WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

SHOOL OF INFORMATICS

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

IT MSc Regular

Course: - Artificial intelligence

Assignment on
Data Processing

By: - Abebe Tora Pgr/82835/15

Submitted to; - Dr. Michael M.

Submission date Jan/19/2024

Wolaita sodo, Ethiopia

 DATA PROCESSING
Data processing refers to the manipulation and transformation of raw data into meaningful
information. It involves a series of steps and techniques to convert data into a more usable format
for analysis, storage, and presentation. Data processing plays a crucial role in extracting insights,
making informed decisions, and automating various tasks in different domains.
Data processing in image
When it comes to image, data processing is the act of modifying and analyzing image data in
order to extract meaningful information, improve visual quality, or carry out particular tasks. The
pixel values that comprise the image are processed and transformed using a variety of methods
and algorithms.
There are basically 9 steps that can be performed while processing an image.
1. Image Acquisition Image Acquisition is the first step and the obvious step. In this step, the
image is taken in from a storage drive, like a hard disk or any other, into the process. Without the
image, there can be no processing done. Even in the image acquisition stage,
There are two sub-processes that take place. They are
1) Image Capturing 2) Image digitization
2. Image Enhancement: This can increase the sharpness, brightness, pixel density and other factors
that can improve the quality of the image. It basically works on two things which are time and
frequency.
3. Image Restoration: In this step, the image is restored to give it a clean and sharp look. Any
distortion like noise, blurry image, miss focus can be fixed using this method.
This step helps to improve the viewing quality of crumbled or degraded images to give it a clean
and sharp look once again.
4. Color Image Processing: This step is only used on the color image as stated by the name. This is
used to improve the color vibrancy and viewing pleasure of the image. This process works on the
primary colors which are red, green and blue.
5. Wavelets and Multi-resolution Processing: In this process, the image is broken down into
different degrees and resolutions and then processed, so that they can compress the image without
hurting its quality, for the purpose of easy sharing.
6. Compression: This is a simple step where the size of the image is reduced to the minimum so
that it can be stored with ease and be shared without any difficulty.
This compression is of two types. They are:

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 1. Loss: During this compression, the quality of the image may be sacrificed and it may not live
up to the expectations of the processed image.
2. Lossless: during this, quality of the image is not at all affected because of the fifth step which is
multi-resolution processing. The quality remains the same even after the size is decreased.
7. Morphological Processing: This step helps in changing the physical structure of the things
present in the image.
8. Segmentation: It is the process of breaking the image into different small segments or parts
mainly on pixel level for simplification or ease of processing.
9. Object recognition: In this process, the objects in the image, say a person or any other object is
recognized based on already present data and the description of that is recorded for future
purposes.
Data processing in Audio
Data processing in audio involves the manipulation and analysis of audio data to extract
meaningful information, enhance audio quality, or perform specific tasks.
Here are the key steps involved in data processing in audio:
1. Audio Recording: The first step is capturing the audio signal using a microphone or other audio
recording devices. This can involve capturing audio from various sources, such as musical
instruments, speech, or environmental sounds.
2. Preprocessing: These steps are often applied to the audio data before further processing. This
can include operations such as removing background noise, normalizing the audio levels, and
applying filters to eliminate unwanted frequencies or artifacts.
3. Audio Digitization: In order to process audio data using computers or digital systems, analog
audio signals need to be converted into a digital format. This involves sampling the continuous
analog signal at regular intervals and quantizing the amplitude to discrete values
4. Feature Extraction: This used to extract relevant information or characteristics from the audio
data. Feature extraction is important for tasks such as audio classification, speech recognition,
and music analysis.
5. Audio Enhancement: This techniques aim to improve the quality and intelligibility of the audio
signal. This can involve removing background noise, equalizing the frequency response, and
reducing distortions. Audio enhancement techniques can be useful in applications such as audio
restoration, speech enhancement, and music production.

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6. Audio Analysis: Audio analysis involves extracting meaningful information from the audio data.
This can include tasks such as speech recognition, music genre classification, audio event
detection, or sentiment analysis.
7. Audio Synthesis and Generation: This involves creating new audio signals based on existing
data or models. This can include techniques such as sound synthesis, where new sounds are
generated using mathematical models or synthesis methods.
8. Audio Compression: Audio compression techniques are used to reduce the size of audio data
while maintaining an acceptable level of audio quality. Common audio compression formats
include MP3, AAC, and FLAC.
9. Audio Playback or Transmission: After processing and compression, audio data can be played
back through speakers or transmitted over various channels such as radio, internet streaming, or
telecommunications networks. Playback or transmission involves converting the digital audio
data back into analog signals that can be perceived by humans.
Data processing in video
This refers to the manipulation and analysis of video data to extract meaningful information,
enhance visual quality, or perform specific tasks.
Here are the key steps involved in data processing in video:
1. Video Recording: The first step is capturing the video frames using a camera or other video
recording devices. Video can be recorded from various sources, such as surveillance cameras,
smartphones, or professional cameras.
2. Video Digitization: Similar to audio, video data needs to be converted from analog to digital
format for processing. This involves sampling the continuous analog video signal at regular
intervals, quantizing the color and intensity values, and encoding them into a digital format.
3. Preprocessing: Preprocessing steps are often applied to the video data before further processing.
This can include operations such as removing noise, adjusting brightness and contrast, stabilizing
shaky footage, and correcting for lens distortions.
4. Frame Extraction: Video data is typically composed of a sequence of frames or images
captured at regular intervals. Frame extraction involves separating these frames from the video
data, which can then be processed individually.
5. Video Compression: Video compression techniques are used to reduce the size of video data
while maintaining an acceptable level of visual quality. Common video compression formats
include MPEG, H.264, and HEVC.

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6. Video Enhancement: Video enhancement techniques aim to improve the visual quality of the
video. This can involve operations such as sharpening, color correction, and contrast
enhancement. Video enhancement techniques can be useful in applications such as video
restoration, surveillance, and video editing.
7. Video Analysis: Video analysis involves extracting meaningful information from the video data.
This can include tasks such as object detection and tracking, motion analysis, facial recognition,
activity recognition, and video summarization.
8. Video Synthesis and Generation: Video synthesis involves creating new video content based
on existing data or models. This can include techniques such as video interpolation, where new
frames are generated by filling in missing or intermediate information between existing frames.
9. Video Playback or Transmission: After processing and compression, video data can be played
back on displays or transmitted over various channels such as television, internet streaming, or
video conferencing systems. Playback or transmission involves decoding the compressed video
data and displaying the frames in real-time.