^ʦʋǪǗʭʭɑʋɾƣɲ￦￡ʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ

i;ީީި
^ʦʋƽǗʭʭ￦ʋǪ￦￡ʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ

• tɌǗ￦ʢʦʋƽǗʭʭ￦ɑɾ̊ʋɲ̊ɑɾȹ￦ˀɌǗ￦ˀʦƣɾʭɽɑʭʭɑʋɾ￦ƣɾǐ￦ɑɾˀǗʦƽɌƣɾȹǗ￦ʋǪ￦ɑǐǗƣʭ‫پ‬￦ɑɾǪʋʦɽƣˀɑʋɾ‫پ‬￦Ǫƣƽˀʭ‫پ‬￦ǪǗǗɲɑɾȹʭ‫پ‬￦ʋʦ￦ƽʋ˵ʦʭǗʭ￦ʋǪ￦

ƣƽˀɑʋɾ￦ɑʭ￦ɭɾʋ̋ɾ￦ƣʭ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʢʦʋƽǗʭʭ￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬

• ￇɲɲ￦ɽƣɾƣȹǗʦɑƣɲ￦ʋʦ￦ƣǐɽɑɾɑʭˀʦƣˀɑ̊Ǘ￦ƣƽˀɑ̊ɑˀɑǗʭ￦ɑɾ̊ʋɲ̊Ǘ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫پ‬￦ƼǗ￦ɑˀ￦ʢɲƣɾɾɑɾȹ‫پ‬￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑ̞ɑɾȹ‫پ‬￦ʦǗƽʦ˵ɑˀɑɾȹ‫پ‬￦

ƽʋʋʦǐɑɾƣˀɑɾȹ‫پ‬￦ʋʦ￦ǐǗƽɑʭɑʋɾ‫ڷ‬ɽƣɭɑɾȹ‫ڂ‬￦‘ɌǗɾ￦̕ʋ˵￦̋ʦɑˀǗ￦ʦǗʢʋʦˀʭ‫پ‬￦ȹɑ̊Ǘ￦ɑɾʭˀʦ˵ƽˀɑʋɾʭ‫پ‬￦ʋʦ￦ʦǗƣǐ￦ƼʦʋƽɌ˵ʦǗʭ￦ƣɾǐ￦ɽƣɾ˵ƣɲʭ‫پ‬￦

̕ʋ˵￦ƣʦǗ￦ɑɾ̊ʋɲ̊Ǘǐ￦ɑɾ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʢʦʋƽǗʭʭ￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ
￳̔ƣɽʢɲǗʭ￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ

 ‘ɌǗɾ￦ƣɾ￦ƣɲƣʦɽ￦ƽɲʋƽɭ￦ȹʋǗʭ￦ʋǪǪ‫پ‬￦ɑˀ￦ɑʭ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀǗǐ￦ˀɌʦʋ˵ȹɌ￦ʭʋ˵ɾǐ‫پ‬￦˵ʦȹɑɾȹ￦ʋɾǗ￦ˀʋ￦ȹǗˀ￦ʋ˵ˀ￦ʋǪ￦ƼǗǐ‫ڂ‬￦
 ‘ƣˀƽɌɑɾȹ￦ˀɌǗ￦ɾǗ̋ʭ￦ʋɾ￦t
 ʭƣ̕ɑɾȹ￦ȹʋʋǐƼ̕Ǘ￦ˀʋ￦ʋɾǗʭ￦Ǫƣɽɑɲ̕
 ƽƣɲɲɑɾȹ￦ƣ￦ƽƣƼ￦ƣɾǐ￦ȹɑ̊ɑɾȹ￦ǐɑʦǗƽˀɑʋɾʭ￦ƣʦǗ￦ƣɲɲ￦ǐɑǪǪǗʦǗɾˀ￦ˀ̕ʢǗʭ￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬￦ￇˀ￦ˀɌǗ￦̋ʋʦɭʢɲƣƽǗ‫پ‬￦ƣɲɲ￦ƣƽˀɑ̊ɑˀɑǗʭ￦
ʦǗ̊ʋɲ̊Ǘ￦ƣʦʋ˵ɾǐ￦ʋʦƣɲ￦ʋʦ￦̋ʦɑˀˀǗɾ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬￦
 ɾˀǗʦƣƽˀɑɾȹ￦̋ɑˀɌ￦ʋɾǗʭ￦Ƽʋʭʭ‫پ‬￦
 ʦǗƣǐɑɾȹ￦ˀɌǗ￦ɾǗ̋ʭʢƣʢǗʦ￦ƣˀ￦ɌʋɽǗ
 ǐʦǗƣɽɑɾȹ￦ɑɾ￦ʋɾǗʭ￦ʭɲǗǗʢ￦
 ǗɾǗʦƣɲ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ tǗƽɌɾɑƽƣɲ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ

‫<۔‬ʋɾ‫ڷ‬ˀǗƽɌɾɑƽƣɲ￦ʋʦ￦ɑɾǪʋʦɽƣɲ￦ɽǗʭʭƣȹǗʭ‫ە‬ ‫۔‬tǗƽɌɾɑƽƣɲ‫پ‬￦ɑɾǐ˵ʭˀʦɑƣɲ‫پ‬￦ʋʦ￦Ƽ˵ʭɑɾǗʭʭ￦

ɽƣˀˀǗʦʭ‫ە‬
o ￡ʋɾˀƣɑɾʭ￦ƣ￦ȹǗɾǗʦƣɲ￦ɽǗʭʭƣȹǗ￦ • ￡ʋɾˀƣɑɾʭ￦ƣ￦ˀǗƽɌɾɑƽƣɲ￦ɽǗʭʭƣȹǗ

o ɾǪʋʦɽƣɲ￦ɑɾ￦ʭˀ̕ɲǗ￦ƣɾǐ￦ƣʢʢʦʋƣƽɌ‫ڂ‬ • ;ʋʭˀɲ̕￦Ǫʋʦɽƣɲ

o <ʋ￦ʭǗˀ￦ʢƣˀˀǗʦɾ￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬ • ʋɲɲʋ̋ʭ￦ƣ￦ʭǗˀ￦ʢƣˀˀǗʦɾ

o ;ʋʭˀɲ̕￦ʋʦƣɲ‫ڂ‬ • ￠ʋˀɌ￦ʋʦƣɲ￦ƣɾǐ￦̋ʦɑˀˀǗɾ

o <ʋˀ￦ƣɲ̋ƣ̕ʭ￦Ǫʋʦ￦ƣ￦ʭʢǗƽɑǪɑƽ￦ƣ˵ǐɑǗɾƽǗ‫ڂ‬￦ • ￇɲ̋ƣ̕ʭ￦Ǫʋʦ￦ƣ￦ʭʢǗƽɑǪɑƽ￦ƣ˵ǐɑǗɾƽǗ

o ￬ʋǗʭ￦ɾʋˀ￦ɑɾ̊ʋɲ̊Ǘ￦ˀɌǗ￦˵ʭǗ￦ʋǪ￦ˀǗƽɌɾɑƽƣɲ￦̊ʋƽƣƼ˵ɲƣʦ̕￦ʋʦ￦ • ʦǗʥ˵Ǘɾˀɲ̕￦ɑɾ̊ʋɲ̊Ǘʭ￦ɨƣʦȹʋɾ‫پ‬￦ȹʦƣʢɌɑƽʭ‫پ‬￦Ǘˀƽ‫ڂ‬

ȹʦƣʢɌɑƽʭ‫پ‬￦Ǘˀƽ‫ڂ‬
GƼɨǗƽˀɑ̊Ǘʭ￦ￇɾǐ￦￡ɌƣʦƣƽˀǗʦɑʭˀɑƽʭ￦GǪ￦tǗƽɌɾɑƽƣɲ￦￡ʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ

• ^ʦʋǪǗʭʭɑʋɾƣɲʭ￦ǐɑʭƽ˵ʭʭ￦ƣ￦ˀʋʢɑƽ￦̋ɑˀɌ￦ƣ￦ʭʢǗƽɑǪɑƽ￦ʢ˵ʦʢʋʭǗ￦̋ɑˀɌ￦ƣ￦̋Ǘɲɲ‫ڷ‬ǐǗǪɑɾǗǐ￦ƣ˵ǐɑǗɾƽǗ‫ڂ‬

 tʋ￦ʢʦʋ̊ɑǐǗ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭǗǐ￦ɑɾǪʋʦɽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ˀɌƣˀ￦ƣɑǐʭ￦ɑɾ￦ʥ˵ɑƽɭ￦ǐǗƽɑʭɑʋɾ‫ڷ‬ɽƣɭɑɾȹ￦
 tʋ￦ɑɾ̊ɑˀǗ￦ƽʋʦʢʋʦƣˀǗ￦ɨʋɑɾˀ￦̊Ǘɾˀ˵ʦǗʭ￦
 tʋ￦ǐɑʭʭǗɽɑɾƣˀǗ￦ɭɾʋ̋ɲǗǐȹǗ￦ɑɾ￦ʋʦƣɲ￦ʋʦ￦̋ʦɑˀˀǗɾ￦Ǫʋʦɽ

• ￳̔ƣɽʢɲǗʭ￦ʋǪ￦ʭ˵ƽƽǗʭʭǪ˵ɲ￦ˀǗƽɌɾɑƽƣɲ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڷ‬
• bǗƣǐɑɾȹ￦ƣ￦˵ʭǗʦʭ￦ɽƣɾ˵ƣɲ￦ˀʋ￦ʋʢǗʦƣˀǗ￦ƣ￦̋ƣʭɌɑɾȹ￦ɽƣƽɌɑɾǗ￦ʋʦ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʭƣɲǗʭ￦Ǘ̔Ǘƽ˵ˀɑ̊Ǘ￦ɌǗɲʢɑɾȹ￦̋ɑˀɌ￦ƣ￦ʢʦʋǐ˵ƽˀ‫پ‬￦ƣ￦
ɽʋƼɑɲǗ￦ʢɌʋɾǗ￦ʋʦ￦ƣ￦ƽƣʦ‫ڂ‬
 ^ʦʋƽǗʭʭ￦ʋǪ￦￡ʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ

• Communication can be defined as the exchange of information,

ideas, and knowledge between a sender and a receiver through
an accepted code of symbols

• The Sender and the Receiver-

• Communication is an interactive process
• One is active, while the other is passive
• Cooperation and understanding- through shared/mutually accepted codes and
symbols
tɌǗ￦￡ʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦￡ɑʦƽɲǗ
 ʋʦɽ˵ɲƣˀɑʋɾ‫ ڷ‬ˀɌǗ￦ʭǗɾǐǗʦ￦Ǫʋʦɽʭ￦ˀɌǗ￦ƽʋɾˀǗɾˀ￦ʋǪ￦ˀɌǗ￦ɽǗʭʭƣȹǗ￦ˀʋ￦ƼǗ￦ʭǗɾˀ

 ￬ǗʢǗɾǐʭ￦ʋɾ￦ˀɌǗ￦ɲǗ̊Ǘɲ￦ʋǪ￦Ǘ̔ʢǗʦɑǗɾƽǗ‫پ‬￦ɑɾˀǗɲɲɑȹǗɾƽǗ‫پ‬￦ɭɾʋ̋ɲǗǐȹǗ‫پ‬￦ƣɾǐ￦ʢ˵ʦʢʋʭǗ￦ʋǪ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʭǗɾǐǗʦ

 tɌǗ￦ƽʋɾˀǗɾˀ‫پ‬￦ʋɾƽǗ￦ǪʋʦɽǗǐ‫پ‬￦ɑʭ￦ƽƣɲɲǗǐ￦ˀɌǗ￦ɽǗʭʭƣȹǗ‫ڂ‬￦tɌǗ￦ɽǗʭʭƣȹǗ￦ɑʭ￦ǗɾƽʋǐǗǐ￦˵ʭɑɾȹ￦ƣ￦ˀʋʋɲ‫ ڷ‬ƣ￦ɲƣɾȹ˵ƣȹǗ‫ڷ‬
̋ʋʦǐʭ‫پ‬￦ƣƽˀɑʋɾʭ‫پ‬￦ʭɑȹɾʭ‫پ‬￦ʋƼɨǗƽˀʭ‫پ‬￦ʋʦ￦ƣ￦ƽʋɽƼɑɾƣˀɑʋɾ￦ʋǪ￦ˀɌǗʭǗ‫ڂ‬

 ￬Ǘɲɑ̊Ǘʦ̕‫ ڷ‬ɌƣʢʢǗɾʭ￦ˀɌʦʋ˵ȹɌ￦ƽɌƣɾɾǗɲʭ￦ʋʦ￦ɽǗǐɑƣ￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ ڷ‬ˀɌʦʋ˵ȹɌ￦ƽɌƣɾɾǗɲʭ￦ʋʦ￦ɽǗǐɑƣ￦ʋǪ￦

ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬￦ˀ￦ƽƣɾ￦ƼǗ￦ǪƣƽǗ‫ڷ‬ˀʋ‫ڷ‬ǪƣƽǗ‫پ‬￦ʋɾ￦ʢƣʢǗʦ‫پ‬￦ʋʦ￦ˀɌʦʋ˵ȹɌ￦ǗɲǗƽˀʦʋɾɑƽ￦ʋʦ￦ǐɑȹɑˀƣɲ￦ɽǗǐɑƣ￦ʭ˵ƽɌ￦ƣʭ￦ˀɌǗ￦ɾˀǗʦɾǗˀ‫ڂ‬

 tɌǗ￦bǗƽǗɑ̊Ǘʦ‫ ڷ‬tɌǗ￦ʦǗƽǗɑ̊Ǘʦ￦ʦǗƽǗɑ̊Ǘʭ￦ˀɌǗ￦ɽǗʭʭƣȹǗ‫پ‬￦ǐǗƽʋǐǗʭ￦ɑˀ‫پ‬￦ƣɾǐ￦ƣƽˀʭ￦ʋɾ￦ɑˀ￦‫۔‬Ǫ￦ˀɌǗ￦ɽǗʭʭƣȹǗ￦ʦǗƽǗɑ̊Ǘǐ￦ɑʭ￦ˀɌǗ￦
ʭƣɽǗ￦ƣʭ￦ˀɌǗ￦ɽǗʭʭƣȹǗ￦ʭǗɾˀ‫پ‬￦ˀɌǗʦǗ￦̋ɑɲɲ￦ƼǗ￦ƣɾ￦ƣʢʢʦʋʢʦɑƣˀǗ￦ʦǗʭʢʋɾʭǗ‫ٱ‬￦ɑǪ￦ɾʋˀ‫پ‬￦ˀɌǗʦǗ￦̋ɑɲɲ￦ʭˀɑɲɲ￦ƼǗ￦ƣ￦ʦǗʭʢʋɾʭǗ‫پ‬￦Ƽ˵ˀ￦
ʢʦʋƼƣƼɲ̕￦ƣɾ￦ɑɾƣʢʢʦʋʢʦɑƣˀǗ￦ʋʦ￦˵ɾǗ̔ʢǗƽˀǗǐ￦ʋɾǗ‫پ‬￦ƣʭ￦ˀɌǗʦǗ￦Ɍƣʭ￦ƼǗǗɾ￦ƣ￦ƼʦǗƣɭǐʋ̋ɾ￦ʋʦ￦ɑɾˀǗʦǪǗʦǗɾƽǗ￦ɑɾ￦ˀɌǗ￦
ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ەڂ‬

 ￠ʦǗƣɭǐʋ̋ɾ￦ʋʦ￦ɾˀǗʦǪǗʦǗɾƽǗ￦ɑɾ￦￡ʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ ڷ‬tɌɑʭ￦ɽƣ̕￦ɌƣʢʢǗɾ￦ƼǗƽƣ˵ʭǗ￦ʋǪ￦ɾʋɑʭǗ‫ڂ‬￦<ʋɑʭǗ￦ƣǪǪǗƽˀʭ￦ˀɌǗ￦
ǐǗƽʋǐɑɾȹ￦ʢƣʦˀ￦ʋǪ￦ˀɌǗ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ʢʦʋƽǗʭʭ‫ڂ‬

 ǗǗǐƼƣƽɭ‫ ڷ‬ˀɌǗ￦ˀʦƣɾʭɽɑʭʭɑʋɾ￦ʋǪ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʦǗƽǗɑ̊Ǘʦʭ￦ʦǗʭʢʋɾʭǗ￦ˀʋ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʭǗɾǐǗʦ￦ɑʭ￦ƽƣɲɲǗǐ￦ǪǗǗǐƼƣƽɭ‫ڂ‬￦ǗǗǐƼƣƽɭ￦ɑʭ￦
ǗʭʭǗɾˀɑƣɲ‫پ‬￦ƣʭ￦ɑˀ￦ɽǗƣʭ˵ʦǗʭ￦ˀɌǗ￦ǗǪǪǗƽˀɑ̊ǗɾǗʭʭ￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬￦‘ɌǗɾ￦ƣ￦ɽǗʭʭƣȹǗ￦ɑʭ￦ʭǗɾˀ‫پ‬￦ˀɌǗ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦
ƽ̕ƽɲǗ￦ɑʭ￦ƽʋɽʢɲǗˀǗ￦ʋɾɲ̕￦̋ɌǗɾ￦ˀɌǗʦǗ￦ɑʭ￦ƣ￦ʦǗʭʢʋɾʭǗ￦Ǫʦʋɽ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʦǗƽɑʢɑǗɾˀ￦ʋǪ￦ˀɌǗ￦ɽǗʭʭƣȹǗ‫ڂ‬￦tɌǗ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ɑʭ￦
Ǫ˵ɲɲ̕￦ǗǪǪǗƽˀɑ̊Ǘ￦ʋɾɲ̕￦̋ɌǗɾ￦ˀɌǗʦǗ￦ɑʭ￦ƣ￦ǐǗʭɑʦǗǐ￦ʦǗʭʢʋɾʭǗ￦Ǫʦʋɽ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʦǗƽǗɑ̊Ǘʦ‫ڂ‬
￳ǪǪǗƽˀɑ̊Ǘ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ˀƣɭǗʭ￦ʢɲƣƽǗ￦ɑɾ￦ƣ￦̋Ǘɲɲ‫ڷ‬ǐǗǪɑɾǗǐ￦ʭǗˀ‫˵ڷ‬ʢ‫ڂ‬￦tɌɑʭ￦ɑʭ￦
ƽƣɲɲǗǐ￦ˀɌǗ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦Ǘɾ̊ɑʦʋɾɽǗɾˀ‫ڂ‬

 tɌǗ￦ǗʭʭǗɾˀɑƣɲʭ￦ʋǪ￦ǗǪǪǗƽˀɑ̊Ǘ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ

ީ‫ ڂ‬ￇ￦̋Ǘɲɲ‫ڷ‬ǐǗǪɑɾǗǐ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦Ǘɾ̊ɑʦʋɾɽǗɾˀ

ު‫ ڂ‬￡ʋʋʢǗʦƣˀɑʋɾ￦ƼǗˀ̋ǗǗɾ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʭǗɾǐǗʦ￦ƣɾǐ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʦǗƽǗɑ̊Ǘʦ￦

ޫ‫ ڂ‬iǗɲǗƽˀɑʋɾ￦ʋǪ￦ƣɾ￦ƣʢʢʦʋʢʦɑƣˀǗ￦ƽɌƣɾɾǗɲ

ެ‫ ڂ‬￡ʋʦʦǗƽˀ￦Ǘɾƽʋǐɑɾȹ￦ƣɾǐ￦ǐǗƽʋǐɑɾȹ￦ʋǪ￦ˀɌǗ￦ɽǗʭʭƣȹǗ

ޭ‫ ڂ‬ǗǗǐƼƣƽɭ
0￳￳0i￦G￦￡G;;{<￡ￇtG<

ީ‫ڂ‬￦￳̔ˀʦƣʢǗʦʭʋɾƣɲ

----------The communication between human beings and non-human entities is

extra personal.
• -Dog wagging its tail
• -Parrot talking to its friend
ު‫ڂ‬￦ɾˀʦƣʢǗʦʭʋɾƣɲ

‫ڷڷڷڷڷڷڷڷڷڷڷ‬tƣɭǗʭ￦ʢɲƣƽǗ￦̋ɑˀɌɑɾ￦ƣɾ￦ɑɾǐɑ̊ɑǐ˵ƣɲ￦‫۔‬ɑɾˀǗʦɾƣɲ￦ǐɑƣɲʋȹ˵Ǘ‫ڂە‬

• tʋ˵ƽɌɑɾȹ￦ˀɌǗ￦Ɍʋˀ￦ʢƣɾ‫پ‬￦ȹʋǗʭ￦ˀʋ￦ȹǗˀ￦ƽʋɲǐ￦̋ƣˀǗʦ￦ˀʋ￦ʦǗɲɑǗ̊Ǘ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʢƣɑɾ‫ ڷ‬ƣɾǐ￦‫۔‬ʭǗɾǐǗʦ‫ە‬￦‫ڷ‬
ǗɲǗƽˀʦʋƽɌǗɽɑƽƣɲ￦ɑɽʢ˵ɲʭǗ￦ʭǗɾˀ￦ˀʋ￦ˀɌǗ￦Ƽʦƣɑɾ￦‫۔‬ʦǗƽǗɑ̊Ǘʦ‫ە‬￦ Ƽʦƣɑɾʭ￦ǪǗǗǐƼƣƽɭ￦ˀʋ￦ȹǗˀ￦ƽʋɲǐ￦̋ƣˀǗʦ

• ˀʭ￦ƣ￦Ɍʋˀ￦ǐƣ̕‫پ‬￦ˀ˵ʦɾɑɾȹ￦ʋɾ￦ˀɌǗ￦ƽʋʋɲǗʦ

• ‫‘ ڷ‬ɑˀɌʋ˵ˀ￦ʭ˵ƽɌ￦ɑɾˀǗʦɾƣɲ￦ǐɑƣɲʋȹ˵Ǘ‫پ‬￦ʋɾǗ￦ƽƣɾɾʋˀ￦ʢʦʋƽǗǗǐ￦ˀʋ￦ˀɌǗ￦Ǫ˵ʦˀɌǗʦ￦ɲǗ̊Ǘɲʭ￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ
ɑɾˀǗʦʢǗʦʭʋɾƣɲ￦ƣɾǐ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭƣˀɑʋɾƣɲ

• ‫ ڷ‬tɌǗ￦ƣƽˀ￦ʋǪ￦ɽʋˀɑ̊ƣˀɑɾȹ￦ʋɾǗʭǗɲǪ￦ʋʦ￦ƽʋɾʭƽɑʋ˵ʭɲ̕￦ʦǗʭʋɲ̊ɑɾȹ￦ˀʋ￦ƽʋɽʢɲǗˀǗ￦ƣ￦ʭʢǗƽɑǪɑƽ￦ˀƣʭɭ‫پ‬￦ʭǗɲǪ‫ڷ‬
ɽʋˀɑ̊ƣˀɑʋɾ‫پ‬￦ʭǗɲǪ‫ڷ‬ǐǗˀǗʦɽɑɾƣˀɑʋɾ‫پ‬￦ƣɾǐ￦ˀɌǗ￦ɲɑɭǗ￦ˀƣɭǗ￦ʢɲƣƽǗ￦ƣˀ￦ˀɌǗ￦ɑɾˀʦƣʢǗʦʭʋɾƣɲ￦ɲǗ̊Ǘɲ
ޫ‫ڂ‬￦ɾˀǗʦʢǗʦʭʋɾƣɲ

‫ڷڷڷڷڷڷڷڷ‬iɌƣʦɑɾȹ￦ʋǪ￦ɑɾǪʋʦɽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ƣɽʋɾȹ￦ʢǗʋʢɲǗ‫ڂ‬￦
• i￳<￬￳b￦ b￳￡￳￳b

• ɾˀǗʦʢǗʦʭʋɾƣɲ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ǐɑǪǪǗʦʭ￦Ǫʦʋɽ￦ʋˀɌǗʦ￦Ǫʋʦɽʭ￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ɑɾ￦ˀɌƣˀ￦
ˀɌǗʦǗ￦ƣʦǗ￦ǪǗ̋￦ʢƣʦˀɑƽɑʢƣɾˀʭ￦ɑɾ̊ʋɲ̊Ǘǐ‫پ‬￦ˀɌǗ̕￦ƣʦǗ￦ɑɾ￦ƽɲʋʭǗ￦ʢɌ̕ʭɑƽƣɲ￦ʢʦʋ̔ɑɽɑˀ̕￦ˀʋ￦ǗƣƽɌ￦
ʋˀɌǗʦ‫پ‬￦ɽƣɾ̕￦ʭǗɾʭʋʦ̕￦ƽɌƣɾɾǗɲʭ￦ƣʦǗ￦˵ʭǗǐ‫پ‬￦ƣɾǐ￦ǪǗǗǐƼƣƽɭ￦ɑʭ￦ɑɽɽǗǐɑƣˀǗ‫ڂ‬

• GǪǪǗʦʭ￦‫ ڷڷ‬ǐɑʦǗƽˀ￦ƣɾǐ￦ɑɽɽǗǐɑƣˀǗ￦ǪǗǗǐƼƣƽɭ￦ɑʭ￦ʢʋʭʭɑƼɲǗ
 ެ‫ڂ‬￦;ƣʭʭ

---------The imparting or exchanging of information on a large scale to a

wide range of people:
 Meant for large audiences
 Requires a medium to transmit information.
 Examples of mass media- journals, books, television, and newspapers.
 The audience is heterogeneous and anonymous, and thus the approach is
impersonal.
 More persuasive in nature than any other form,
 Requires utmost care on the sender’s part while encoding the message.
 Hate speech, Propaganda
 tɌǗ￦￡ɌƣʦƣƽˀǗʦɑʭˀɑƽʭ￦ʋǪ￦;ƣʭʭ￦￡ʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ٴ‬

 0ƣʦȹǗ￦ʦǗƣƽɌ ;ƣʭʭ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ƽƣɾ￦ʦǗƣƽɌ￦ƣɾ￦ƣ˵ǐɑǗɾƽǗ￦ʭƽƣˀˀǗʦǗǐ￦ʋ̊Ǘʦ ƣ￦̋ɑǐǗ￦ȹǗʋȹʦƣʢɌɑƽƣɲ￦ƣʦǗƣ‫ڂ‬￦

 ɽʢǗʦʭʋɾƣɲɑˀ̕￦;ƣʭʭ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ɑʭ￦ɲƣʦȹǗɲ̕￦ɑɽʢǗʦʭʋɾƣɲ‫پ‬￦ƣʭ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʢƣʦˀɑƽɑʢƣɾˀʭ￦ƣʦǗ￦˵ɾɭɾʋ̋ɾ￦ˀʋ￦ǗƣƽɌ￦ʋˀɌǗʦ‫ڂ‬￦

 ^ʦǗʭǗɾƽǗ￦ʋǪ￦ƣ￦ȹƣˀǗɭǗǗʢǗʦ ;ƣʭʭ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ɾǗǗǐʭ￦ƣǐǐɑˀɑʋɾƣɲ￦ʢǗʦʭʋɾʭ‫پ‬￦ɑɾʭˀɑˀ˵ˀɑʋɾʭ‫پ‬￦ʋʦ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭƣˀɑʋɾʭ￦ˀʋ￦ƽʋɾ̊Ǘ̕￦ˀɌǗ￦ɽǗʭʭƣȹǗ￦Ǫʦʋɽ￦

ƣ￦ʭǗɾǐǗʦ￦ˀʋ￦ƣ￦ʦǗƽǗɑ̊Ǘʦ‫ڂ‬￦tɌɑʭ￦ȹƣˀǗɭǗǗʢǗʦ￦ʋʦ￦ɽǗǐɑƣˀʋʦ￦ƽʋ˵ɲǐ￦ƼǗ￦ƣ￦ʢǗʦʭʋɾ￦ʋʦ￦ƣɾ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭǗǐ￦ȹʦʋ˵ʢ￦ʋǪ￦ʢǗʦʭʋɾʭ￦ƣƽˀɑ̊Ǘ￦ɑɾ￦ˀʦƣɾʭǪǗʦʦɑɾȹ￦ʋʦ￦

ʭǗɾǐɑɾȹ￦ɑɾǪʋʦɽƣˀɑʋɾ￦Ǫʦʋɽ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʭʋ˵ʦƽǗ￦ˀʋ￦ˀɌǗ￦ˀƣʦȹǗˀ￦ƣ˵ǐɑǗɾƽǗ￦ˀɌʦʋ˵ȹɌ￦ƣ￦ɽƣʭʭ￦ɽǗǐɑ˵ɽ‫ ڂ‬ʋʦ￦Ǘ̔ƣɽʢɲǗ‫پ‬￦ɑɾ￦ƣ￦ɾǗ̋ʭʢƣʢǗʦ‫پ‬￦ˀɌǗ￦Ǘǐɑˀʋʦ￦

ǐǗƽɑǐǗʭ￦̋ɌɑƽɌ￦ɾǗ̋ʭ￦ɽƣɭǗʭ￦ɑˀ￦ˀʋ￦ˀɌǗ￦Ɍƣɾǐʭ￦ʋǪ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʦǗƣǐǗʦ‫ڂ‬￦tɌǗ￦Ǘǐɑˀʋʦ￦ɑʭ‫پ‬￦ˀɌǗʦǗǪʋʦǗ‫پ‬￦ˀɌǗ￦ȹƣˀǗɭǗǗʢǗʦ￦ɑɾ￦ˀɌɑʭ￦ɽƣʭʭ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ʢʦʋƽǗʭʭ‫ڂ‬
ޭ‫ ڂ‬Gʦȹƣɾɑʭƣˀɑʋɾƣɲ

 tɌǗ￦ƽɌƣɾɾǗɲʭ￦ƣɾǐ￦Ǫʋʦɽʭ￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ˀɌƣˀ￦ʋƽƽ˵ʦ￦̋ɑˀɌɑɾ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭƣˀɑʋɾʭ‫پ‬￦ʭ˵ƽɌ￦ƣʭ￦ƽʋʦʢʋʦƣˀɑʋɾʭ‫پ‬￦ɾʋɾ‫ڷ‬ʢʦʋǪɑˀʭ￦ƣɾǐ￦ȹʋ̊ǗʦɾɽǗɾˀƣɲ￦
ƼʋǐɑǗʭ‫ڂ‬￦ˀ￦ɑɾƽɲ˵ǐǗʭ￦ƼʋˀɌ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾʭ￦̋ɑˀɌɑɾ￦ƣɾ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭƣˀɑʋɾ￦ƣɾǐ￦ʢ˵Ƽɲɑƽ‫ڷ‬Ǫƣƽɑɾȹ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾʭ‫ڂ‬

 ￇɲɲ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦Ǘɽʢɲʋ̕Ǘǐ￦Ƽ̕￦ƣ￦ƽʋɽʢƣɾ̕￦ƣɾǐ￦ɑˀʭ￦ʦǗʢʦǗʭǗɾˀƣˀɑ̊Ǘʭ‫ڂ‬￦tɌɑʭ￦ɑɾƽɲ˵ǐǗʭ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ƼǗˀ̋ǗǗɾ￦ʭˀƣǪǪ￦ƣʭ￦̋Ǘɲɲ￦ƣʭ￦ʋ˵ˀ̋ƣʦǐ‫ڷ‬
Ǫƣƽɑɾȹ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬

ɾˀǗʦɾƣɲ‫ڷ‬ʋʢǗʦƣˀɑʋɾƣɲ ‫ ڷ‬ￇɲɲ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ˀɌƣˀ￦ʋƽƽ˵ʦʭ￦ɑɾ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʢʦʋƽǗʭʭ￦ʋǪ￦ʋʢǗʦƣˀɑʋɾʭ￦̋ɑˀɌɑɾ￦ƣɾ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭƣˀɑʋɾ￦ɑʭ￦ƽɲƣʭʭɑǪɑǗǐ￦ƣʭ￦ɑɾˀǗʦɾƣɲ‫ڷ‬
ʋʢǗʦƣˀɑʋɾƣɲ‫ڂ‬￦

￳̔ˀǗʦɾƣɲ‫ڷ‬ʋʢǗʦƣˀɑʋɾƣɲ ‫ ڷ‬tɌǗ￦̋ʋʦɭ‫ڷ‬ʦǗɲƣˀǗǐ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ˀɌƣˀ￦ƣɾ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭƣˀɑʋɾ￦Ɍƣʭ￦̋ɑˀɌ￦ʢǗʋʢɲǗ￦ʋ˵ˀʭɑǐǗ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭƣˀɑʋɾ￦ɑʭ￦ƽƣɲɲǗǐ￦
Ǘ̔ˀǗʦɾƣɲ‫ڷ‬ʋʢǗʦƣˀɑʋɾƣɲ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬￦

^Ǘʦʭʋɾƣɲ ‫ ڷ‬ￇɲɲ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ɑɾ￦ƣɾ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭƣˀɑʋɾ￦ʋˀɌǗʦ￦ˀɌƣɾ￦ˀɌƣˀ￦Ǫʋʦ￦Ƽ˵ʭɑɾǗʭʭ￦ʋʦ￦ʋǪǪɑƽɑƣɲ￦ʢ˵ʦʢʋʭǗʭ￦ɑʭ￦ƽƣɲɲǗǐ￦ʢǗʦʭʋɾƣɲ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬
 Formal Informal

The exchange of information between two Casual conversations between friends or

or more individuals in a structured and colleagues- is often more relaxed.
professional manner
• business emails, • text messages,
• emails,
• memos, • social media posts,
• reports, • phone calls,
• informal face-to-face interactions.
• letters,
• presentations,
• formal meetings.
 ￡ʦǗƣˀǗǐ￦ˀʋ￦ɑɾƽʦǗƣʭǗ￦ǗǪǪɑƽɑǗɾƽ̕￦̋ɑˀɌɑɾ￦ƣɾ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭƣˀɑʋɾ

 ￡ʋ̊Ǘʦʭ￦ƣɾ̕￦ʋǪǪɑƽɑƣɲ￦ƽʋɽʢƣɾ̕￦ƣƽˀʭ￦ˀɌƣˀ￦ʭɌƣʦǗ￦ɑɾǪʋʦɽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬￦tɌɑʭ￦ƽƣɾ￦ɑɾƽɲ˵ǐǗ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾʭ￦ʭ˵ƽɌ￦ƣʭ￦ƣ￦ʭˀƣǪǪ￦
ɽǗǗˀɑɾȹ￦ˀʋ￦ɑɾˀʦʋǐ˵ƽǗ￦ƣ￦ɾǗ̋￦ʢʦʋǐ˵ƽˀ‫پ‬￦ƣ￦ƽʋɽʢƣɾ̕￦ɌƣɾǐƼʋʋɭ￦Ǘ̔ʢɲƣɑɾɑɾȹ￦ʭˀƣɾǐƣʦǐ￦ʋʢǗʦƣˀɑɾȹ￦ʢʦʋƽǗǐ˵ʦǗʭ￦
ƣʦʋ˵ɾǐ￦ƣɾ￦ʋǪǪɑƽǗ￦ʋʦ￦ƣ￦ʢʦǗʭʭ￦ʦǗɲǗƣʭǗ￦ǐɑʭˀʦɑƼ˵ˀǗǐ￦ˀʋ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʢ˵Ƽɲɑƽ‫ڂ‬

 ʋʦɽƣɲ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ɑʭ￦ƣɾ￦Ǘ̔ƽɌƣɾȹǗ￦ʋǪ￦ʋǪǪɑƽɑƣɲ￦ɑɾǪʋʦɽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ƼǗˀ̋ǗǗɾ￦ʢǗʋʢɲǗ￦̋ɑˀɌɑɾ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʭƣɽǗ￦
ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭƣˀɑʋɾ￦̋Ɍʋ￦ƣʦǗ￦ʋǪˀǗɾ￦ƣˀ￦ǐɑǪǪǗʦǗɾˀ￦ɲǗ̊Ǘɲʭ￦̋ɑˀɌɑɾ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭƣˀɑʋɾƣɲ￦ɌɑǗʦƣʦƽɌ̕‫ڂ‬

 ʋʦɽƣɲ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ʦǗǪǗʦʭ￦ˀʋ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ˀɌƣˀ￦Ǫʋɲɲʋ̋ʭ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʋǪǪɑƽɑƣɲ￦ɌɑǗʦƣʦƽɌ̕￦

 ɾǪʋʦɽƣˀɑʋɾ￦Ǫɲʋ̋ʭ￦ˀɌʦʋ˵ȹɌ￦ʢʦǗ‫ڷ‬ǐǗǪɑɾǗǐ￦ɽǗǐɑ˵ɽʭ￦ƣɾǐ￦ƽɌƣɾɾǗɲʭ‫ڂ‬￦

 tɌǗ￦Ǫɲʋ̋￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ʦǗʥ˵ɑʦǗʭ￦ƽʋɾˀʦʋɲ￦ƣɾǐ￦ǐǗɲɑƼǗʦƣˀǗ￦ǗǪǪʋʦˀ￦ˀʋ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀǗ‫ڂ‬￦

 ˀ￦Ǫʋɲɲʋ̋ʭ￦ƣ￦ɌɑǗʦƣʦƽɌ̕￦ƣɾǐ￦ƣ￦ʢƣʦˀɑƽ˵ɲƣʦ￦ƽɌƣɑɾ￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽƣɾǐ‫ڂ‬
ީ‫ ڂ‬Ǘʦˀɑƽƣɲ

 {ʢ̋ƣʦǐ

 ǐʋ̋ɾ̋ƣʦǐ

ު‫ ڂ‬ʋʦɑ̞ʋɾˀƣɲ‫ک‬0ƣˀǗʦƣɲ

ޫ‫￬ ڂ‬ɑƣȹʋɾƣɲ
 ￇ‫ڂ‬￦￬ʋ̋ɾ̋ƣʦǐ￦￡ʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ

 ￬ʋ̋ɾ̋ƣʦǐ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦Ǫɲʋ̋ʭ￦Ǫʦʋɽ￦ƣ￦ɽƣɾƣȹǗʦ￦ǐʋ̋ɾ￦ˀɌǗ￦ƽɌƣɑɾ￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽƣɾǐ

 tʋ￦ɑɾǪʋʦɽ‫پ‬￦ɑɾʭˀʦ˵ƽˀ‫پ‬￦ƣǐ̊ɑʭǗ‫پ‬￦ʋʦ￦ʦǗʥ˵Ǘʭˀ￦ˀɌǗɑʦ￦ʭ˵ƼʋʦǐɑɾƣˀǗʭ

 ˀʋ￦ƽʋɾ̊Ǘ̕￦ʦʋ˵ˀɑɾǗ￦ɑɾǪʋʦɽƣˀɑʋɾ‫پ‬￦ɾǗ̋￦ʢʋɲɑƽɑǗʭ￦ʋʦ￦ʢʦʋƽǗǐ˵ʦǗʭ‫پ‬￦ʢʦʋȹʦƣɽʭ‫پ‬￦ʦ˵ɲǗʭ￦ƣɾǐ￦

ʦǗȹ˵ɲƣˀɑʋɾʭ‫پ‬￦˵ʢǐƣˀǗʭ‫پ‬￦ʭǗǗɭ￦ƽɲƣʦɑǪɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫پ‬￦ƣʭɭ￦Ǫʋʦ￦ƣɾ￦ƣɾƣɲ̕ʭɑʭ

 Ǘɽƣɑɲʭ‫پ‬￦ɽǗɽʋʭ‫پ‬￦ɾʋˀɑƽǗʭ‫پ‬￦ǪƣƽǗ‫ڷ‬ˀʋ‫ڷ‬ǪƣƽǗ￦ɑɾˀǗʦƣƽˀɑʋɾʭ‫پ‬￦ʋʦ￦ˀǗɲǗʢɌʋɾǗ￦ƽʋɾ̊Ǘʦʭƣˀɑʋɾʭ

 ʭɌʋ˵ɲǐ￦ƼǗ￦ƣǐǗʥ˵ƣˀǗɲ̕￦ƼƣɲƣɾƽǗǐ￦Ƽ̕￦ƣɾ￦˵ʢ̋ƣʦǐ￦Ǫɲʋ̋￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬
 ￠‫ڂ‬￦{ʢ̋ƣʦǐ￦￡ʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ

 ʭ˵ƼʋʦǐɑɾƣˀǗʭ￦ʭǗɾǐɑɾȹ￦ʦǗʢʋʦˀʭ￦ˀʋ￦ɑɾǪʋʦɽ￦ˀɌǗɑʦ￦ʭ˵ʢǗʦɑʋʦʭ￦ʋʦ￦ˀʋ￦ʢʦǗʭǗɾˀ￦ˀɌǗɑʦ￦Ǫɑɾǐɑɾȹʭ￦ƣɾǐ￦ʦǗƽʋɽɽǗɾǐƣˀɑʋɾʭ￦ˀʋ￦ˀɌǗɑʦ￦ʭ˵ʢǗʦɑʋʦʭ‫پ‬￦ˀɌǗ￦

ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦Ǫɲʋ̋ʭ￦˵ʢ̋ƣʦǐ‫ڂ‬

 iɌƣʦǗ￦ˀɌʋ˵ȹɌˀʭ‫پ‬￦ɑǐǗƣʭ‫پ‬￦ǪǗǗǐƼƣƽɭʭ‫ڂ‬

 ɭǗǗʢʭ￦ɽƣɾƣȹǗʦʭ￦ƣ̋ƣʦǗ￦ʋǪ￦ˀɌǗ￦Ƽ˵ʭɑɾǗʭʭ￦ʋʢǗʦƣˀɑʋɾʭ￦ƣɾǐ￦Ɍʋ̋￦Ǘɽʢɲʋ̕ǗǗʭ￦ǪǗǗɲ￦ƣƼʋ˵ˀ￦ˀɌǗɑʦ￦ɨʋƼʭ‫پ‬￦ƽʋɲɲǗƣȹ˵Ǘʭ‫پ‬￦ƣɾǐ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑʭƣˀɑʋɾ￦ɑɾ￦

ȹǗɾǗʦƣɲ‫ڂ‬

 ɾ￦ƣɾ￦ʋʢǗɾ￦ƽ˵ɲˀ˵ʦǗ￦̋ɑˀɌʋ˵ˀ￦ˀʋʋ￦ɽƣɾ̕￦ɌɑǗʦƣʦƽɌɑƽƣɲ￦ɲǗ̊Ǘɲʭ‫پ‬￦ɑ‫ڂ‬Ǘ‫پڂ‬￦ɑɾ￦ƣ￦Ǫɲƣˀ￦ʭˀʦ˵ƽˀ˵ʦǗ‫پ‬￦ɽƣɾƣȹǗʦʭ￦ƣʦǗ￦ƣƼɲǗ￦ˀʋ￦ƽʦǗƣˀǗ￦ƣ￦ƽɲɑɽƣˀǗ￦ʋǪ￦ˀʦ˵ʭˀ￦ƣɾǐ￦
ʦǗʭʢǗƽˀ￦ƣɾǐ￦ɑɽʢɲǗɽǗɾˀ￦ʢƣʦˀɑƽɑʢƣˀɑ̊Ǘ￦ǐǗƽɑʭɑʋɾ‫ڷ‬ɽƣɭɑɾȹ￦ʋʦ￦Ǘɽʢʋ̋ǗʦɽǗɾˀ‫ڂ‬￦ɾ￦ʭ˵ƽɌ￦ƣɾ￦Ǘɾ̊ɑʦʋɾɽǗɾˀ‫پ‬￦ˀɌǗʦǗ￦̋ɑɲɲ￦ƼǗ￦ƣ￦ƽʋɾʭɑǐǗʦƣƼɲǗ￦
ƣɽʋ˵ɾˀ￦ʋǪ￦˵ʢ̋ƣʦǐ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬￦tɌɑʭ￦ɌƣʢʢǗɾʭ￦ɽƣɑɾɲ̕￦ƼǗƽƣ˵ʭǗ￦ˀɌǗ￦Ǘɽʢɲʋ̕ǗǗʭ￦ʢʦʋ̊ɑǐǗ￦ɑɾʢ˵ˀ￦Ǫʋʦ￦ɽƣɾƣȹǗʦɑƣɲ￦ǐǗƽɑʭɑʋɾʭ‫ڂ‬￦

 ɾ￦ƣ￦ɌɑȹɌɲ̕￦ƣ˵ˀɌʋʦɑˀƣˀɑ̊Ǘ Ǘɾ̊ɑʦʋɾɽǗɾˀ‫پ‬￦̋ɌǗʦǗ￦ǐʋ̋ɾ̋ƣʦǐ￦Ǫɲʋ̋￦ǐʋɽɑɾƣˀǗʭ‫پ‬￦˵ʢ̋ƣʦǐ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ʭˀɑɲɲ￦ˀƣɭǗʭ￦ʢɲƣƽǗ￦Ƽ˵ˀ￦ɑʭ￦ɲɑɽɑˀǗǐ￦ˀʋ￦
ˀɌǗ￦ɽƣɾƣȹǗʦɑƣɲ￦ʦƣɾɭʭ‫ڂ‬￦i˵ȹȹǗʭˀɑʋɾ￦Ƽʋ̔Ǘʭ‫پ‬￦Ǘɽʢɲʋ̕ǗǗ￦ƣˀˀɑˀ˵ǐǗ￦ʭ˵ʦ̊Ǘ̕ʭ‫پ‬￦ȹʦɑǗ̊ƣɾƽǗ￦ʢʦʋƽǗǐ˵ʦǗʭ‫پ‬￦ʭ˵ʢǗʦɑʋʦʭ˵ƼʋʦǐɑɾƣˀǗ￦ǐǗƽɑʭɑʋɾʭ￦
‫۔‬ǐǗƽɑʭɑʋɾʭ￦ˀƣɭǗɾ￦Ǫʋʦ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʭ˵ƼʋʦǐɑɾƣˀǗ￦Ƽ̕￦Ɍɑʭ‫ک‬ɌǗʦ￦ʭ˵ʢǗʦɑʋʦ‫پە‬￦ʦǗ̊ɑǗ̋￦ʦǗʢʋʦˀʭ‫پ‬￦ʭˀƣˀɑʭˀɑƽƣɲ￦ƣɾƣɲ̕ʭǗʭ‫پ‬￦Ǘˀƽ‫پڂ‬￦ʢʦʋ̊ɑǐǗ￦ʦǗʭˀʦɑƽˀǗǐ￦ɑɾǪʋʦɽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ˀʋ￦
ˀʋʢ￦ɽƣɾƣȹǗɽǗɾˀ‫ڂ‬
 ʋƽƽ˵ʦʭ￦ƣɽʋɾȹ￦ʢǗǗʦ￦ȹʦʋ˵ʢʭ￦ʋʦ￦ɌɑǗʦƣʦƽɌɑƽƣɲɲ̕￦Ǘʥ˵ɑ̊ƣɲǗɾˀ￦Ǘɽʢɲʋ̕ǗǗʭ‫پ‬￦ɑ‫ڂ‬Ǘ‫پڂ‬￦Ǘɽʢɲʋ̕ǗǗʭ￦ƣˀ￦ˀɌǗ￦
ʭƣɽǗ￦ʭǗɾɑʋʦɑˀ̕￦ɲǗ̊Ǘɲ‫ڂ‬

 tʋ￦ʋƼˀƣɑɾ￦ɑɾǪʋʦɽƣˀɑʋɾ‫پ‬￦Ǘ̔ƽɌƣɾȹǗ￦ɑǐǗƣʭ‫پ‬￦ƣɾǐ￦ƣƽɌɑǗ̊Ǘ￦ƽʋɽɽʋɾ￦ȹʋƣɲʭ

 ǪƣƽɑɲɑˀƣˀǗ￦ƽʋʋʦǐɑɾƣˀɑʋɾ

 ʭƣ̊Ǘ￦ˀɑɽǗ

 ƼʦɑǐȹǗ￦ˀɌǗ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ȹƣʢ￦ƣɽʋɾȹ￦̊ƣʦɑʋ˵ʭ￦ǐǗʢƣʦˀɽǗɾˀʭ‫ڂ‬

 Gƽƽƣʭɑʋɾƣɲɲ̕‫پ‬￦ˀɌǗʭǗ￦ɲƣˀǗʦƣɲ￦ʦǗɲƣˀɑʋɾʭɌɑʢʭ￦ƣʦǗ￦Ǫʋʦɽƣɲɲ̕￦ʭƣɾƽˀɑʋɾǗǐ‫ڂ‬￦￠˵ˀ￦ȹǗɾǗʦƣɲɲ̕‫پ‬￦ˀɌǗ̕￦ƣʦǗ￦
ɑɾǪʋʦɽƣɲɲ̕￦ƽʦǗƣˀǗǐ￦ˀʋ￦Ƽ̕ʢƣʭʭ￦ˀɌǗ￦Ǫʋʦɽƣɲ￦ɌɑǗʦƣʦƽɌɑƽƣɲ￦ƽɌƣɾɾǗɲʭ￦ƣɾǐ￦
Ǘ̔ʢǗǐɑˀǗ‫ک‬ƣƽƽǗɲǗʦƣˀǗ‫ک‬ʭʢǗǗǐ￦˵ʢ￦ƣƽˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬
 ￬ɑƣȹʋɾƣɲ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦ɑʭ￦ƣɲʭʋ￦ʦǗǪǗʦʦǗǐ￦ˀʋ￦ƣʭ￦ƽʦʋʭʭ‫̋ڷ‬ɑʭǗ‫پ‬￦ʦƣǐɑƣɲ‫پ‬￦ʋʦ￦ƽɑʦƽ˵ɲƣʦ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ڂ‬

 <ʋ￦ʭʢǗƽɑǪɑƽ￦ɲɑɾǗ￦ʋǪ￦ƽʋɽɽƣɾǐ‫ٱ‬

 ̕Ƽʦɑǐ‫ ڷ‬ƣ￦ɽɑ̔ˀ˵ʦǗ￦ʋǪ￦̊Ǘʦˀɑƽƣɲ￦ƣɾǐ￦Ɍʋʦɑ̞ʋɾˀƣɲ￦‫۔‬Ǫʋʦ￦Ǘ̔ƣɽʢɲǗ‫پ‬￦̋ɌǗɾ￦ƣ￦ʭƣɲǗʭ￦ɽƣɾƣȹǗʦ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀǗʭ￦

ǐɑʦǗƽˀɲ̕￦̋ɑˀɌ￦ˀɌǗ￦̊ɑƽǗ￦ʢʦǗʭɑǐǗɾˀ￦‫۔‬ʢʦʋǐ˵ƽˀɑʋɾ‫پە‬￦̋Ɍʋ￦ɑʭ￦ɾʋˀ￦ʋɾɲ̕￦ɑɾ￦ƣ￦ǐɑǪǪǗʦǗɾˀ￦ǐɑ̊ɑʭɑʋɾ‫پ‬￦Ƽ˵ˀ￦ƣɲʭʋ￦ƣˀ￦ƣ￦

ɌɑȹɌǗʦ￦ɲǗ̊Ǘɲ￦ɑɾ￦ˀɌǗ￦ʋʦȹƣɾɑ̞ƣˀɑʋɾ‫پ‬￦ˀɌǗ̕￦ƣʦǗ￦ǗɾȹƣȹǗǐ￦ɑɾ￦ǐɑƣȹʋɾƣɲ￦ƽʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ‫ەڂ‬
  Efficient Flow of Information
 By establishing clear channels and protocols, messages can be
transmitted quickly and accurately, enabling employees to access
the information they need to perform their roles effectively.
 Enhanced Collaboration
 Communication networks promote collaboration among employees
Importance of and teams.
 Reduced Ambiguity and Misunderstanding
Communication  By defining roles and responsibilities and offering channels of
communication, the organisation can reduce the risk of
Network misinterpretation, confusion, and errors in tasks or projects.
 Increased Engagement and Employee Satisfaction
 Effective communication networks contribute to increased
employee engagement and satisfaction, which makes them
motivated, productive and satisfied in their work
 Alignment with Organizational Goals
 By providing a clear framework for sharing goals, objectives, and
progress updates, they help to ensure that everyone is working
towards the same outcomes.
  ›‫<ڷ‬Ǘˀ̋ʋʦɭ

￡ʋɽɽ˵ɾɑƽƣˀɑʋɾ￦  ‘ɌǗǗɲ￦<Ǘˀ̋ʋʦɭ
<Ǘˀ̋ʋʦɭʭ
 ʦƣʢǗ̊ɑɾǗ
A type of pattern in which
information flows
between the group  ￡Ɍƣɑɾ￦<Ǘˀ̋ʋʦɭ
members.

 ￇɲɲ￦￡ɌƣɾɾǗɲ￦<Ǘˀ̋ʋʦɭ
1. Y- Network  Here, A is the main person who communicates or transfers our

information with B, C, and D. It follows the formal chain of authority

where an upward and downward type of communication takes place in

the organisational hierarchy.

 Sequential in nature.

 Centralization process.

 Flexible in nature.
Advantages  Well-structured
 The information is channelised
 The information is conveyed properly

Disadvantages  Communication is restricted

 All information and messages flow through A, who is at the centre
of the wheel. A communicates with other members of the group,
like B, C, D, and E, while members cannot communicate with each
other.
2. Wheel
Network  Information passes only from authority.

 Less chance of misunderstanding.

 Follow the process of a goal-oriented approach.

  Efficient - Employees know exactly how decisions are made
and how communication is handled.
 Direct - Relays instructions and orders directly from the
Advantages highest level to any subordinate level.
 Very effective, and the miscommunication is the least

 If the leader is not responsible, dedicated, or communicative,

Disadvantages the whole business will suffer
 Larger businesses will not have the resources to deploy this
mechanism
  Strengthening the interpersonal relationships

 Enhances the efficiency of employees

 Creates a friendly environment within the organisation

3. Grapevine  The information passes rapidly

ʭˀʦǗˀƽɌǗʭ￦ˀɌʦʋ˵ȹɌʋ˵ˀ￦ˀɌǗ￦
ʋʦȹƣɾɑ̞ƣˀɑʋɾ￦ɑɾ￦ƣɲɲ￦ǐɑʦǗƽˀɑʋɾʭ‫پ‬￦
ɑʦʦǗʭʢǗƽˀɑ̊Ǘ￦ʋǪ￦ˀɌǗ￦ƣ˵ˀɌʋʦɑˀ̕￦  A kind of Horizontal communication
ɲǗ̊Ǘɲʭ

 Happens within a group of individuals of equal status

 Spreads very fast in all directions

  1. Quick Feedback

 2. The cohesion of the group

 3. Quickly propagate

 4. Substitute for a formal communication channel

 5. Interpretation
Advantages
 If the system is formal, information is supplied at the management level. Staff, on
the other hand, can ask for information casually. This is critical for completing tasks.

 6. Recommendations are disseminated

 The staff informs the elders of their wishes in this system. They talk about their
problems and how to solve them. This allows employees to make recommendations
to elders.
 • Controlling is difficult.
• In the informal system, there are no ground rules. Controlling the spread of
knowledge becomes difficult.

• Ignites Non-cooperation
• At times, this method fosters a culture of non-cooperation and unhealthy
competitiveness among employees. In open debates, they may wind up hurting
each other. It’s possible that they won’t want to work together. It’s possible
that the company will become inefficient.

Disadvantages • The propagation of rumours at a breakneck speed

• Rumors rapidly spread through the grapevine. It’s possible that the real data
will change and become wrong.

• Leads to Misunderstanding
• The staff does not follow the grapevine system’s formal chain of command.
This can lead to miscommunication.

• The information isn’t kept a secret forever.

• The majority of discussions in this system are open. Things don’t remain
hidden for long.
  A chain network mostly follows a formal chain of command or
authority where the information flows vertically upwards or
4. Chain downwards.

Network  Equal to the Y network.

 Follow the process of the formal channel of authority.

 Step-by-step process and time-consuming

  Hierarchical
Advantages  Well-structured

 A great chance of error and miscommunication.

 Time consuming
 Cause people at the bottom to feel discouraged
Disadvantages  Could also give them the motivation to move up the chain
 Not fast
 Few people who don’t understand the message will remain in
the loop.
5. All Channel  A pattern that allows all members or employees to communicate with each

Network other.

 Mostly informal

 Experience no emergence of a leader,

 It follows a decentralized structure.

 This is the common communication framework used in self-managed teams,

where all group members participate, and no one takes a leadership role.

 All the individuals in this network communicate with each other freely,

permanently, and regularly.

Advantages  Allows members at all levels to brainstorm and collaborate.
 Member satisfaction is high
 Flexible, no hierarchy

Disadvantages  Moderate accuracy

1. Why NITK? Your plans for the next four years?

2. How do you find your friends- friendly, helpful,

challenging?

3. How's the campus?