4056

charger. The TP4056 module is a linear charger for lithium-ion batteries. This module has the

ability to recharge single-cell batteries. Most crucially, it facilitates charging operations in

constant voltage and constant current modes. This module provides a charging current of 1 amp

and a fixed charge voltage of 4.2 volts.

The TP4056 has the following features

 Lithium-ion battery charging and discharging module which supports a constant current –

constant voltage charging mechanism.

 Full charge voltage of 4.2 V.

 Over-discharge protection feature which prevents the battery from being discharged

below 2.4V by cutting off output power until the battery is recharged above 3V.

 The 5V input voltage is applied through micro USB or solder pads IN+ and IN-.

 The charging current is 1A and it is adjustable. You can change it by connecting a

resistor of 1kΩ at IN- pad.

 It can protect the battery from overcharging.

 Soft start protection is provided to limit the inrush currents.

 It can protect the battery from overcurrents and short circuits by cutting off the output

from the battery. This happens in a case when the discharge rate becomes greater than

3A.

Two input modules or sensor has been used for accident detection namely the vibration sensor

SW420P and the accelerometer ADXL335. The SW420P and ADXL335 operate with a 5V

voltage level. An accelerometer is a device that detects acceleration, which is defined as the
change in speed (velocity) per unit of time. We can obtain information such as object inclination

and vibration by monitoring acceleration, which aids in the detection of accidents. Vibration

sensors are piezoelectric accelerometers that detect vibration. They are used to quantify variable

accelerations or speeds, as well as typical vibration. The two sensors have been incorporated in a

single unit for accident detection as shown in fig 4.2

Fig 4.2: Input Sensors with ADXL335 and SW420P section

Whenever the Vibration sensor SW420P detects a vibration, it sends a digital signal to the

microcontroller which processes the signal and raises an alarm for accident detection. The

accelerometer on the other hand sends analog signals to the microcontroller for each of it axis X,

Y, or Z. The microcontroller continually polls the code and processes the analog signal, in a case

where it detects a change in the analog reading different from the value obtained at the rest
position of the accelerometer, it raises an alarm for an accident detected. The two sensors are

complementary and serve the purpose of detecting accidents in a vehicle.

The GPS module Neo 6M is an input device that has also been incorporated into the system. A

GPS navigation device, GPS receiver, or simply GPS is a device that can receive information

from GPS satellites and subsequently compute its geographical position. Using appropriate

software, the gadget may display the location on a map and provide directions. The Global

Positioning System (GPS) is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) comprised of a network

of at least 24, but currently 30, satellites. These satellites send three pieces of data: the satellite's

identification number, its position in space, and the time the data is transmitted. The GPS

receiver detects these signals and utilizes them to determine the distance between itself and the

GPS satellites. A GPS receiver can triangulate its location on the ground (i.e., longitude and

latitude) using the known positions of three or more satellites. A GPS receiver can also provide

information on your speed and direction of travel. The technology is accessible to everyone with

a GPS receiver. The NEO-6M GPS module is a GPS receiver that can follow about 22 satellites

and so pinpoint all locations on Earth. It is powered by a high-performance u-blox 6 positioning

engine. The dimensions are 16 x 12.2 x 2.4 mm. The table below shows some features of the Neo

6M GPS module.
Table 4.1: Neo-6M specifications

Type GPS

Supply 2.7 V-3.6 V

Operating Current 45mA

Operating Temperature -40°C ~ 85°C

Horizontal Position Accuracy 2.5m

Communication Protocol NMEA, UBX Binary, RTCM

Features RTC Crystal and External Interrupt/Wake up

Interface UART, SPI, USB and DDC

The Neo-6M GPS module has been used to obtain information on the location, speed, and time.

The values of the location given in latitude and longitude and the speed in km/h and the date and

time are constantly updated and displayed on the 16 x 2 LCD module. This information is also

sent through SMS to the recipient, emergency response, or hospital in case of an accident.

Another input device that has been used in the project implementation is the push button, the

push button serves the purpose of a panic button to create and send an alarm or notification

whenever it is pressed.

4.2 OUTPUT SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN

The output section of the device consists basically of the GSM module, the LCD module, and

buzzer. The GSM/GPRS Module is a device that is in charge of wireless communication with the

GSM Network, in this case, it is in charge of delivering the necessary information to rescue

stations. The SIM800L GSM module works on an operating voltage of 5V. An antenna has been
attached to improve the signal strength. The implementation of the GSM module is shown in fig

4.3

Fig 4.3: GSM module

The LCD module which communicates with the microcontroller using the I2C protocol has also

been implemented to display information about the system and the operation status. Fig 4.4

shows the debug message displayed on the LCD while the system is waiting to acquire a GPS

signal. Other information displayed on the LCD includes a status message if the SMS is

successfully sent, the system status, the initialization process, and parameters such as latitude,

longitude, Date, time, and speed.

Fig 4.4: Debug Message while waiting for GPS signal

The buzzer has been implemented to provide a beeping sound during an accident, this sound can

attract passersby which can also provide help before the response arrives.

4.3 TESTING AND RESULTS

The project has been tested under various condition to determine the performance, as mentioned

earlier, the system incorporates the vibration sensor and accelerometer. The performance of the

vibration sensor has been tested by application of an external force in the system testing unit as

shown in fig 4.2. The result of the application of the force to simulate an external vibration is as

shown in fig 4.5 and 4.6, where fig 4.6 represents the message output on the LCD device after

applying the force and fig 4.6 shows the received SMS on the recipient phone number. The

sensitivity of the vibration sensor was calibrated for optimum performance as this determines

how sensitive it is to vibrations. For deployment, this sensitivity will be adjusted accordingly in

such a way as not send false alarms when no accident has occurred.
Fig 4.5: LCD display after accident detection
Fig 4.6: SMS received on the Mobile Phone

The performance of the accelerometer was also ascertained by tilting the sensing unit of the

device to determine the response of the sensors to change in direction. The result is similar to

that as shown in fig 4.5 and 4.6

The panic button is another input device which function was also ascertained and the result is as

shown in fig 4.7

Fig 4.7: Debug message after pressing panic button

The testing of the module shows the objectives of the project were met, the system succcesfully

detects an accident and send SMS information about the accident to the rescue party.

4.4 JUSTIFICATION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE USED

The code for the Arduino program is written in the C-based Arduino Programming language.

The challenge of writing the program in assembly code is eliminated because the programming

language is C-based. The C-based application is internally converted to assembly code by the

software before being sent to the board. The software also includes a compiler, an uploader, and

libraries for the peripheral devices in addition to the code editor.

4.5 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

The minimum system requirements for this project are:

1. Windows 7 or higher
2. 4gb Ram or higher

3. 2.0ghz speed

4. 5gb hard disk space

5. Python 3.0 or higher installed on the system

6. Arduino IDE
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 CONCLUSION

The advancement of technology and infrastructure has simplified our lives. The introduction of

technology has also increased transportation risks, and road accidents occur often, resulting in

significant loss of life and property due to inadequate emergency services. This project has

implemented a system that is built to automatically detect an accident and alert the nearest

emergency services. This approach can pinpoint the location of the accident so that medical

assistance can be directed there right away. The system includes an accelerometer, ultrasonic

sensor, vibration sensor, GPS, and a GSM module for message transmission. The accelerometer

detects abrupt changes in the car's axis. The vibration sensor detects excessive vibration within

the vehicle, and the GSM module sends an alert message to the mobile with the accident's details

when an accident is detected. The location of the accident is assigned in the form of a Google

Map link, generated from the GPS module's latitude and longitude. Then, after checking the

situation, the required actions will be done, which will aid in the timely arrival of rescue services

and the preservation of priceless human life.

The system is autonomous, low-cost, and energy-efficient, making it simple to install in a

vehicle, if an accident occurs, the system detects it and, using GPS, pinpoints the exact spot and

notifies the emergency unit via the GSM module. This aids in the saving of many lives by

informing rescuing agents in good time. Overall, this technology is relatively economical, aimed

at the general public, and is simply applied in all sorts of automobiles.

5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

This device can also be linked to the vehicle airbag system, which prevents occupants from

striking interior objects such as the steering wheel or a window. This will even be extended by

connecting a camera to the controller module, which will snap a photo of the accident site,

making tracking easier. Most accidents are serious because the drivers lose control and fail to

stop the vehicle. In such instances, the vibration sensor will be triggered by the received

vibrations and will also be processed by the CPU. The processor must be coupled to the devices

that, when triggered, can lock the brakes. With this enhancement, we will be able to stop the

vehicle and maybe reduce the severity of the accident.