Lecture

1.fundamentalsn.1.two-lerelsystemsl.tl
ilsingletwolevelsystens
•
The two -
level system is the fundamental building
block with the states to> and 117 .

Many significantly complex systems

•

more

can be
approximated as two -
level systems

"

177 -
Colo> t calm is called the state vector .

• I Cop t 1412 =
7

•
( 0127=0

•
A measurement of 147
collapses the wavefunction andresults:

107 with
probability Kof
•

127 with probability 1412

•

It be
represented column vector
•

can as a

147 -

fed
1.l.2.TK/3loohsphere-
•
The state of a TLS can be
represented on the Bloch sphere

.
The Bloch sphere has a radius of 2
.
The

eigenstates of a TLS are the

poles 102 -
E

117 = E Superposition states correspond

-

to a point on the surface .

Using the
angular coordinates 0 and 9,147

can be written as 147 cosE)to> teosinte) 177

.
The
projections onto the axis can be calculated using the

Pauli operators < Ex> , Toy >

,
Liz >

⇐%¥d¥o
The of
poles the
sphere given by :
•

are

÷:::i::÷÷
next -
Trek ) I Kraft) -
Example 7 i
147 =
( 9)

al Con
⇒ car > (q f) (g)
= to - =
o

(g ni) ( q) foi)
to 21 co 17 0
soy >
= - =

Co 11
coz>
Go g) (g) lo )
(q) 7
=
e
-

= - -

Example 2 : 147 =
Tmz ( 107 t 177 )
↳ Na u
1981747)
cox > = "

Na u 11 1
( f)
=
=

K
you ji) (f)
cry > -
-

Va le e
-
-
o
.

21 HE
coz> Ha ( f 9)
le
(f)
-
-

= or
1.7.3.theconceptotglobalphaseconsi.de
r 147
pointing along the
y
direction
•

Using o -
Ez and f- Iz this results :

TY> =
VR ( 107 t ith )

•
On the other hand we have seen :
,

Nyt >
=
ti) -
Tmz ( - i 107 th > )

↳ Although these two state vectors look different,

they represent the same state .

↳ To see this , we can calculate the

projections
•
CG 7--0 CG 7--1 CG > = O
X , ,
Y Z

÷÷::÷÷÷:÷:::÷::÷::
⇒
T.1.4.Precessionofthewarefunafio.TK
temporal evolution of
quantum a system in the absence

of perturbation is
given by :

IYAD = VCE) l
Yeo) > .

with the
unitary operator :

Oct) =
exp ( Yat)

Setting the and of

energy of 117 to SE results :
•

lo> to 0

out -

fo :p fifth e

.
When the system is in an
eigenstate it
stays in this state :

I Yeon
to
-

⇒ Hits> -

fo :p .is#Ifd=fd--HcoD
e ,

Has >
=L :) ⇒ Has>
=L : :*.is#edl:)--l:.n.i.ed
=
exp l
- i
def t ) 1467
-

- eid 14cos>
w
T
globalphase
 ' "
•
When the system is in a
superposition, the wavefunction p' recesses
.

↳ To see what this precession is

,
we initialize

the
system in the state lycos > =
Yet and they

calculate CECH > , cry Ctl ) and

LEED .

↳ Ncos > =
HE

=L ! tape th
7 O

"R
⇒ HAD '
tr
O C- i
sea is
exp
-

↳ Reminder : co > =
ay 'T only>
I

MY dural :p a)
↳ so sirrah exilis "
,

, ,

( tight )
Tz exp Cisek th
= le )
exp

=
42 [ ex
pl ident )
-

in exp ( i Eat))

cog ( Seth t)
T "
Euler 's formula cog Hitz (
ein te )
↳ tell expci Eat"
f KaleIpa sea !
#>
cry
i

, ;

Eat )
)
expcisetl
:C
Z le i

f
-
- - i ex -

fi Ertl Eat))
'
=
Tz exp
C -
i t i
exp
Ci

=
i [ exp list H -

exp fist H]

= -
sin ( seq t )

t it
sin Cx) =
Z ceil -

e- )
,

t
fo 4) Kele:p
trace
et
↳ arz.ca exp " "
-
-

expcid%41.expc.im#eI
= race

=
I [ 1 -
I] = o
⇒ < Fact) = cos cwt)

with w =
SEA

to

The state vector around the E axis

precesses
•

Note The
precession direction depends on the
• .

sign of SE
T.7.5.single-qubitgates.si
nogle qubit gates manipulate the state of a qubit .

•
147 -
Cola> c- Cell? → 142=8-107 t CI 177

⇒ Eaton:.mn:.lt:D
•

?aulinXgateCNoTga
•
x -
ti 'd
•
rotation of It) around I by it radians

107-7177 ,
1777107

circuit
diagram representation OT
•
:

apauli-ygatei.y-E).io
•
rotation of 147 around yn by IT radians
•
107-7177 ,
117 → -
i10>
ypauli-Zgatergael
's ) i.z.to
•
rotation of 147 around E by IT radioing
•

107 → lo) ,
117 → -177

special case of a phase shift gate

aphaseshiPooja
ftgateCRqgatel
-
) i.ro
-
rotation of 147 around E by 9 radians

tadamardgate :

• H -
KEK 1)
•
rotation of 147 around CETINA by it radians
•

equivalent to IT -
rotation around E and Its rotation around yn

•
to> → HELLO> th> ) ,
117 → Fella> -

)
127

•
circuit diagram representation : ¥
svmmaryoflectureli.TL
's with states 107 and 127 is the fundamental building block

•
147 =
Colo ? -14117 with Kok t Kat =
7

•
look and 1412 are the
probabilities to measure to> and ID

in a projective measurement

visualized Block
147 be the
sphere
•

can on

superposition states precess in time

: keep -
ICH heon

)
with ICE) and seq
µ
- 0 we

°
expc
-
iwcy

Quantum gates manipulate 147 and single qubit gates

correspond to rotations on the Block sphere .