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09 Week 09 Capacitors Sec A

Capacitors can store electric charge and allow alternating current to pass through while blocking direct current. The capacitance of a capacitor depends on the surface area of its plates, the distance between them, and the material between the plates. Common uses of capacitors include filtering, blocking, coupling, and energy storage.

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Muhammad Rafay
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20 views26 pages

09 Week 09 Capacitors Sec A

Capacitors can store electric charge and allow alternating current to pass through while blocking direct current. The capacitance of a capacitor depends on the surface area of its plates, the distance between them, and the material between the plates. Common uses of capacitors include filtering, blocking, coupling, and energy storage.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Rafay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Capacitors

Chapter # 7 (Irwin)
First thing….. You already know what a capacitor is….

But do you know how it operates???

Why it can store a charge???

Why does it allow AC through it, while blocking DC???

What is the characteristic plot of a capacitor???

Where capacitors are used???

…..

If you know all aforementioned things then you don’t need to attend
this lecture……
• Like resistor, a capacitor is also a passive device…
• Electrical components are broadly categorized as “Passive” or
“Active”….
• Passive:
• A passive component is an electronic component which can
only receive energy, which it can either dissipate, absorb or
store it in an electric field or a magnetic field. Passive elements
do not need any form of electrical power to operate.
• Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, Wires, Diodes, Optical Fiber
Capacitor etc….
• Active:
• An active component is an electronic component which
supplies energy to a circuit. They usually need external power
to operate.
• Transistors, regulators, IC etc….

3
Capacitor

• Background
• Electric Field lines (Flux)…..
• Electric field is represented
by electric flux lines, which
indicate the strength of the
electric field at any point
around the charged body;
• the denser the lines of flux,
the stronger the electric field.

4
Capacitor
• Background
• Electric Field lines (Flux)….. (flux/unit area)
• Electric Flux Density…..
• Electric Flux is directly related to the size of the charge
• Larger the Charge will be, closer will the flux lines be, and stronger will be the force
• Electric Field Strength is force acting on a unit charge….

N/C

5
Capacitor
• The force exerted on a unit positive charge (Q2 = 1 C), by a charge Q1, r
meters away, as determined by Coulomb’s law is

• So for unit charge Electric Field Strength will become

I. the electric field strength is directly proportional to the magnitude of the


charge
II. inversely proportional to the distance squared from the charge.

6
Capacitor

• Okay… but what is a capacitor…..

• What is the idea behind it…..

• Two parallel plates of a conducting


material separated by an air gap

• Capacitance is the measure of the


ability of a capacitor to store charge

7
Capacitor

• Switch open : parallel plates are


initially uncharged =no charge flow
• Switch closed: electrons are drawn
from the upper plate through the
resistor to the positive terminal of the
battery.
• Electrons repelled by the negative
terminal bottom plate
• Finally……continues until the potential
difference across the plates is exactly
equal to the battery voltage
• positive charge on the top plate and a
negative charge on the bottom plate,

8
Capacitor
• A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad if 1 coulomb of charge is deposited on the plates by a potential
difference of 1 volt across the plates.

Capacitance is a measure of a capacitor’s ability to store charge

9
• Permittivity and Relative
Permittivity
• The ratio of the flux density to
the electric field intensity in the
dielectric is called the
permittivity of the dielectric:

• The ratio of the permittivity of


Capacitor any dielectric to that of a
vacuum is
called the relative permittivity,

• Capacitance can also be


represented as

10
Consider a capacitor with air as dielectric.
Єo=8.85 × 10−12 F∕m
Let’s assume the distance between plates is
1.016 × 10−4 m.
Calculate the Area of plates if capacitance is
100F.
Calculate
A=1148 square Kilometer.

Area of Lahore is 1772 square Kilometer.


Important Relations
Important Relations
Important Relations
Example 6.2 The voltage across a 5-μF capacitor has the
waveform shown in Fig. 6.4a. Determine the current waveform.
Example 6-4: The current in an initially uncharged 4-μF capacitor is
shown in Fig. 6.5a. Let us derive the waveforms for the voltage, power,
and energy and compute the energy stored in the electric field of the
capacitor at t = 2 ms
Example 6-4: The current in an initially uncharged 4-μF capacitor is
shown in Fig. 6.5a. Let us derive the waveforms for the voltage, power,
and energy and compute the energy stored in the electric field of the
capacitor at t = 2 ms
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)

A Little side
Discussion!
A Digital
Signal
DAC

• It is a circuit that will convert Digital Signal Analog Signal


a digital signal to an analog 000
signal. A 3-Bit DAC means, a 001
circuit that will take a 3-bit
010
digital signal and will convert
that to analog. 011
100
101
110
111
R-2R
Ladder
DAC
R-2R Ladder DAC
R-2R Ladder DAC
DAC

• It is a circuit that will convert Digital Signal Analog Signal

a digital signal to an analog 000


signal. A 3-Bit DAC means, a 001
circuit that will take a 3-bit 010
digital signal and will convert
011
that to analog.
100

101

110

111
3 Bit DAC
10/1/2022
•2
•8
•9
• 18
• 20
• 22
• 27
• 100

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