METHODS OF CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

1
Methods of Circuit Analysis
◼ Mesh Analysis
◼ Nodal Analysis

2
Mesh Analysis
◼ Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) forms the basis
of mesh analysis.
◼ This technique is applicable to
◼ Basic circuit
◼ Circuit with dependent source
◼ Circuit with current source
◼ Case 1: Current source at the outer most boundary
(known as mesh current)
◼ Case 2: Current source in between two loops (known as
supermesh)

3
Step to determine Mesh Current

◼ Assign mesh currents I1, I2…, In to the n

meshes
◼ Apply KVL to each of n meshes. Use
Ohm’s Law to express voltages in terms
of mesh currents.
◼ Solve the resulting n simultaneous
equation to get the mesh current,

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Example 10.3
For the circuit below, find Io using mesh analysis

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 Solution
Applying KVL to Mesh 1
(8 + j10 − j2)I1 − (− j2)I 2 − j10I3 = 0 …(1)

Mesh 2
(4 − j2 − j2)I 2 − (− j2)I1 − (− j2)I 3 + 20900 = 0 …(2)

Substitute (I3=5) into meshes (1) and (2)

(8 + j8)I1 + j2I 2 = j50 …(3)

j2I1 + (4 − j4)I 2 = − j20 − j10 …(4)

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 Solution
Put equation (3) and (4) in matrix form
8 + j8 j2   I1   j50 
 j2    = 
 4 − j4  2  
I − j30 
Find determinant for the matrix (Cramer’s Rule)
8 + j8 j2
Δ= = 32(1 + j)(1 − j) + 4 = 68
j2 4 − j4
8 + j8 j50
Δ2 = = 340 − j240 = 416.17 − 35.220
j2 − j30
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Solution
Use Cramer’s rule to solve for I2

Δ 2 416.17 − 35.22o
I2 = = = 6.12 − 35.22o
Δ 68

Hence

Io = (-I2) = 6.12144.78
o

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Practice Problem 10.3
For the circuit below, find Io using mesh analysis

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Solution

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 Solution
Mesh 1 (8 − j2 + j4)I1 − j4I 2 = 0
(8 + j2)I1 = j4I 2 …(1)

Mesh 2 (6 + j4)I 2 − j4I1 − 6I3 + 1030o = 0

Mesh 3 I 3 = −2

Insert Mesh 3 into Mesh 2

(6 + j4)I 2 − j4I1 = −12 − 1030o …(2)

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 Solution
Simplify Equation (1)
8 + j2 …(3)
I2 = I1 = (0.5 − j2)I1
j4
Substitute equation (3) into (2)
(6 + j4)(0.5 − j2)I1 − j4I1 = −12 − 1030o
(11 − j14)I1 = −(20.66 + j5)
− (20.66 + j5)
I1 =
11 − j14
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 Solution
20.66 + j5 21.25613.6o
Hence I o = −I1 = =
11 − j14 17.8 − 51.84o

I o = 1.19465.44o

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Example 10.4
For the circuit below, find Vo using mesh analysis

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Solution

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 Solution
Mesh 1
− 10 + (8 − j2)I1 − (− j2)I 2 − 8I3 = 0
(8 − j2)I1 − (− j2)I 2 − 8I3 = 10 …(1)

Mesh 2
I 2 = −3
Supermesh
(8 − j4)I 3 − 8I1 + (6 + j5)I 4 − j5I 2 = 0 …(2)

Due to current source between meshes 3 and 4 at node A

I 4 = I3 + 4 …(3) 16
 Solution
Combine I2 = -3 into equation (1)
(8 − j2)I1 − 8I 3 = 10 + j6 …(4)

Combine I2 = -3 into equation (2) and (3)

− 8I1 + (14 + j)I 3 = −24 − j35 …(5)

Put equation (4) and (5) into matrix

8 − j2 − 8   I1   10 + j6 
 − 8 14 + j I  = − 24 − j35
  3   

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 Solution
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve for I1

8 − j2 −8
Δ= = 112 + j8 − j28 + 2 − 64 = 50 − j20
−8 14 + j
10 + j6 −8
Δ1 = = 140 + j10 + j84 − 6 − 192 − j280
− 24 − j35 14 + j

= −58 − j186
Δ1 − 58 − j186
I1 = = = 3.618274.5o
Δ 50 − j20
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 Solution
Solve for Vo

Vo = − j2(I1 − I 2 ) = − j2(3.618274.5 + 3)
o

= −7.2134 − j6.568 = 9.756222.32 o

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Practice Problem 10.4

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Solution

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 Solution
Mesh 1
− 50 + (15 − j4)I1 − (− j4)I 2 − 5I3 = 0
(15 − j4)I1 + j4I 2 − 5I3 = 50 …(1)

Supermesh

(j8 − j4)I 2 + (5 − j6)I 3 − (5 − j4)I1 = 0 …(2)

Also the current source between meshes 2 and 3

I3 = I 2 + 2 …(3)

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 Solution
Eliminating I3 from equation (1) and (2)
(15 − j4)I1 + (−5 + j4)I 2 = 60 …(4)

(−5 + j4)I1 + (5 − j2)I 2 = −10 + j12 …(5)

Put equation (4) and (5) into matrix

 15 − j4 − 5 + j4  I1   60 
− 5 + j4 5 − j2  I  = − 10 + j12
  2   

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 Solution
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve for I1 and then Io

15 − j4 − 5 + j4
Δ= = 50 − j10 = 58.86 − 9.78o
− 5 + j4 5 − j2
60 − 5 + j4
Δ1 = = 298 − j20 = 298.67 − 3.84o
− 10 + j12 5 − j2

Δ1 58 − j10
I o = I1 = = = 5.0745.94o A
Δ 298 − j20

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Exercise III (Problem 10.38)
Using mesh analysis, find Io

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Solution

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 Solution
Mesh 1
I1 = 2 …(1)

Mesh 2
(2 − j4)I 2 − 2I1 − (− j4)I 4 + 1090o = 0 …(2)

Substitute (1) into (2)

(2 − j4)I 2 − 2(2) + j4I 4 + j10 = 0

(2 − j4)I 2 + j4I 4 = 4 - j10 …(3)
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 Solution
Supermesh
(1 + j2)I 3 + (1 − j4)I 4 − j2I1 − (− j4)I 2 = 0 …(4)

I3 = I 4 − 4 …(5)

Substitute (1) and (5) into (4)

(1 + j2)(I 4 − 4) + (1 - j4)I 4 - j2(2) + j4I 2 = 0

j4I 2 + (2 − j2)I 4 = 4 + j12 …(6)

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 Solution
Put equation (3) and (6) into matrix
2 − j4 j4  I 2  4 − j10
 j4    = 
 2 − 2j 4  
I 4 + j12 

Use Cramer’s Rule to solve for I2

Δ1 (36 − j44)
I2 = = = 3.35 − 5.71o A
Δ (12 − j12)

I o = −I 2 = 3.35174.3o A

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Nodal Analysis
◼ The basis of nodal analysis is Kirchhoff’s
Current Law (KCL).
◼ This technique is applicable to
◼ Basic Circuit
◼ Circuit with dependent source
◼ Circuit with voltage source
◼ Case 1: Voltage source in between reference
node and essential node
◼ Case 2: voltage source in between two nodes
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Step to determine Node Voltages
◼ Select a node as the reference node.
◼ Assign voltages V1,V2…,Vn-1 to the remaining
n-1 nodes.
◼ Apply KCL to each of the n-1 nonreference
node. Use Ohm’s Law to express the branch
currents in term of node voltages.
◼ Solve the resulting simultaneous equation to
obtain the unknown node voltage.

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Example 10.1
Find Ix in the circuit using nodal analysis

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Solution
Convert the circuit into frequency domain

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 Solution
Applying KCL at node 1

Iin = Ix + I2
20 − V1 V1 V1 − V2
= +
10 − j2.5 j4
(1 + j1.5)V1 + j2.5V2 = 20 …(1)

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 Solution
Applying KCL at node 2
Ix + I 2 = I3
V1 − V2 V2 But IX =
V1
2I X + = − j2.5
j4 j2

Hence
2V1 V1 − V2 V2
+ =
− j2.5 j4 j2

11V1 + 15V2 = 0 …(2)

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 Solution
Put equation (1) and (2) into matrix
1 + j1.5 j2.5  V1  20
 11    = 
 15  V2   0 

Find determinant
1 + j1.5 j2.5
Δ= = 15 − j5
11 15

20 j2.5 1 + j1.5 20
Δ1 = = 300 Δ2 = = −220
0 15 11 0

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 Solution
Solve for V1 and V2 using Cramer’s Rule
Δ1 300
V1 = = = 18.9718.43o
Δ 15 − j5
Δ 2 − 220
V2 = = = 13.91198.3o
Δ 15 − j5

Solve for Ix
V1 18.9718.43o
IX = 7.59108.4o
− j2.5 2.5 − 90o

i X = 7.59cos(4t + 108.4 o )
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Practice Problem 10.1
Find V1 and V2 usind nodal analysis

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Solution
Convert into frequency domain

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 Solution
At node 1
V V − V2
10 = 1 + 1
2 − j2.5
100 = (5 − j4)V1 − j4V2 …(1)

At node 2
V2 V1 − V2 3Vx − V2
= + where Vx = V1
j4 − j2.5 4

− j2.5V2 = j4(V1 − V2 ) + 2.5(3V1 − V2 )

- (7.5 + j4)V1 + (2.5 + j1.5)V2 = 0 …(2)

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 Solution
Put equation (1) and (2) into matrix
 5 − j4 − 4j   V1  100
− (7.5 + j4) 2.5 + j1.5 V  =  0 
  2   

Solving for V1 and V2 using Cramer’s Rule

V1 = 11.3260.01o V

V2 = 33.0257.12 o V

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Example 10.2
Compute V1 and V2 in the circuit

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Solution

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 Solution
Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode.
Applying KCL to the supernode gives
V1 V2 V2
3= + +
− j3 j6 12
36 = j4V1 + (1 − j2)V2 …(1)

But a voltage source is connected between nodes 1 and 2

V1 = V2 + 1045o …(2)

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Solution
Substitute equation (2) in (1) result in

36 − 40135o = (1 + j2)V2

V2 = 31.41 − 87.18o

V1 = V2 + 1045o = 25.78 − 70.48o

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Practice Problem 10.2
Calculate V1 and V2 in the circuit using nodal analysis

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Solution
The only non-reference node is supernode
15 − V1 V1 V2 V2
= + +
4 j4 − j 2
15 − V1 = − jV1 + j4V2 + 2V2
15 = (1 − j)V1 + (2 + j4)V2 …(1)
The supernode gives
V1 = V2 + 2060o …(2)

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 Solution
Substitute (2) into (1) gives
15 = (1 − j)2060o + (3 + j3)V2
15 − (1 − j)(2060o ) 14.327210.72o
V2 = = = 3.376165.7o
3 + 3j 4.24345o
V1 = V2 + 2060o = (−3.272 + j0.8327) + (10 + j17.32)

V1 = 6.728 + j18.154
Therefore

V1 = 19.3669.67 o V2 = 3.376165.7 o
48
Exercise III (Problem 10.9)
Find Vo in the circuit using nodal analysis

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 Solution
Convert into frequency domain

50
 Solution
Node 1
10 − V1 V1 V1 − V2
= +
20 20 − j20
(400 − j800)V1 − 400V2 = − j4000 …(1)

Node 2
V1 − V2 V2 V1
= 4Io + Substitute I o =
- j20 30 + j10 20
V1 − V2 4V1 V2
= +
- j20 20 30 + j10

(−200 + j2600)V1 + (−600 + j200)V2 = 0 …(2)

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 Solution
Divide both equation (1) and (2) with 100 to simplify the
equations and put into matrix
 4 − j8 − 4   V1  − j40
− 2 + j26 − 6 + j2 V  =  0 
  2   

4 − j8 −4
Δ= = (−16 + j160)
− 2 + j26 − 6 + j2

4 − j8 − j40
Δ2 = = (−1040 − j80)
− 2 + j26 0

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 Solution
Solve for V2 using Cramer’s Rule
Δ 2 − 1040 − j80
V2 = = = 6.48788.69o V
Δ − 16 + j160

Solve for Vo by using voltage divider rule

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Vo = V2 = 6.15470.26o V
30 + j10

v o (t) = 6.154cos(103 t + 70.26o )V

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