—Z EECE-309 (Second Section) LtCol Nyeem Serene ol Nee Analog to digital conversion: + Sampling theorem © Nyquist criterion + Instantaneous and natural sampling + Aliasing + Signal reconstruction 1. Explain how the performance of a digital communication system can be impaired by the improper sampling and quantization considering the following parameters: a Bitrate, and b. Information loss 2. Consider that a real-world analog input signal is processed to obtain its discrete-time version. The signal while electrically generated contains an unusually high bandwidth of A Hz, where the significant signal components are limited to the bandwidth, B Hz (ie., A >> B). illustrate the effect of sampling of the i) original input and {ii its band-limited version. A Define unit impulse function and determine its frequency domain representation. Thereby, demonstrate its CH Peet forthe fotowing case: 2. tomodel a sampling process both in time and frequency domain with necessary illustration, and b. to learn an unknown system response/characteristic. A Illustrate the sampling effects on a signal having finax = 3.4 kHz at the following rates: et a. Nyquist rate b. Twice of the Nyquist rate, and c. Half of the Nyquist rate. 5. State the principles of the band-limiting and ante-aliasing filters, and illustrate their operations. 6. How an ideal reconstruction process of a discrete-time signal varies from the practical scenario. Explain a practical reconstruction process with its both mathematical and graphical illustration 7. Asignal g(t) band-limited to B Hz is sampled by a periodic pulse train p(t) made up of a rectangular pulse of width = second, centered at origin and repeating at 28 pulses per second. Show that the sampled signal Ct) is given by 5 = 79) + Yen &) g(t) cosnagt and the signal, g(t) can be recovered by passing g(t) through an ideal low-pass filter of bandwidth B Hz and again of 4 8. Signals g,(¢) = 10*rect(10*t) and ga(t) rect (<4) and H2(w) = rect (2) in the figure below. The outputs y(t) and y(t) of these filters are multiplied to obtain the signal y(t) = y,(t)y(t). Find the Nyquist rate of y(t), ys(t) and ya(t) (t) are applied at the inputs of ideal low-pass filters, Hy («) a) IMA (YC) 20) 9. The following zero-order hold circuit is commonly used to reconstruct a signal g(t) from its sample Page 1 of 5EECE-309 (Second Section) LtCol Nyeem Oviput Find the unit impulse response of the circuit Find the transfer function, H («») and sketch |H1(w)| Show that when a sampled signal g(¢) is applied at the input of this circuit, the output is a staircase approximation of g(¢) with a sampling interval of 7, Pulse Code Modulation: ‘© Quantization: linear and non-linear © Quantization noise + Companding ‘+ SQNR and bandwidth requirements Variants of PCM: DPCM and ADPCM. Delta Modulation Adaptive Delta Modulation Granular noise and slope-overload noise 10. Define quantization noise and verify for a typical signal quantization the signal to quantization-noise ratio (Sank) is $2) Reg 11. Design a nonlinear quantizer using a linear quantizer and illustrate its operation and potential. 12. A signal m(t) band-limited to 3 kH1z is sampled at a rate 33 =% higher than the Nyquist rate. The maximum acceptable error in the sample amplitude (the maximum quantization error) is 0.5% of the peak amplitude ‘my. The quantized samples are binary coded. a. Find the minimum bandwidth of a channel required to transmit the encoded binary signal. b. IF 24 such signals are time-division multiplexed, determine the minimum transmission bandwidth required to transmit the multiplexed signal. (Example 6.2 8P Lathi] 13. Show that the SNR increases exponentially with the transmission bandwidth, and thereby, verify that in PCM, SNR can be controlled by transmission bandwidth (Hints: Eq. 6.40 and 6.41, BP Lathi) 14. A signal m(t) of bandwidth B = 4 kHz is transmitted using a binary companded PCM with » = 100. Compare the case of | = 64 with the case of L = 256 from the point of view of transmission bandwidth and the output SNR. [Example 6.3 BP Lathi] 15. ACD records audio signal digitally by using PCM (ie., sampling, quantization and encoding). Assume the audio signal bandwidth to be 15 kHz ‘a. Determine the Nyquist rate. b. If the Nyquist samples are quantized at (65536 levels and then binary coded, determine the number of binary digits required to encode each sample ©. Assuming that the signal is sinusoidal and that the maximum signal amplitude is 1 volt, determine the quantization step and the signal-to-quantization noise ratio. Page 2of5EECE-309 (Second Section) Lt Col Nyeem D E Pomer ceneaneret tary digits per second (bits/s) required to encode the audio signal 21 kloan, Sena are sampled at arate wel above the Nygust rate, CDs usualy vse encode anes Per second, If =65536, determine the umber af bits per second required to 'gnal and the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the encoded signal 16. A television signal (video and audio to; and binary coded, a O ; etermine the sampling rate ifthe signal sto be sampled at a rate 20% above the Nyquist rate b._ Ifthe samples are quantized into 1024 levels, determine the numbers of binary pulses required to encode of each sample gether) has a bandwidth of 4.5MHz. This signal is sampled, quantized, Determine the binary pulse rate (ie, bits per second) of the binary coded signal and the minimum bandwidth required to transmit this signal 47, Consider a signal s(t) whose frequency domain representation is given below, and its sampled or discrete time version is s(t) se(t) = (0) 6(e—n0) & searyoc -n7) illustrate the frequency domain representation of s5(t) and specify a filter characteristic for best possible Feconstruction of s(t) from s5(t), for the following cases: (a) T = 2, and (b) T = 18. The low pass signal x(t) with a bandwidth W is sampled at intervals of T, seconds, and the signal =D) xearpte -n7,) is generated with an arbitrary pulse p(t) a. Find the frequency domain expression of x(t) b. Find the conditions for perfect reconstruction of x(t) from x(t), €._ Determine the required reconstruction filter. 19. The output SQNR of a 10-bit PCM was found to be insufficient at 30 dB. To achieve the desired SNR of 42 48, it was decided to increase the number of quantization levels, L. Find the fractional increase in the transmission bandwidth required for this increase in L. [Exercise Problem 6 2-10, BP Lathi) 20. Explain the processes of a DPCM transmitter and receiver. Illustrate its potential over PCM with a simple example and necessary schematics. [Sec. 6.5 BP Lathi or other suitable reference] 21. Explain the processes of a ADPCM transmitter and receiver. Illustrate its potential over the PCM and DPCM systems with a simple example and necessary schematics. (Sec. 6.6 BP Lathi or other suitable reference] 22. Distinguish OM from the popular variants of PCM (i.e., DPCM and ADPCM). Explain the processes of delta modulation and demodulation and show how the granular noise and slope-overload noise may be rendered inom. 23. Ina single-integration DM system, the voice signal is sampled at a rate of 64 kHz, similar to PCM. The maximum, signal amplitude is normalized a5 Ayax = 1- a, Determine the minimum value of the step size a to avoid slope overload Page 3 0f5EECE-309 (Second Section) Lt Col Nyeem Determine the granular noise power, V, if the voice signal bandwidth is 3.4 kHz Assuming that the voice signal is sinusoidal, determine the signal power, 5, and SNR Assuming that the voice signal amplitude is uniformly distributed in the rage of (~ 1, 1), determine So and SNR. Determine the minimum transmission bandwidth, [Exercise Problem 6.7-1, BP Lathi) Pulse Modulation: PAM, PPM and PWM, and Principles, limitations and applications of different types of pulse modulation Digital Modulation: ASK, PSK, and FSK Principles and their properties. Multiplexing: TOM and FOM. : 24. Explain the principle of PAM, PPM and PWM with necessary figures. 25. lustrate the techniques for generating instantaneously sampled PTM (ie. PWM and PPM) [Fig 3.44 LW Couch] 26. Explain the principle of ASK, PSK, and FSK with necessary figures 27. Define Binary and multilevel signaling, and their relative merits and limitations. Design a system schematic for Binary to multilevel signal conversion. (Fig. 3-13, LW Couch) 28. Explain the desirable properties of Binary line coding, and illustrate the wav techniques for an arbitrary 5-digit binary codes. [Sec 3.5 LW Couch] 29, State the needs for frame synchronization in TOM and explain the front-end processes synchronization with TOM receiver. (Fig. 3.37 LW Couch] 30. Design a TOM system that will accommodate 11 sources, of which first two sources are analog and have bandwidths of 2 kHz and 4 kHz, respectively. Explain the processes with necessary figure. (Fig. 3.38 and 3.39 LW Couch] 31. Explain the principle of TOM and illustrate its following cases with necessary figures: a. Digit interleaving b. Byte interleaving €. Channel interleaving [Sec 6.4 and Fig. 6.22 BP Lathi] 32, When FOM can be advantageous over a TOM system? Explain FOM with its distinctive processes over 2 typical TDM system. signals jeforms of different line coding of this Communication System Design: Design parameters Channel Selection Criteria Performance Analysis. 33. [Sec 7.1, LW Couch) Explain the role of BER in analyzing the performance of a typical binary communication channel, and thus, show that the BER in such channels can be generally expressed as follows, where the symbols bear their usual meanings. Vr r P,=P(s;sent)| f(rolsy)dry + P(sz sent) | f(rols2)dro co Vy 34, Analyze the performance of a receiver for baseband binary signaling and verify its optimum threshold to be V, =“, where the symbols bear their usual meanings: Page 4 of 536 37 38, 39, 40. 41. 42. 43. EECE-309 (Second Section) Col Nyeer G5. Define the principle of On-Off Keying, Show that the performance of coherent detection of tis signaling is characterized withthe BER for a matching fitering case as follows. (Se. 7.3 LW Couch] n= 0( [#)= off) te9.7.33 ew couch (Vine) = (Jac) tes } Why does Binary-Phase-shift Keying (BPSK) also called a phase-reversal Keying (PRK)? Show that the BER of a PRK system can be characterized by (Eq. 7.38 LW Couch} Explain the principle and key-processes of coherent detection of an FSK signal. [Fig. 7-8, LW Couch Analise the performance of a typical FSK system and determine its BER performance, (Eq. 7.47 LW Couch Illustrate the noncoherent detection of FSK (Fig. 7-11, LW Couch] With a suitable block diagram, discuss the key processes of matched filter detection of QPSK [Fig. 713, LW Couch] Design an optimum DPSK demodulator using bandpass matched filter and explain its operation. [Fig LW Couch] Explain the effect of Bandwidth on the BER performance and summarize the minimum transmission bandwidth requirements and error performance of popular digital signaling techniques. [Page4! Table-7.1 LW Couch Why synchronization is required in digital communication? Explain Bit, Frame and Carrier Synchronizations. [Page-489 LW Couch] Page 5 of S