Structured Programming

Lecture 11: 2D Arrays

Two-Dimensional Arrays
 Two-Dimensional Arrays
• A one-dimensional array stores a list of elements.

• A two-dimensional array can be thought of as a table of

elements, with rows and columns.

• For example, the following table that describes the distances

between the cities can be represented using a two-dimensional
array. Distance Table (in miles)

Chicago Boston New York Atlanta Miami Dallas Houston

Chicago 0 983 787 714 1375 967 1087

Boston 983 0 214 1102 1763 1723 1842
New York 787 214 0 888 1549 1548 1627
Atlanta 714 1102 888 0 661 781 810
Miami 1375 1763 1549 661 0 1426 1187
Dallas 967 1723 1548 781 1426 0 239
Houston 1087 1842 1627 810 1187 239 0
 Two-Dimensional Arrays
double[][] temps = new double[3][5];

temps[0][3] = 98.3;
temps[2][0] = 99.4;

Columns

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]

temps
[0] 0.0 0.0 0.0 98.3 0.0
[1] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Rows
99.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
[2]
Two-Dimensional Arrays (Quick Initialization)
double[][] temps = {
{0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 1.0},
{0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 2.0},
{0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 3.0},
};

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]

[0] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.0

temps [1] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 2.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 3.0
[2]
 Two-Dimensional Arrays
double[][] temps = new double[3][5];

temps the entire grid

temps[2] the entire third row
temps[2][0] the first element of the third row

[0] [1] [2]

temps

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]

[0] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

[1] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
[2]
 Two-Dimensional Arrays
public static void main(String[] args) {
double[][] temps = new double[3][5];
System.out.println(temps);
System.out.println(temps[0]);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(temps));
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(temps[0]));
System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(temps));
}
[0] [1] [2]

temps
[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]

[0] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

[1] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
[2]
Output
[[D@4b71bbc9
[D@17dfafd1
[[D@17dfafd1, [D@5e8fce95, [D@3343c8b3]
[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
[[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]]
 Two-Dimensional Arrays - length
double[][] temps = new double[3][5];
System.out.println(temps.length); No. of rows

System.out.println(temps[0].length); No. of columns

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]

temps
[0] 0.0 0.0 0.0 98.3 0.0
[1] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
99.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Output [2]
3
5
 Two-Dimensional Arrays – as Parameters
public static void main(String[] args) {
double[][] temps = new double[3][5];
temps[0][1] = 10;
temps[2][4] = 11;
print(temps);
}

public static void print (double[][] grid) {

for(int i = 0; i< grid.length; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j < grid[i].length; j++) {
System.out.print(grid[i][j]+ “ “);
}
System.out.println();
}
}
Output
0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.0
 Jagged Arrays – Example
int[][] jagged = new int[3][];

jagged[0] = new int [2];

jagged[1] = new int [4];
jagged[2] = new int [3];

[0] [1] [2] Jagged Array

jagged
[0] [1] [2] [3]
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
 2D Arrays - Errors
public class ArrayTest {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[][] triangle = new int[6][2];
System.out.println(triangle[6][0]);
}
}
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 6 at ArrayTest.main(ArrayTest.java:5)

public class ArrayTest {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[][] triangle = new int[6][];
System.out.println(triangle[0][0]);
}
}

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException at ArrayTest.main(ArrayTest.java:5)

Two-Dimensional Array parameter questions
• Write a method ArrayRowSum that accepts a 2D array of
integers and a row number and returns the sum of elements
at this row.
int[][] a = {{12, 34}, {50, 18}, {30, 26}};
int sum = ArrayRowSum(a, 1);
System.out.println(sum); // 68

// Sum the elements at row r in array a.

public static int ArrayRowSum(int[][] a, int r) {
int sum = 0;
for(int j = 0; j < a[r].length; j++) {
sum += a[r][j];
}
return sum;
}
Two-Dimensional Array parameter answers
• Write a method ArraySum that accepts a 2D array of integers and
returns the sum of all its elements.
int[][] a = {{12, 34}, {50, 18}, {30, 26}};
int sum = ArraySum(a);
System.out.println(sum); // 170
// Sums the entire contents of array a.
public static int ArraySum(int[][] a) {
int sum = 0;
for(int i = 0; i< a.length; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j < a[i].length; j++) {
sum += a[i][j];
}
return sum;
}
 Matrix Diagonal Exercise
Matrix diagonal. Given an n-by-n matrix a, find the diagonal of a and store it
in vector b.
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] a = {{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}}; 1 2 3
int[] b = MatrixDiagonal(a);
printVector(b); 4 5 6
} 7 8 9
public static int[] MatrixDiagonal(int[][] a) {
int n = a.length;
int[] b = new int[n]; What about finding the
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) { secondary diagonal?
b[i] = a[i][i];
}
return b;
n-1-i 1 2 3
} 4 5 6
public static void printVector (int[] vec) { 7 8 9
for(int i = 0; i< vec.length; i++) {
System.out.print(vec[i] + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
 Sum of Columns Exercise
Sum of columns. Given an n-by-n matrix a, return the sum of its columns in an array b.

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[][] a = {{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8},{9,10,11,12}};
int[] b = SumOfCols(a);
printVector(b);
}
//Stores the sum of the columns of matrix a in array b
public static int[] SumOfCols(int[][] a) {
int n = a[0].length;
int[] b = new int[n];
for(int j = 0; j < a[0].length; j++) {
b[j] = ArrayColSum(a, j);
}
return b;
}

// Sum the elements at column c of matrix a.

public static int ArrayColSum(int[][] a, int c) {
int sum = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
sum += a[i][c];
return sum;
}
 Matrix Addition Exercise
Matrix addition. Given two n-by-n matrices a and b, define c to be the n-by-n matrix
where c[i][j] is the sum a[i][j] + b[i][j].
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] a = {{1,2},{3,4}};
int[][] b = {{1,1},{1,1}};
int[][] c = addMatrix(a,b);
print(c);
}
public static int[][] addMatrix(int[][] a, int[][] b) {
int n = a.length;
int[][] c = new int[n][n];
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
c[i][j] = a[i][j] + b[i][j];
}
}
return c;
}
public static void print (int[][] matrix) {
for(int i = 0; i< matrix.length; i++) {
for(int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {
System.out.print(matrix[i][j] + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}