William James

- Almost 130 years ago, James(1890) introduced the distinction between “Me” and “I” to
the debate about the self. The former term refers to understanding of the self as an
object of experience, while the latter to the refers to understanding of the self as an objet
of experience, while the latter to the self as a subject of experience.

“I”
- The I Self reflects what people see or perceive themselves doing in the physical world
(e.g., recognizing that one is walking, eating, writing. The I is the person deep inside. This
is the part of a person that is antisocial and just about how you feel .

“Me”
- the word “ME” to refer to self as object. What does it mean? In James (1890) view, it
reflects “all the things” which have the power to produce “excitement of a certain
particular sort”. This certain kind of excitement is nothing more thank some form of
experiential quality of me-ness, mine-ness, or similar – understood in a folk- theoretical.

Carl Rogers
- What is Carl Rogers' Theory of Personality Development? Carl Ransom Rogers (1902 –
1987) was a psychologist who developed a theory called Unconditional Positive Regard.
Rogers believed that people must be fully honest with themselve.

According to Rogers, the three core parts of self-concept are:

Ideal self:
- your vision and ambitions of who you want to be. The ideal self is the part of a person's
self-concept that consists of their desires, hopes, and wishes

Real self (self-image):

- how you currently see and perceive yourself. The real self is who we actually are. It is
how we think, how we feel, look, and act. The real self can be seen by others, but because
we have no way of truly knowing how others view us, the real self is our self-image.

Self-esteem:
- how much worth and value you believe you have. Self-worth may be seen as a continuum
from very high to very low. For Carl Rogers (1959) a person who has high self-worth, that
is, has confidence and positive feelings about him or herself, faces challenges in life,
accepts failure and unhappiness at times, and is open with people.

Sigmund freud

According to Sigmund Freud, human personality is complex and has more than a single
component. In his famous psychoanalytic theory, Freud states that personality is composed of
three elements known as the id, the ego, and the superego. These elements work together to
create complex human behaviors.

The Id
- According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary
component of personality.1
- The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth.
- The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all
desires, wants, and need

The Ego
- According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id
can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world.
- The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.
- The ego is the personality component responsible for dealing with reality.

The Superego
- According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five.
- The superego holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from our
parents and society (our sense of right and wrong).
- The superego provides guidelines for making judgments

Symbolic Intractionism
- Symbolic interactionism is a theory that focuses on how individuals interact. The self is
created and developed through human interaction . It focuses on the active role that
people play in constructing their own reality, and in that way, it helps us understand how
interactions can shape people's experiences and behavior.

3 Reason why self and identity are social product (self & identity as social products)
- We need others to reinforcewho we think we are. Theyserve as reference pointsabout
our identity.
- What we think is importantto us may also have beeninfluenced by what isimportant in
our society orhistorical context.
- ThereforeSocial interaction and groupaffiliation are vital factors increating our self-
concept. When we are aware of ourself-concept, it is called self-awareness.

TWO TYPES OF SELF AWARENESS

Private self
- Awareness is when people are aware of something about themselve. An example of
private awareness is when an individual becomes aware of their own thoughts and
 feelings. This type of awareness allows a person to reflect on their own emotions,
thoughts and motivations, and to understand how they influence their behavior and
actions

Public self
- Awareness is when people know how others see them. An example of public self-
awareness is when an individual becomes aware of how their behavior and actions may
affect others in a public setting. This type of awareness allows a person to consider the
impact of their words and actions on others, and to act in a way that is socially
responsible and respectful. For example, a person may become aware that they have
been talking loudly on their phone in a public space, such as a library, and realize that
their behavior is disruptive to others.

3 SELF-SCHEMA

Actual Self
- It is who you are at the moment .For example, an individual’s actual self in regards to
their physical self-schema may be that they are currently overweight, while their ideal self
may be that they want to be at a healthy weight. In terms of their social self-schema, their
actual self may be that they are currently unemployed, while their ideal self may be that
they want to have a stable and well-paying job. And in terms of their psychological self-
schema, their actual self may be that they are currently shy and introverted, while their
ideal self may be that they want to be more outgoing and confident.

Ideal Self
- An ideal self-schema is a cognitive framework that represents the ideal or desired version
of oneself. An example of an ideal self-schema would be a person who sees themselves as
a successful business person. This ideal self-schema would influence their goals,
aspirations, and behavior. For example, they may set goals to achieve career success, such
as getting a promotion or starting their own business. They may also strive to develop the
skills and traits they believe are necessary to be successful in the business world, such as
strong leadership abilities, good communication skills, and financially savvy.

Ought Self
- An ought self-schema would be a person who sees themselves as a responsible and caring
family member. This Ought self-schema would influence their behavior, causing them to
prioritize and fulfill their responsibilities to their family, such as being present for
important events, providing emotional support, and being a role model for younger family
members. This ought self-schema can be influenced by different cultural, social, and
familial norms and expectations.
Self - Consciousness
- Too much self awareness that we are concerned about being observed and criticized by
others. Self-consciousness can be defined for an individual as the awareness of his/her own
body in a time-space continuum and its interactions with the environment – including others. It
also encompasses the awareness that the individual has of his/her own identity. The self -
consciousness has two kind these are “self consciousness of oneself and one’s psychological
states in inner sense and consciousness of oneself and one’s states via performing acts of
apperception”

Deindividuation
- The loss of individual self awareness and individual accountability in groups.
Deindividuation, phenomenon in which people engage in seemingly impulsive, deviant, and
sometimes violent acts in situations in which they believe they cannot be personally identified.
The person experience deindividuation when a person's identity with a group overrides their
own identity and self-awareness. It can lead to a mob mentality, because deindividuation tends
to prevent critical thinking and dissent.

Self - Esteem
- It is our own positive or negative perception or evaluation of ourselves. Self-esteem is how
we value and perceive ourselves. It's based on our opinions and beliefs about ourselves, Self-
esteem is important because it heavily influences people's choices and decisions. Example
when, you likely have high self-esteem if you: Act assertively without experiencing any guilt,
and feel at ease communicating with others. Self - esteem has a 3types these are low , healthy
and excessive.

Social Comparison Theory

Social comparison theory was first proposed in 1954 by psychologist Leon Festinger and
suggested that people have an innate drive to evaluate themselves, often in comparison to
others.1 People make all kinds of judgments about themselves, and one of the key ways that
we do this is through social comparison, or analyzing the self in relation to others.

For example, imagine that a high school student has just signed up for band class to learn how
to play the clarinet. As she evaluates her skills and progress, she will compare her performance
to other students in the class.

Upward Social Comparison

- This takes place when we compare ourselves with those who we believe are better than
us. These upward comparisons often focus on the desire to improve our current status or
level of ability. We might compare ourselves to someone better off and look for ways that
we can achieve similar results.
Downward Social Comparison
- This takes place when we compare ourselves to others who are worse off than us. Such
downward comparisons are often centered on making ourselves feel better about our
abilities or traits. We might not be great at something, but at least we are better off than
someone else.

Self-evaluation refers to the self-perceived social ranking one has towards themselves. It is the
continuous process of determining personal growth and progress, which can be raised or
lowered by the behavior of others.

At the same time, the success of a close other can decrease someone's self-evaluation in the
comparison process. This is because the success of a close other invites comparison on one's
own capabilities, thereby directly affecting one's own self-evaluation.

NARCISSISM
- A trait that is characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-
centeredness.