Lecture
1.2.Mvlti-gvbitstates-1.2.7.statevecfors.at
so for a system consisting of multiple qubits ,
the state
is described by a single wavefunction which consists of
all possible combinations of eigenstates with complex
coefficients ci .
g.2qubitsiht7-cog.gg?ytCoyl027tGol207tCed2
•
e.
qubit 7 qubit 2
•
The state of a multi -
qubit system can also be represented
by column vectors
,
e.
g .
for a two -
qubit system :
147 =
Coo t co t
Go t 41
W W ur ur
1007 1017 1107 1117
Entanglement
entanglement
" "
°
As we have seen in the Overview is a
,
powerful tool which fuels a wealth of quantum technologies .
•
For an
entangled state, the wavefunction is not separable
,
i.e .
it can not be factorized to a
product of wavefunctions of
individual qubits .
•
For a
two -
qubit system ,
there are 4
maximally entangled
"
Ball states
"
States ,
known as
:i"
htt 7 =
Vfd ( 1012 t 1207 )
19-7 =
HE 11007 -
hrs )
•
When the
system is in one of these states a measurement
or control operation on one of the qubits directly
affects the other
qubit .
Example :
147=72 ( 1007 t -477 )
Measurement of results He > to>
qubit
• 7 =
↳ Qubit 2 is projected into 1427--107
•
Measurement of qubit 7 results IY
,
> =
117
↳ Qubit 2 is
projected into 1427=177
•
Note : There is no classical interaction between the
qubits
,
i.e .
they can be
infinitely far apart . Still
, manipulating
qubit 1 affects qubit 2 instantaneously ! This is known
EPR (Einstein Podolsky, Rosen )
as
, para doron .
-
Einstein did not like the concept of entanglement and
"
variables
"
was in favour of local hidden i.e .
the
system
,
is never in the state 147=724007 the7) but
only 50%
of the time in state too? and 50% of the time in state he?
We will see later in the semester that entanglement does
exist and how it can be experimentally verified .
t.2.3.Two-qobitgate.gs
There several
are two
qubit gates
-
-
A particularly useful type are controlled unitary operator K ul
-
gates .
Here
qubit 7 is the control qubit and qubit 2 is the target
qubit .
An
operation on the target qubit is carried out conditional
on the state of the control qubit .
ec-NOTgatei.cvot.ci µ!!!! -
-•
diagram
#
•
Circuit :
.
Truth table : C T C T
107 107 107 107
107 177 107117
→
177107 117117
117117 177107
1.3.Quantumalgovithmg.GE
neral
concept of
quantum a algorithm :
shoisalgorithmi
↳ factorization of large numbers
Groreigalgorithm
•
↳ efficient database search
•
Devtsdigalgorithm
↳ binary function feel that acts on a 1 bit
-
binary number
↳ two
possible results : tea ,
tell
↳ tco)
"
balanced
"
fee) too) etch
"
constant
"
→ →
-
I
1.4.three-levelsyste.ms
.
A three level
-
system consists of three levels : 147=8107 teeth teeth
.
Two different configurations : Ladder system and x -
system
1.4.1.three-levelladdersystem.IQ
-
level ladder
3
system "
04127127) arranged like
"
with three
optical transitions CAB c)
,
with
decay rates I, % ,
fo .
1oz -
Can be used
resonantly driven single photon
•
as a non -
source
,
in
particular it the decay rate TB D Ma :
1. Excite transition A (107-7127)
2. system will relax 127-7117 -7107 emitting single photons
at transitions B and C .
1.4.2.Three-levelx-systemk.rs
system level with 2 ground states flown
-
I
A-
T
one
A and
excited state 422)
B
and two optical transitions
107
canbeusedasagpi n -photoni n tertace.tl
"
se
ground
the states 107 and in as a spinqubit and transitions
A and B as
optical interconnects .
spin-photonentangleme.at#
1. Prepare the system in state 127
2. System will relax to of 107
superposition
and 127
a
by
emitting a single photon in a
superposition A/B entangled
with the ground state superposition .
1Y7=Vrz(lQA7tHi
Note .
Decaying to a superposition of two states can
be
like Young 's double slit experiment
imagined where a
particle travels two
paths at the same time .
.
A and B can differ in
energy, polarization , . . .
1.5.Four-lerelsystems.tt
tour -
level system consists of four levels :
147 Colo? 4127 2127
t
Cz 137
'
=
t t
different ladder
Many configurations are
possible :
•
double -
X ,
it
,
two
path
-
cascade, .
. .
T.5.7.two-pathcascade.br level which is ladder like
"
four
system
c) Jp
"
-
-
but with 2 intermediate states
117 # g- izz .
A) (
107
±
B .
Can be used to
generate entangled
photon pairs :
1. Excite state 137
system to
2. System relates to a
superposition of 177 and 127 which
is entangled with a
single photon in channel UD :
147 -
Ypg ( 11,02 t 12,137 )
3.
system relates to 107 and transfers the
entanglement from 1171127 to 117/1137 :
he> -
Nr ( IAM t 113,177)
7.5.:2.otherfour-lerelsystems.it
svmmarylecture3.iostates
For multi wavefunction consists of
-
qubit the superpositions
of all possible combinations of eigenstates .
.
For
entangled states ,
the wavefunction cannot be separated . A
measurement control operation bit instantaneously
or on one
qui
affects the other qubit .
Quantum algorithms are created
by combining single
•
qubit gates with two -
qubit gates .
•
X systems
-
can be used as spin -
photon interfaces .
They
can be used to generate spin -
photon entanglement .
Two path cascades can be used to
generate entangled
•
-
photon pairs .
