INTRODUCTION

TO
ELECTRICITY
Mr. Lawrence Mattew D. Juan, LPT
REVIEW: ATOMS

▪ All material objects are composed of atoms.

▪ Atom is consist of nucleus and a vast region of space outside the nucleus.
Electrons are the present in the space outside and nucleus. They re
negatively charged and weakly bound to the atom.

▪ Electrons are often removed or added to an atom.

ELECTRIC CHARGE (q)

▪ A fundamental property of matter.

▪ The electric charge is carried by the sub atomic particles.

▪ Charges can be classified into two:

▪ Positive
▪ Negative

▪ Unit of electric charge is Coulomb (C).

ELECTRICALLY CHARGED OR NOT?

▪ The number of electron will that surround the nucleus will determine
whether the object is electrically charged or electrically neutral

▪ The amount of charge of a proton is same as the amount of charge in an

electron, but negative.

▪ If the object has an imbalance number of electrons with protons, thus the
object is charged.
 CHARGE AND MASS OF THE SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES

▪ Charge is quantized; it comes in integer multiple of individual small unit

called ELEMENTARY CHARGE , e, which has a value of 1.6 x 10^-19 C.

SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES CHARGE (in C) MASS (in kg)

NEUTRON 0 1.67 X 10 ^ -27
PROTON 1.60 X 10 ^ -19 1.67 X 10 ^ -27
ELECTRON 1.60 X 10 ^ -19 9.11 X 10 ^ -31
FORMULA on DETERMINING THE CHARGE

𝑞 = 𝑛𝑒
Where n = number of protons/electron

q = quantity of charge

e = elementary charge ( 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶 )

FORMULA on DETERMINING THE MASS

𝑚𝑚 = 𝑛𝑚𝑠
Where mm = mass of material

n = number of material involve

ms = mass of sub atomic particle

 EXAMPLE

1. How large is the electric charge of an 2. How many electrons produced 1 C of

object with 234 000 000 electrons? charge?
 EXAMPLE

3. How heavy is 345 billion electrons? 4. How heavy is 2C of charge made up

of protons?
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

▪ The behavior of an object that has been charged depends where the
object is made of conductive or non-conductive materials.

▪ Conductors allow the transfer of electrons freely from one object to

another. Insulators, on the other hand, does not.

▪ Semi-conductors are materials with electrically conductivity values are

between insulators and conductors.
CHARGING MECHANISMS

▪ CHARGING BY CONDUCTION
▪ Two in-contact objects allows movement of charged particles from one object
to another

▪ CHARGING BY FRICTION
▪ Two objects that are rubbed together can rub electrons from one object to
another

▪ CHARGING BY INDUCTION
▪ The most complex, where charged object will be close to the neutral object
and latter object will be charged as well.
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF CHARGES

THE SUM OF AN ELECTRIC CHARGES IN ANY CLOSED

SYSTEM IS CONSERVED OR DOES NOT CHANGE.
CHARGE INTERACTION

REPULSION

ATTRACTION

REPULSION
FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF CHARGES

OPPOSITE CHARGES ATTRACT,

LIKE CHARGES REPEL.
ELECTRIC FORCE

▪ By the definition of force, it is a push or pull of exerted upon an object

as a result of an interaction with another object.

▪ The interaction between charges is a kind of force called electric force.

▪ Electric force is a non-contact force can be measured using Coulomb’s

Law
COULOMB’S LAW

▪ Coulomb’s Law states

The electric force acting between two objects

are directly proportional to the product of the
quantity of the charges and inversely proportional
to the square distance between them.
COULOMB’S LAW

▪ Algebraically,

𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹=𝑘 2
𝑟
9 𝑁𝑚2
Where k = Coulomb’s constant ( k = 8.99 × 10 𝐶 2 )

q1 & q2 = quantity of charge of the objects

r = distance between objects

Example 1

A -5 µC CHARGE AND A 7 µC CHARGE ARE 600 CM APART. HOW LARGE IS THE

ELECTRIC FORCE?
 EXAMPLE 2

What will be the charge of a particle if attracted to 9 nC charge and experienced 32 mN and 2 m apart?
 EXAMPLE 3

Determine the distance between two free electrons if the force between them is 23
nanonewtons.
INTRODUCTION
TO
ELECTRICITY (PART 2)
Mr. Lawrence Mattew D. Juan, LPT
RECALL
ELECTRIC FIELD
ELECTRIC FIELD

▪ It is the region where electric force acts on charged body.

▪ It is the ratio of electric force on positive test charge, at some point

in space, to the magnitude of test charge.
ELECTRIC FIELD
ELECTRIC FIELD
ELECTRIC FIELD
ELECTRIC FIELD IN PARALLEL PLATE
Magnitude of electric field

𝐹
𝐸=
𝑞
where E = intensity of electric field (N / C)
F = electric force
q = quantity of test charge
Electric field due to point charge

𝑘𝑞
𝐸= 2
𝑟
where E = intensity of electric field
k = Coulomb’s constant (8.99 x 109 Nm2 / C2)
q = magnitude of point charge
r = distance
Example 1

If a test charge of 2 𝜇𝐶 is in a electric field that produces 8 mN.

What is the intensity of the electric field?
Example 2

A charge of 7 mC is placed in an electric field whose intensity is 2.4 ×

10−5 N/C. How strong is the force acting on the charge?
EXAMPLE 3

A point charge of +12 nC experiences an intensity of 3.6 × 10−3 N/C.

How far is the point charge from the source of electric field?
Example 4

A charge is placed in an electric field whose intensity is 4.8 × 10−5

N/C. How large is the charge if the electric force is 24 mN?
EXAMPLE 5

A point charge of +12 nC is 24 m away from the source of electric

field. How large is the electric field?
ELECTRIC FLUX
ELECTRIC FLUX

▪ Electric Flux, denoted by Greek letter phi (𝜙), is product of electric field and the
area of the surface projected in a place perpendicular to the field.
𝑁𝑚2
▪ Unit of electric flux is Newton-meter square per coulomb ( ).
𝐶
Formula:

𝜙𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴
where E = electric field
A = area perpendicular to the electric field
CASES FOR ELECTRIC FLUX
GAUSS’ LAW OF ELECTRICITY

▪ This law states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the
net electric charge inside the surface.

Formula:
𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝜙𝐸 = 𝜖0

where 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = enclosed charge

𝜖0 = permittivity of free space (represents the capability of a
vacuum to permit electric fields) ≈ 8.85 × 10−12 𝐶 2ൗ
𝑁𝑚2
Example 1

What is the electric flux on a 1.5 square meter area perpendicular to a uniform
electric field of 2 000 N/C?
Example 2

What will be the area if the electric flux is 7 Nm2/ C if the charge is 3 mC and the
force acting on it is 1 nanonewtons?
EXAMPLE 3

What is the electric flux if an enclosed charge is 1.5 C?

Example 4

What will be the force of a charge if the electric flux is 7 Nm2/ C if the charge is 3
nC and the area is 4 m2?
EXAMPLE 5

What is the enclosed charge if electric flux is 9 Nm2/ C ?

CIRCUITS
CIRCUIT
It is any path along which electron can flow.
Electrons will only flow if the circuit is complete
with no gaps.

Open circuit is a broken circuit where electron cannot flow.

Closed circuit is a complete circuit where electron can flow.
THREE TYPES OF CIRCUITS

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

SERIES CIRCUIT

PARALLEL- SERIES CIRCUIT

SERIES CIRCUIT

▪ It is the type of circuit where electrons has only

one pathway to flow.
▪ The glow of light in parallel circuit is dim.
▪ When one light bulb is busted, the other bulb will
not operate.
Series circuit
PARALLEL CIRCUIT

▪ It is a type of circuit where electrons has

two or more pathways.
▪ The glow of light is bright.
▪ When one bulb is busted, the other will
operate.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
PARALLEL- SERIES CIRCUIT
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS SYMBOLS

WIRE
Represents a conductor that conducts electrical current. Also
called a power line or electric line

UNCONNECTED WIRES

Represents two unconnected wires/conductors.

Electric circuits symbols

CONNECTED WIRES
Represents two connected wires/conductors.

SWITCH
This acts as ON/OFF switch.
Electric circuits symbols

OPEN BUTTON SWITCH

This switch is in ON state when the button is pressed otherwise it
is in OFF state.

CLOSED BUTTON SWITCH

This switch is in OFF state when the button is pressed
otherwise it is in ON state.
Electric circuits symbols

SINGLE CELL BATTERY

This provides supply to the circuit.

MULTI-CELL BATTERY
Combination of multiple single cell batteries or a single large
cell battery. The voltage is usually higher.
Electric circuits symbols

RESISTOR (ELECTRIC RESISTANCE)

It is a device that opposes the flow of current in a circuit. These
two symbols are used to represent fixed resistor.

LIGHT BULB
The symbol represents the light bulb. The bulb glows when
required voltage is applied.
Electric circuits symbols

FUSE
Symbol represents the fuse that protects the circuit from over
current.

CAPACITOR
Capacitor stores the charge in the form of electrical energy.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
MR. LAWRENCE MATTEW D. JUAN, LPT
REVIEW: POTENTIAL ENERGY ( U / PE)

It is the energy held by an object

because of its position
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
It is the energy stored in a charge
when an electric force moves it.

Unit: Joule (J)

FORMULA FOR ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY

𝑃𝐸𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸𝑑

where PE = electric potential energy in a charge

q = magnitude of unit charge
E = intensity of the electric field of the charge
d = distance
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (V)
It is the electric potential energy per charge.

Unit: Volt (V)

FORMULA FOR ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

𝑃𝐸𝑒
𝑉=
𝑞

where V is the electric potential ( Joules / Coulomb or Volt)

PE is the electric potential energy (Joule)
q is the magnitude of charge ( Coulomb)
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO POINT CHARGE

Formula for electric potential is

V = 𝐸𝑑
An electric field due to point charge is
𝑘𝑞
𝐸=
𝑟2
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO POINT CHARGE

Formula for electric potential due to point charge is

𝑘𝑞
𝑉=
𝑟
REVIEW: WORK

It is directly proportional to the normal

force and the distance an object traveled
or moved.
FORMULA FOR WORK

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑

where W = work being done ( Nm)

F = the normal force ( N )
d = the distance an object moved (m)
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (∆ 𝑉)

It is the difference in electric potential

between two points with an electric field.
FORMULA FOR POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

∆ 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎

∆ 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND
ELECTRIC FIELD

We know that electric potential is

∆𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑
We know also that E stands for electric field.
∆𝑉 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝐸= =
𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
WE CAN SAY THAT

𝑁 𝑉
1 = 1
𝐶 𝑚
EQUIPOTENTIAL LINES
It is the lines where electric potential are equal at
every point.

TWO THINGS TO REMEMBER

1. For any particular equipotential line, the electric
potential is constant.
2. Equipotential lines are always perpendicular to the
electric field.
EQUIPOTENTIAL LINES
EQUIPOTENTIAL LINES
ELECTRON VOLT (𝑒𝑉)
• It is the work done in carrying a electron charge
through potential rise of exactly 1 volt.

1 𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶 1𝑉

−19
𝐽
1 𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 × 10 𝐶 1
𝐶
1 𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐽
FORMULAS IN SUMMARY

𝑃𝐸𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸𝑑 𝑃𝐸𝑒

𝑉= 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑
𝑞

𝐹𝑑 𝑘𝑞 𝑉
𝑉= 𝑉= 𝐸= 𝑊 = 𝑞𝐸𝑑
𝑞 𝑟 𝑑

𝑊 = 𝑞𝑉 ∆𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎
EXAMPLES
1. Two metal plates are attached to the two terminals of a 1.5 V battery. How
much work is requires to carry a + 50 µC (a) from negative to positive
plate, (b) from positive to negative plate?
EXAMPLE
2. The potential difference between two large parallel metal plates is 120 V.
The plate separation is 3.00 mm. Find the electric field between the plates.
EXAMPLE
3. How much work is required to carry an electron from positive terminal of a
12 V battery to the negative terminal?
EXAMPLE:
4. Determine the absolute potential in the air at the distance of 3.0 cm from a
point charge of 500 µC.
EXAMPLE
5. What is the electric potential energy of a charge 15 µC at a positive plate if
the electric field is 25 N / C and 6 cm from the positive plate ?
EXAMPLE
6. A Van de Graaff generator with 20-cm sphere of diameter produces an
electric potential of 100 kV. How much charge is accumulated at the sphere’s
surface?
EXAMPLE
6. A Van de Graaff generator with 20-cm sphere of diameter produces an
electric potential of 100 kV. How much charge is accumulated at the sphere’s
surface?
ANNOUNCEMENTS

• ACT 3
• Coverage: Electric Potential and Circuits
• Open until 11:59 PM, tomorrow

• QUIZ 2
• Coverage: Intro to Electricity up to Electric Potential
• Open until 11:59 PM, Thursday