PART 4: HYPERSTATIC SYSTEMS

19) P/ml

A B

Degree of hyperstaticity,H=U-E=4-3=1

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

to the resolution of the problem

ISOLATION OF THE STATICALLY INDETERMINATE SYSTEM AND

COMPUTATION OF SUPPORT REACTIONS

𝜇A RA PL y M+
𝐿 𝐿
RAx A B x
2 2

RAy RB

From the fundamental principle of statics,

∑ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗ /𝑜𝑥 = 0

⇒ RAx = 0 … … … … (1)

∑ Projext F⃗/oy = 0
⃗

⇒ RAy + RB – 𝑃𝐿 = 0 … … … … (2)
Also, ∑ 𝑀𝐴 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗⃗ = 0
𝐿
⇒ RB 𝐿 𝑃𝐿 (2) + 𝜇𝐴 = 0 … … … … (3)
–

Utilising the Mueller-Breslau΄s theorem (Principle of Virtual Work), we have,

∀𝑥 ∈ [0, 𝐿] P/ml

N(X)

M(x) X/2 X/2

T(x) px RB

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 1

 𝑥 𝑃𝑋 2
M(x)+px(2) − 𝑅𝐵𝑥 = 0 ⇒ M(x)=− 2
+ 𝑅𝐵 𝑥

1
N(x)

Mu T(x) x

Unit load moment: Mu+x=0 ⇒ M u= x -

𝐋
𝐝𝐱
∫ 𝐌 (𝐱 )𝐌𝐮 =𝟎
𝟎 𝐄𝐈
𝐿 𝑃𝑋2 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑋 4 𝑥3
∫0 ( −

+ 𝑅 𝐵𝑥) ( x) = 0 ⇒ (
− −

𝑅𝐵 ) x=L
2 𝐸𝐼 8𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼

𝑃𝐿4 𝑅 𝐵𝐿3
−

=0
8𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼

𝟑𝐏𝐋
∴ 𝐑𝐁 = 𝟖
; substituting in equation 2 amounts to,

3 𝑃𝐿
RAy = PL − 8

𝟓𝑷𝑳
𝐑 𝐀𝐲 =
𝟖

𝐿 𝑃𝐿 2 3𝑃𝐿 2
Also, from equation 3, 𝜇𝐴 = 𝑃𝐿 (2) −

𝑅B𝐿 =
2
−

𝐏𝐋𝟐
𝛍𝐀 =
𝟖
ESTABLISHMENT OF SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT EQUATIONS
𝐏𝐋
∀𝑥 ∈ [0, 𝐿 ]
𝟖

T(x) M(x)

N(x)
𝟓𝑷𝑳
Px
𝟖

𝟓𝑷𝑳 𝟓𝑷𝑳
T(x)-Px+ 𝟖
=0 ⇒T(x)=Px - 𝟖

𝑥 5PL PL2 𝑷𝒙 𝟐 𝟓𝐏𝐋 𝐏𝐋𝟐

M(x)+ Px( 2 ) −

x+ = 0 ⇒ M(x)= - + x-
8 8 𝟐 𝟖 𝟖
5𝑃𝐿 𝟓𝑳
At point of Mmax., T(x)=0⇒ Px −

8
= 0⇒ 𝒙= 𝟖
5𝐿
5L 𝑃( 8 ) 2 5PL 5L PL2 25𝑃𝐿2 25PL2 PL 2
⇒ Mmax.=M( )= -

2
+ ( ) -

= -

+ −

8 8 8 8 128 64 8
PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 2
 𝟗𝐏𝐋𝟐
∴Mmax.=
𝟏𝟐𝟖

𝑃𝑥 2 5PL PL 2
At points of contraflexure,M(x)=0⇒ − + x − =0
2 8 8

5𝑃𝐿 2 −𝑃 −𝑃𝐿2 9𝑃 2𝐿2

∆= ( ) 4 ( )( )=
8 2 8 64
−

5𝑃𝐿 9𝑃 2𝐿2 𝑃 𝑳
(− +√ )=
−

X1= )/2( 2 𝟒
8 64

5𝑃𝐿 9𝑃 2𝐿2 𝑃
√ ) = 𝑳
−

X2 =(− −

)/2( 2
8 64

TABLE OF VALUES
x 0 5L L
8
T(x) 5𝑃𝐿 0 3PL
−
8 8
M(x) PL2 9PL2 0
−
8 128

P/m

A B

T(x) 5L/8 3PL/8

+
0 x
- Shear force diagram

-5PL/8

−
PL 2
8

0 -

ve x

L/4 +ve Bending moment diagram

2
Mmax.=9PL
128
M(x)

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 3

 P=40N/m

20) A

a=6m B 2m

Degree of hyperstaticity,H=U E=4 3=1 - -

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

to the resolution of the problem
ISOLATION OF THE HYPERSTATIC SYSTEM AND COMPUTATION OF SUPPORT
REACTIONS

𝜇A RA PL= 320N y M+

RAx A 4m B 4𝑚 B x

RAy a= 6m RB

From the fundamental principle of statics,

∑ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗ / 𝑜𝑥 = 0

⇒ RAx = 0 … … … … (1)

∑ ProjextF⃗/oy = 0
⃗

⇒ RAy + RB = 𝑃𝐿 … … … … (2)

Also, ∑ 𝑀 𝐴 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗ = 0
⃗

PL 2
⇒ 𝜇 𝐴 + RB 𝑎 = … … … . . (3)
2
Let us establish a compatibility equation using the Macauly΄s method (Method
of singularity functions)

𝜇𝐴 P=40N/m T(x) M(x)

RAx A

a=6m x-a N(x)

RAy x RB
𝑥
M(X)+ Px( ) − RAy(x)+ 𝜇 𝐴 R B〈 x − a 〉 = 0 -

2
𝑃𝑥 2
M(X)= - + RAy(x)- 𝜇𝐴 + RB 〈x −

a〉
2
PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 4
 ∀𝒙 ≤ 𝒂, 〈𝐱 − 𝐚〉 = 𝟎
𝑃𝑥 3 (R Ay)𝑋 2 RB〈x−a〉 2
EIy΄= - ∫ 𝒎(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 6
−

2
+ 𝜇 𝐴𝑥 −

2
+ C … … … … (4)

𝑃𝑥4 (RAy)𝑋 3 𝑥2 RB〈 x−a〉 3

EIy= ∫ 𝐲΄ 𝐝𝐱 = − + 𝜇𝐴 − + Cx + K … … … … (5)
24 6 2 6

At x=0, y΄=0 ,thus C=0

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝐾 = 0

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑜

𝑃𝑎4 ( RAy )𝑎 3 𝑎2
⇒
24
− 6
+ 𝜇𝐴 2
+ 𝐶𝑎 = 0 ; (Recall: C=0)
2
𝑃𝑎 (RAy)𝑎 1
− 𝜇 = 0 … … … … .. ( 6)
6 +2 𝐴
⇒
24
Solving equations 2,3 and 6 simultaneously.

RAy + RB = 𝑃𝐿 … … … … … … … … … (2)
2
𝜇𝐴 + RB 𝑎 = PL2 … … … … … … … … … (3)

𝑃𝑎 2 (R Ay) 𝑎 1
− + 𝜇 = 0 … … … . (6)
24 6 2 𝐴
PL2
From (2), 𝜇𝐴 = 2
− RB 𝑎 ; substituting in (3) amounts to

𝑃𝑎2 (RAy)𝑎 1 PL2

− + ( −

RB 𝑎 ) = 0
24 6 2 2
𝑃𝑎2 ( RAy)𝑎 PL2 RB 𝑎
⇒ + − = 0 … … … … (7)
24 6 4 2
−

From equation (2), RAy = 𝑃𝐿 −

RB ,and substituting in equation (7) amounts to,

𝑃𝑎2 𝑎 PL2 R B 𝑎
( 𝑃𝐿 RB) + − =0
6
− −

24 4 2
𝟔 𝐏𝐋𝟐+𝑷𝒂𝟐−𝟒𝐏𝐚𝐥 𝟔( 𝟒𝟎)(𝟖) 𝟐+𝟒𝟎(𝟔)𝟐−𝟒( 𝟒𝟎)(𝟔)(𝟖)
𝐑𝐁 = 𝟖𝒂
=
𝟖 (𝟔)

∴ 𝐑𝐁 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝐍
6PL2 +𝑃𝑎 2 −4Pal 𝟏𝟐𝐏𝐚𝐥−𝟔𝐏𝐋𝟐 −𝑷𝒂𝟐
From equation 2, 𝐑𝐚𝐲 = 𝑃𝐿 − RB = 𝑃𝐿 − 8𝑎
=
𝟖𝒂

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 5

 12(40)(6)(8) − 6(40) (8 )2 − 40( 6)2
Ray =
8(6)

PL2 40( 8)2

∴ 𝐑𝐀𝐲 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝐍 ;From equation 3, 𝜇 𝐴 = 2
− RB 𝑎 = 2 − (190 )(6 )

∴ 𝝁𝑨 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝐍𝐦
𝑃𝑥 2
But M(X)= - 2
+ RAy(x)- 𝜇 𝐴 +R B〈x − a〉

∀𝒙 ≤ 𝒂, 〈𝐱 − 𝐚〉 = 𝟎

𝐌(𝐗) = −𝟐𝟎𝒙 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟗𝟎〈𝐱 − 𝟔〉 − 𝟏𝟒𝟎 = 𝟎 ∀𝒙 ≤ 𝟔, 〈𝐱 − 𝟔〉 = 𝟎

(Only one general bending moment function with Macauly΄s bracket).

−𝐝
∀𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, 𝟔] ;T(x)= 𝒅𝒙 𝑴(𝒙) ⟹ 𝐓(𝐱) = 𝟒𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑𝟎

At point of Mmax., T(x)=0 ⟹ 40x − 130 = 0

130
⟹ x= = 3.25m ∈ ∀𝒙 ∈ [0,6] OKļ
40

∀𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, 𝟔], Mmax. = M(3.25)

= −20(3.25) 2 + 130(3.25) + 190〈3.25 − 6〉 − 140

∴ ∀𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, 𝟔] , 𝐌𝐦𝐚𝐱. = 𝟕𝟏.𝟐𝟓𝑵𝒎

At points of contraflexure, M(x)=0

⟹ M( X) = −20𝑥 2 + 130𝑥 − 140 = 0

∆= (130)2 −

4( 20)( 140) = 5700

− −

X1= (−130 + √ 5700/2(− 20) = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝒎 ; 𝒙 ∈ [0, 6] OKļ

X2 = (−130 − √5700 /2(−20) = 𝟓. 𝟏𝟒𝒎 ; 𝒙 ∈ [0,6] OKļ

−𝐝
∀𝒙 ∈ [𝟔, 𝟕] ;T(x)= 𝒅𝒙 𝑴(𝒙) ⟹ 𝐓(𝐱) = 𝟒𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟑𝟎 − 𝟏𝟗𝟎

⟹ 𝐓(𝐱) = 𝟒𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑𝟐𝟎

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ∀𝑥 ∈

[6,7], 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 =
6𝑚, 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑥=8m

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 6

 TABLE OF VALUES

x 0 1.36 3.25 5.14 6 8

T(x) -130 -75.6 0 75.6 110; -80 0
M(x) -140 0 𝟕𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 0 -80 0

P=40N/m

a=6m B 2m

T(x) L=8m

110N
PRODUCED BY: KUM ROBERT AKWA
Page 90
+
0 x
-
-ve
-

80N
-

130N SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

140Nm
-

80Nm

0 – 𝑉𝑒 −

𝑉𝑒 x

+ 𝑉𝑒 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

3.25m Mmax.=71.25Nm
1.36m 1.89m 1.89m 0.86m 2m

M(x)

21) A C

B P/m

L/2 L/2

We shall resolve this continuous beam mechanism using the superposition

technique.

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 7

 Degree of hyperstaticity,H=U-E=3-2=1

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

to the resolution of the problem.

ISOLATION OF THE STATICALLY INDETERMINATE SYSTEM AND

COMPUTATION OF SUPPORT REACTIONS
R BX PL RCX y M+
𝐿 𝐿
RAX A B C 91 x
2 2

RA RB Rc

But from the fundamental principle of statics,

∑ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗ /𝑜𝑥 = 0

⇒ RAX = RBX = RCX = 0 … … … … (1)

∑ ProjextF⃗/oy = 0
⃗

⇒ RA + RB + R C = 𝑃𝐿 … … … … (2)
Also, ∑ 𝑀𝐴 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗⃗ = 0
𝐿 PL2 1 PL
⇒ RB + RcL = ⇒ R B + Rc = … … … . . (3)
2 2 2 2
P/m

A C =ACTUAL STRUCTURE

B Y1 Y 1=0

L/2 L/2

P/m

A C =PRIMARY STRUCTURE
5PL4
RA Y2 RC Y 2= 384EI

L/2 L/2

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 8

 L

Y3 = = STRUCTURE WITH

RB REDUNDANT REACTION
−

RBL3
L/2 L/2 Y 3=
48EI

L
5PL4 RBL3
By superposition, Y1= Y2 + Y3 =0 ;Thus, - =0
384EI 48EI

( 5PL4 )(48EI) 𝟓𝐏𝐋

⟹ RB = ⟹ 𝐑𝐁 =
(L3)(384EI) 𝟖
PL 1 PL 1 5PL
From equation (3) , Rc = 2
− 2 RB = 2
− 2( )
8

𝟑𝐏𝐋
⟹ 𝐑𝐜 =
𝟏𝟔

From equation (2), RA = 𝑃𝐿 − ( RB +R C) = 𝑃𝐿 − 5PL

8
−
3PL
16

𝟑𝐏𝐋
𝐑𝐀 =
𝟏𝟔
ESTABLISHMENT OF SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT EQUATIONS

∀𝑥 ∈ [0, 𝐿/2]

T(x) M(x)

N(x)
𝟑𝑷𝑳
𝟏𝟔
Px

𝟑𝑷𝑳 𝟑𝑷𝑳
T(x)-Px+
𝟏𝟔
=0 ⇒T(x)=Px - 𝟏𝟔

𝑥 3PL 𝑷𝒙 𝟐 𝟑𝐏𝐋
M(x)+ Px( ) −
2 16
x= 0 ⇒ M(x)= - 𝟐
+
𝟏𝟔
x
3𝑃𝐿 𝟑𝑳
At point of Mmax., T(x)=0⇒ Px −

16
= 0 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔
3𝐿
5L 𝑃(16 )2 3PL 3L 9𝑃𝐿2 9PL2 9PL 2
⇒ Mmax.=M( ) =- + ( )=− + =
8 2 16 16 512 256 512

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 9

 𝟗𝐏𝐋𝟐
∴Mmax.=
𝟓𝟏𝟐

𝑃𝑥 2 3PL 𝑃𝑥 3PL
At points of contraflexure,M(x)=0 ⇒ −

+ x = 0 ⇒ X( − −

)
2 16 2 16

𝑃𝑥 3PL 𝟑𝐋
X1=0 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 , − = 0 ⇒ X2=
2 16 𝟖
𝐋
∀𝐱 ∈ [𝟐 , 𝐋 ]

T(x) M(x)

N(x)
𝟑𝑷𝑳 5PL

𝟏𝟔
Px 8
x L/2
-

𝟑𝑷𝑳 𝟓𝑷𝑳 3𝑃𝐿 5𝑃𝐿 𝟏𝟑𝑷𝑳

T(x)-Px+ + =0 ⇒ T(x)=Px -
16
−

8
⇒ T(x)=Px −

𝟏𝟔 𝟖 𝟏𝟔

𝑥 3PL 5𝑃𝐿 L 𝑷𝒙𝟐 𝟏𝟑𝐏𝐋 𝟓𝐏𝐋𝟐

M(x)+ Px(2) −

x −

(x −

) = 0 ⇒ M(x)= −

+ x- 𝟏𝟔
16 8 2 𝟐 𝟏𝟔

13𝑃𝐿 𝟏𝟑𝑳
At point of Mmax., T(x)=0⇒ Px − 16
=0⇒𝒙= 𝟏𝟔

13𝐿 2
13L 𝑃( ) 13PL 13L 5PL2
⇒ Mmax.=M( ) =- 16
+ ( )−
16 2 16 16 16

𝟗𝐏𝐋𝟐
∴Mmax.= 𝟓𝟏𝟐

𝑃𝑥 2 13PL 5PL2
At points of contraflexure,M(x)=0 ⇒ M(x) = − + x− =0
2 16 16

13𝑃𝐿 2 𝑃−

5𝑃𝐿2 9𝑃 2 𝐿2
−

∆= ( ) −

4 ( )( )=
16 2 16 256
13𝑃𝐿 9𝑃2 𝐿2 −𝑃 𝟓𝐋
X1= ( −

16
+ 256
)/2( 2 ) = 𝟖

13𝑃𝐿 9𝑃2 𝐿2 −𝑃
X2 = (− −√ )/2( )= 𝐋
16 256 2

X 0 𝟑𝐋 3L L 5L 𝟏𝟑𝐋 L
𝟏𝟔 8 2 8 𝟏𝟔
T(X) 3PL 0 3PL 5PL 5PL −

−3PL 0 3PL
− ;
16 16 16 16 16 16
M(X) 0 𝟗𝐏𝐋𝟐 0 PL2 0 𝟗𝐏𝐋𝟐 0
−
𝟓𝟏𝟐 32 𝟓𝟏𝟐

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 10

 C

B P/m

L/2 L/2

T(x) 13L/16
5PL 3PL
16 16

+ +
0 x
--
3PL -
-

16
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

−5PL
3L/16
16

−
PL2
32

0 -Ve x

+Ve +Ve
𝟗𝐏𝐋𝟐 𝟗𝐏𝐋𝟐
Mmax.= Mmax.=
𝟓𝟏𝟐 𝟓𝟏𝟐

3L/8 L/4 3L/8 BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

M(x)

P/m

22)

A B

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 11

Degree of hyperstaticity,H=U-E=3-2=1

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

to the resolution of the problem.
ISOLATION OF THE STATICALLY INDETERMINATE SYSTEM AND
COMPUTATION OF SUPPORT REACTIONS

PL/2 𝜇𝐵 M+
y
2𝐿 𝐿
A 3 3
B R Bx x

RA R By Rc

But from the fundamental principle of statics,

∑ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗ /𝑜𝑥 = 0

⇒ RBX = 0 … … … … (1)

∑ ProjextF⃗/oy = 0
⃗

𝑃𝐿
⇒ RA + RBy = … … … … (2)
2

Also, ∑ 𝑀𝐵 𝑒𝑥𝑡⃗𝐹⃗ = 0
PL 𝐿 PL2
⇒ −RA 𝐿 + ( ) −

𝜇𝐵 = 0 ⇒ −RA 𝐿 + −

𝜇𝐵 = 0 … … … . . ( 3)
2 3 6

Utilising the Mueller-Breslau΄s theorem (Principle of Virtual Work), we have,

∀𝑥 ∈ [0, 𝐿] T(x)
M(x) N(X)

2X/3 X/3

𝑃𝑋 2
𝑅𝐴 2𝐿

𝑃𝑋2 𝑥 𝑃𝑋3
M(x)+ ( ) − 𝑅𝐴 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ M(x)=− + 𝑅𝐴 𝑥
2𝐿 3 6𝐿
1 T(u)

Mu

X N(u)

Unit load moment: Mu+x=0 ⇒ Mu = x -

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 12

 𝐋 𝐝𝐱
∫𝟎 𝐌(𝐱)𝐌𝐮 𝐄𝐈 = 𝟎

𝐿 𝑃𝑋 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑋 5 𝑥3
∫0 ( 6𝐿 −

𝑅𝐴𝑥)( x) 𝐸𝐼 = 0 ⇒ (30 𝐿𝐸𝐼

− −

𝑅𝐴 3𝐸𝐼 ) x=L

𝑃𝐿4 𝑅 𝐴 𝐿3
− =0
30𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼

𝐏𝐋
∴ 𝐑𝐀 = 𝟏𝟎
; substituting in equation 2 amounts to,

RA + R By = 𝑃𝐿
2
… … … … (2 )

PL 𝑃𝐿 𝟐𝐏𝐋
RBy = − = ∴ 𝐑 𝐁𝐲 =
2 10 𝟓

PL2 𝐏𝐋 PL2 𝐏𝐋𝟐

⇒ 𝜇𝐵 = −R B 𝐿 + = −𝐿( )+ ⇒ 𝝁𝑩 = =FIXED END MOMENT
6 𝟏𝟎 6 𝟏𝟓

ESTABLISHMENT OF SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT EQUATIONS

∀ 𝑥[ 0, 𝐿] T(x)
M(x)

N(X)

2X/3 X/3

PL 𝑃𝑋 2
𝑅𝐴= 10 2𝐿

𝑃𝑋2 PL 𝑷𝑿𝟐 𝐏𝐋
T(x) − + = 0 ⇒ 𝐓(𝐱) = − 𝟏𝟎
2𝐿 10 𝟐𝑳

𝑃𝑋2 𝑥 PL 𝑷𝑿𝟑 𝐏𝐋
M(x)+ ( )
2𝐿 3
−
10
𝑥 = 0 ⇒ M(x)=− 𝟔𝑳
+
𝟏𝟎
𝒙

𝑷𝑿 𝟐 𝐏𝐋 𝐋
At point of Mmax., T(x)=0 ⇒ − = 0⇒𝐱 =
𝟐𝑳 𝟏𝟎 √𝟓
𝐋
𝑃( 𝟓)3 𝟐
Mmax.=M(√𝟓 ) = −
𝐋 √
+ PL (√𝟓
𝐋
) ⇒ 𝐌𝐦𝐚𝐱. =
𝑷𝑳
6𝐿 10 𝟏𝟓 √𝟓

𝑃𝑋3 PL
At points of contraflexure, M(x)=0 ⇒ −

6𝐿
+ 10 𝑥 = 0

2
𝑃𝑋 PL 𝟑
⇒ −𝑥 ( 6𝐿 − 10) = 0 , 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒙 = √𝟓 𝑳

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 13

 TABLE OF VALUES

X 0 𝐋 L
3
√𝟓 √ L
5
T(X) PL 0 PL 𝟐𝐏𝐋
− 𝟓
10 5
M(X) 0 𝑷𝑳 𝟐 0 − 𝐏𝐋𝟐
𝟏𝟓√𝟓 𝟏𝟓
P/m

A L B
2PL
T(X)
5

L/√ 5 +Ve Shear force diagram

0 -Ve x

−
PL −PL2
10 15

𝐿 √3 /5 -Ve

0 x

+Ve Bending moment diagram

𝑷𝑳 𝟐
PRODUCED BY: KUM ROBERT
Mmax.=AKWA 𝟏𝟓√𝟓 Page 99

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 14

 M(x)

23) A P/m

This beam possesses six (6) degrees of freedoms .

Degree of hyperstaticity, H=U-E=4-3=1 since the horizontal reactions are

zero.
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
to the resolution of the problem.

ISOLATION OF THE HYPERSTATIC SYSTEM AND COMPUTATION OF SUPPORT

REACTIONS

PL 𝜇𝐵 M+
𝜇𝐴 y
𝐿 𝐿
RAx A 2 2
B R Bx x

RAy R By Rc

But from the fundamental principle of statics,

∑ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗ /𝑜𝑥 = 0

⇒ RBx = RAx = 0 … … … … (1)

∑ ProjextF⃗/oy = 0
⃗

⇒ RAy + RBy = 𝑃𝐿 … … … … (2)

Also, ∑ 𝑀 𝐵 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝐹⃗⃗ = 0
𝐿 PL2
⇒ −RAY 𝐿 + PL ( ) − 𝜇𝐵 + 𝜇 𝐴 = 0 ⇒ −RAY 𝐿 + − 𝜇𝐵 + 𝜇𝐴 = 0 … … … . . (3)
2 2
∀𝑥[0, 𝐿]

𝜇𝐴 P/m T(X) M(X)

X N(X)

PX
PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 15
Degree of hyperstaticity is theoretically H=U-E=6-3 =2. But practically, H=U-E=4-
3=1 since the horizontal reactions are zero.
𝑥 𝑷𝒙𝟐
M(x)+ Px(2) −

RAy( x)+𝜇𝐴 = 0 ⇒ M(x)= - + 𝐑𝐀𝐲( x) 𝝁 𝑨 −

𝑳 𝝏𝑴 𝒅𝒙
From CASTIGLIANO THEOREM, deflection at A, YA =∫𝟎 𝑴(𝝏 𝐑𝐀𝐲) 𝑬𝑰 = 𝟎

L
𝑷𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑷𝑳𝟐 𝐑𝐀𝐲𝐋 𝝁 𝑨
⇒ 𝐘A = ∫ (− + 𝐑𝐀𝐲 𝐱 − 𝝁𝑨) (x) = − + −
0 𝟐 𝑬𝑰 𝟖 𝟑 𝟐
= 𝟎 … … (𝟒)
𝑳 𝝏𝑴 𝒅𝒙
Again, from CASTIGLIANO THEOREM, slope at A, 𝜽A =∫𝟎 𝑴( ) =𝟎
𝝏 𝜇𝐴 𝑬𝑰

L 𝑃𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑷𝑳 𝟐 𝐑𝐀𝐲𝐋
𝜽A= ∫0 (− + RAyx − 𝜇𝐴 )(−1) = − + 𝝁𝑨 = 𝟎 … … … (𝟓)
2 𝐸𝐼 𝟔 𝟐

𝑷𝑳𝟐 𝐑𝐀𝐲𝐋
From equation 5, 𝝁 𝑨 = − 𝟔
+
𝟐
and substituting in 4,gives,

𝑷𝑳𝟐 𝐑𝐀𝐲𝐋 𝟏 𝑷𝑳𝟐 𝐑𝐀𝐲𝐋 𝐏𝐋

− + − (− + ) ⇒ 𝐑𝐀𝐲 =
𝟖 𝟑 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟐

𝑷𝑳𝟐 𝐋 𝐏𝐋 𝑷𝑳𝟐 𝐏𝐋 𝐏𝐋
𝝁𝑨 = − + ( ) ⇒ 𝝁𝑨 = ;From equation 2, RBy=PL- ⇒ 𝐑𝐁𝐲 =
𝟔 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

PL2 𝐏𝐋 PL2 PL2 𝐏𝐋𝟐

From equation 3, 𝜇𝐵 = RAY 𝐿 − + 𝜇𝐴 = (𝐿) − + ⇒ 𝝁𝑩 =
2 𝟐 2 12 𝟏𝟐

𝑃𝐿 𝐏𝐋 𝑷𝒙𝟐 𝐏𝐋 𝑷𝑳 𝟐
Thus, T(X)−𝑃𝑥 + = 0 ⇒T(X)= 𝐏𝐱 − ; ⇒ M(x)= - + x −

2 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐

At point of Mmax., T(X)=0, ⇒ 𝐏𝐱 − 𝐏𝐋

𝟐
= 𝟎 ⇒𝑿 =
𝑳
𝟐
𝑳
𝑳 𝑷 ( 𝟐)𝟐 𝐏𝐋 𝐋 𝑷𝑳𝟐 𝑷𝑳𝟐
Mmax.=M( ) = − + ( ) − ⇒ Mmax.=
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟒
𝑃𝑥 2 PL 𝑃𝐿2
At points of contraflexure, M(x)=0⇒ M(x)= - + x− =0
2 2 12

𝑃𝐿 2 −𝑃 −𝑃𝐿2 𝑃 2𝐿2
∆= ( ) − 4 ( ) ( )=
2 2 12 12

𝑃𝐿 𝑃2𝐿2 −𝑃 (√𝟑−𝟏)
X1= ( −

+√ )/2( 2 ) = 𝐋
2 12 𝟐√𝟑

2 2 −𝑃 (𝟏+√𝟑)
𝑃𝐿
X2 =( − −

√𝑃𝐿
)/2( 2 ) = 𝐋
2 12 𝟐 √𝟑

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 16

 P/m

A B

T(x) L/2 PL/2

0 x
+

-
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

-PL/2

(𝟏 + √𝟑)𝐋/𝟐√𝟑

−𝑷𝑳𝟐 −𝑷𝑳 𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

Ve -

Ve

0 x

+Ve BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

𝑷𝑳 𝟐
(√𝟑 𝟏)𝐋/ 𝟐√𝟑 Mmax.=
𝟐𝟒
−

M(x)

PREPARED BY: ENR. TEM LOUIS BENG 17