Introduction of Turbines

Er. Mukesh Didwania

ASTU (ADAMA)
•Water Turbine
•Steam Turbine
•Gas Turbine
•Wind Turbine
 Water Turbine
Turbine : Converts kinetic energy into Mechanical energy.
• Steam (heat energy) Mechanical energy = Steam Turbine.
• P E(Water energy) Mechanical energy=Hydraulic Turbines
• Hydraulic (Water) Turbine : A hydraulic turbine is a turbine
uses the Potential and Kinetic energy of the water and
converts it into usable Mechanical energy.
• The mechanical energy available at the shaft is used to run an electric
generator which is directly couples to the turbine shaft.
 Classification
I. Based on the type of energy available at inlet:
a. Impulse Turbine–Pelton wheel, Turbo Impulse Wheel
b. Reaction Turbine–Francis Turbine, Kaplan, Propeller
II. Based on the direction of flow through the Runner:
a. Tangential flow Turbine- If the water flows along the tangent to the
runner, then it is tangential flow turbine-Pelton wheel
b. Mixed flow Turbine- Francis Turbine
c. Axial Flow Turbine- If the water through the runner along the direction
parallel to the axis of the rotation of the runner is called as Axial flow Turbine. –
Kaplan and Propeller Turbine
d. Radial Flow Turbine
Inward Radial Flow Turbine - If the water flows from outwards to inward radilly is
called as inward Radial Turbine.
• Francis Turbine
Outward Flow Turbine - If the water flows from inwards to outward radially is
called as outward Radial Turbine.
• Fourneyron Turbine
 Classification
III. Based on the Specific Speed:
a. Low Speed Turbine–Pelton Wheel(10-50 rpm)
b. Medium Speed Turbine–Francis (60-400 rpm)
c. High Speed Turbine–Kaplan Turbine (300-1000 rpm)
IV. Based on the Head and discharge at the inlet:
a. Low Head High discharge Turbine–less than 60m (Kaplan, Propeller)
b. Medium Head & Medium Discharge Turbine–60m–250m (Francis Turbine)
c. High Head Low discharge Turbine–More than 250 m (pelton wheel)
Impulse Turbine–
It is turbine in which at the inlet of the Turbine. The available energy is only Kinetic Energy. As the
water flows over the vanes, the pressure is atmospheric from inlet to outlet of the turbine.
• Pelton wheel, Turbo impulse Wheel, Girad Turbine, Banki Turbine.
Reaction Turbine
It is turbine in which at the inlet of the Turbine, the water possess both Kinetic energy as well as
Pressure energy. As the water flows through the runner is under pressure and converted into kinetic
energy.
• Francis Turbine, Kaplan, Propeller
 Characteristics Curve of Water Turbines
• Use to Studying the performance of the turbine under various conditions
• The data that must be obtained in testing a turbine are the following:
(1) The speed of the turbine N
(2) The discharge Q
(3) The net head H
(4) The power developed P
(5) The overall efficiency ηo
(6) Gate opening (this refers to the percentage of the inlet passages provided for
water to enter the turbine)
The characteristic curves obtained are the following:
(a) Constant head curves or main characteristic curves
(b) Constant speed curves or operating characteristic curves
(c) Constant efficiency curves or Muschel or universal or iso efficiency curves
 (a) Constant head curves or main characteristic curves
• Maintaining a constant head, the speed of the turbine is
varied by admitting different rates of flow by adjusting the
percentage of gate opening. The power P developed is
measured mechanically.
• From each test the unit power (Pu), the unit speed (Nu), the unit discharge (Qu)
and the overall efficiency (ηo) are determined.
• The characteristic curves drawn are
(a) Unit discharge (Qu) vs unit speed (Nu)
(b) Unit power (Pu) vs unit speed (Nu)
(c) Overall efficiency (ηo) vs unit speed (Nu)
 (b) Constant speed curves or operating characteristic curves
• In this case tests are conducted at a constant speed varying the head H and suitably adjusting
the discharge Q.
• The power developed P is measured mechanically. The overall efficiency is aimed at its
maximum value.
• The characteristic curves drawn are
• (1) P, ηo v/s Q (2) ηo v/s Pu (3) ηo max v/s % Full load
 (c) Constant efficiency curves or Muschel or universal or iso efficiency curves
• These curves are plotted from data which can be obtained from the constant head and
constant speed curves. The object of obtaining this curve is to determine the zone of
constant efficiency so that we can always run the turbine with maximum efficiency.
• This curve also gives a good idea about the performance of the turbine at various
efficiencies
 Draft Tube:
• Tube of gradually increasing area which connects the outlet of the runner
to the tail race of reaction Turbine.
• One end of the draft tube is connected to the outlet of the runner while the
other end is submerged below the level of water in the tail race.
• It creates a negative head at the outlet of the runner thereby
increasing the net head on the turbine.
• It converts the Kinetic energy rejected at the outlet of the turbine into
useful pressure energy.
Different types of draft tube are
a. Conical draft tube
b. Simple Elbow tube
c. Moody spreading tube
d. Draft tube with circulator inlet and rectangle outlet
 Steam Turbine
• device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to
do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft.
• device which converts heat energy of to the steam to the mechanical energy
which finally converted into electrical energy.
• Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used
to drive an electrical generator – about 90% of all electricity generation in the
United States, is by use of steam turbines.
• The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement
in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion
of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.
• Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small <0.75 kW units
used as mechanical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven
equipment, to 1,500 MW turbines used to generate electricity.
The steam
turbine
is based upon
Rankine cycle
 Ideal Rankine Cycle
 An ideal Rankine cycle operates between pressures of 30 kPa and 6 MPa. The
temperature of the steam at the inlet of the turbine is 550°C. Find the network for the
cycle and the thermal efficiency.
 Wnet = Wturbine - Wpump OR Qin - Qout 1-2 isentropic pump
2-3 constant pressure heat addition
 Thermal efficiency ηth = Wnet /Qin
3-4 isentropic turbine
Net work done is converted into power output of turbine.
4-1 constant pressure heat rejection
 Classification of Steam Turbine
The common types of steam turbine are
1. Impulse Turbine. 2. Reaction Turbine.
The main difference between these two turbines lies in the way of expanding the steam while it
moves through them.
Impulse turbine : steam expanded within the nozzle and there is no any change in the
steam pressure as it passes over the blades
Reaction turbine : steam expanded continuously as it passes over the blades and thus
there is gradually fall in the pressure during expansion below the atmospheric pressure.
• The rotation of the shaft and drum, which carrying the blades is the result of both impulse and
reactive force in the steam. The reaction turbine consist of a row of stationary blades and the
following row of moving blades.
• The fixed blades act as a nozzle which are attached inside the cylinder and the moving
blades are fixed with the rotor
• When the steam expands over the blades there is gradual increase in volume and decrease in
pressure. But the velocity decrease in the moving blades and increases in fixed blades with
change of direction Because of the pressure drops in each stage, the number of stages required
in a reaction turbine is much greater than in a impulse turbine of same capacity.
• It also concluded that as the volume of steam increases at lower pressures therefore the
diameter of the turbine must increase after each group of blade rings.
Classification of Steam Turbine
 Gas Turbine
• A gas turbine is a machine delivering mechanical power or thrust. It does this
using a gaseous working fluid. The mechanical power generated can be used by,
for example, an industrial device.
• The outgoing gaseous fluid can be used to generate thrust.
• In the gas turbine, there is a continuous flow of the working fluid
• This working fluid is initially compressed in the compressor. It is then heated in
the combustion chamber. Finally, it goes through the turbine.
• The turbine converts the energy of the gas into mechanical work. Part of this
work is used to drive the compressor. The remaining part is known as the
network of the gas turbine.
Gas Turbine
 The ideal gas turbine cycle (Joule Brayton Cycle) - Used in Open Cycle Gas Turbine
Power Plant

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor); h2-h1 = mCp (T2-T1)

2-3 Constant pressure heat addition (in a combustor); h3-h2 = mCp (T3-T2)
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine); h3-h4 = mCp (T3-T4)
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection
 Wind Turbine
• “rotary engine in which the kinetic energy of a moving fluid is converted into
mechanical energy by causing a bladed rotor to rotate”
• opposite of a fan
• turbine blades spin from the wind and make energy, instead of using energy to make wind
• Wind rotates the turbine blades
• spins a shaft connected to a generator
• The spinning of the shaft in the generator makes electricity
Construction: Wind Sheer
• Wind turbines, like windmills, are mounted on a tower to capture the most wind energy
• wind speed varies by height
• wind current 100m above the ground dropped in speed by 10% when its height
declined to 50m
• property is known as wind sheer
• wind speed increases in speed with height,
• due to friction at the Earth’s surface
• The Hub heights of modern wind turbines, which produce 600 to 1,500 kW of
electricity, are usually 40 to 80 meters above ground
 Vertical Axis Advantages
• Can place generator on ground
• You don’t need a yaw mechanism for wind angle
Disadvantages
• Lower wind speeds at ground level
• Less efficiency
• Requires a “push”
Horizontal Axis Advantages
• Higher wind speeds
• Great efficiency
Disadvantages
• Angle of turbine is relevant
• Difficult access to generator for repairs
 Principle of Wind Mill
• Windmill: Consider the windmill. Rather than the rotor being driven
by a motor, it is rotated in the opposite direction by the wind blowing
through the rotor

Idealized flow through a windmill: (a) windmill blade geometry; (b) Absolute velocity (V), Relative velocity
(Vr) and Blade velocity (U) at the inlet and exit of the windmill blade section
1. When air pressure is low in one locality, such
as the downwind side of a wind turbine
blade, air from another area will rush in to
equal out the air pressure
2. The low-pressure air pocket created by the
wind turbine blade then pulls the blade
toward it, causing the rotor to turn
3. This process is referred to as lift. The force
of the lift is actually much stronger than the
wind's force against the front side of the
blade, which is called drag
4. The combination of lift and drag causes the
rotor to spin like a propeller

 Causes the spinning of the turbine’s shaft.

 When shaft spins KE of movement is converted by
generator into usable electricity
 Why Wind Energy?
• Clean, zero emissions :
- NOx, SO2, CO, CO2 - Air quality, water quality - Climate
change

• Reduce fossil fuel dependence

- Energy independence - Domestic energy -national security

• Renewable Energy
- No fuel-price volatility