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Know your Microcontroller Kit:

1. What is the microcontroller used in Arduino UNO?

• The microcontroller used in Arduino UNO is Atmega328P.
2. A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called?
• A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a "sketch."
3. How many digital pins are there on the UNO board?
• There are 14 digital pins on the Arduino UNO board.
4. Arduino IDE consists of 2 Major functions. What are they?
• The two major functions of the Arduino IDE are Editing (writing code) and
Compiling/Uploading (transferring code to the Arduino board).
5. What is the use of the Arduino.h header file?
• The Arduino.h header file includes essential functions and definitions
needed for Arduino programming.
6. What is the operating voltage of Atmega328?
• The operating voltage of Atmega328 is 5 volts.
7. What is the full form of EEPROM?
• EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory.
8. What type of signal does the analogWrite() function output?
• The analogWrite() function outputs a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
signal.
9. What is the operating frequency of the Arduino UNO Board?
• The operating frequency of the Arduino UNO Board is 16 MHz.
10. How much Program Memory does the Arduino UNO have?
• The Arduino UNO has 32 KB of Flash program memory.

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Interfacing of LED with Arduino UNO kit:

1. What is an LED?
 • LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. It is a semiconductor device that emits light
when a current flows through it.
2. Can LED be connected directly to ground?
• No, it is not recommended to connect an LED directly to ground without a current-
limiting resistor, as it may draw too much current and get damaged.
3. How can you make an LED blink using Arduino UNO?
• You can make an LED blink by writing a simple Arduino sketch that uses the
digitalWrite() function to turn the LED on and off with specified time delays using
delay().
4. What is interfacing LED with Arduino UNO?
• Interfacing LED with Arduino UNO involves connecting the LED to one of the digital
pins of the Arduino, usually through a current-limiting resistor, and controlling its
state using Arduino code.
5. Do LEDs need resistors on Arduino?
• Yes, LEDs typically need current-limiting resistors when connected to Arduino to
prevent excessive current flow and potential damage to the LED.
6. What is the logic used to blink LED in Arduino?
• The logic used to blink an LED in Arduino involves toggling the state of a digital pin
between HIGH and LOW using digitalWrite() with appropriate delays to control the
blinking speed.
7. How do I make more than two LEDs blink at the same time using Arduino?
• Connect each LED to a separate digital pin on the Arduino, and write a program that
toggles the states of these pins to control the blinking of multiple LEDs
simultaneously.
8. What is the need for current-limiting resistance, and how do you calculate the value?
• The current-limiting resistor is used to control the current flowing through the LED.
The value can be calculated using Ohm's Law: Resistor Value (in ohms) = (Voltage
across resistor) / (Desired LED current).
9. How do I stop the LED blinking in Arduino?
• You can stop the LED blinking by modifying the Arduino code to keep the LED in a
constant state, either HIGH or LOW.
10. How do I connect LED to Arduino without a breadboard?
• You can connect an LED to Arduino without a breadboard by directly wiring the LED
and current-limiting resistor to the appropriate digital pin on the Arduino.

Interfacing of LDR with Arduino UNO kit:

1. What is an LDR?
• LDR stands for Light Dependent Resistor. It is a type of resistor whose resistance
varies with the intensity of light.
2. How many pins does an LDR have?
• An LDR typically has two pins.
3. Do LDRs respond to all wavelengths of light?
• LDRs generally respond to a broad range of wavelengths in the light spectrum.
 4. How much time does it take for the resistance of an LDR to change after light is
incident?
• The resistance of an LDR changes almost instantly when exposed to a change in light
intensity.
5. What kind of sensor is an LDR?
• LDR is a type of analog sensor.
6. What material can be commonly used for making LDR?
• Cadmium sulfide is a common material used for making LDRs.
7. Explain the working principle of LDR.
• The resistance of an LDR decreases with increasing light intensity and increases in
darkness due to the photoconductivity of its material.
8. Discuss the input/output of LDR. Is it analog or digital?
• The output of an LDR is analog, as its resistance varies continuously with light
intensity.
9. How many types of LDRs are present?
• There are different types of LDRs with variations in size, shape, and sensitivity.
10. Describe the types of LDRs present.
• LDRs can be categorized based on their resistance range, sensitivity, and applications.
11. What is LDR? Explain the principle of working of LDR.
• LDR is a Light Dependent Resistor. The principle of its working involves the variation
of resistance with changes in light intensity.
12. How can you control the sensitivity of LDR?
• Sensitivity can be controlled by using filters or by adjusting the circuit parameters.
13. Explain the working of the LDR circuit you used in the lab.
• Provide details about the specific circuit configuration, connections, and components
used.
14. What are the applications of LDR?
• LDRs find applications in light-sensitive devices, such as automatic street lights,
camera exposure control, and light-sensitive alarms.
15. How much time does it take to sense a signal by LDR?
• The response time of an LDR is typically very quick, almost instantaneous.
16. Explain the working of the LDR circuit you used in the lab.
• Provide details about the specific circuit configuration, connections, and components
used.
17. What are the pins you used for LDR? And justify where and why you have connected
those?
• Specify the pins on the Arduino that were used for connecting the LDR and explain
the reasons for those connections based on the circuit design.
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Interfacing of Ultrasonic sensor with Arduino UNO kit:
 1. How many pins are there in an ultrasonic sensor? Name them.
• Ultrasonic sensors typically have 4 pins: VCC, GND, Trigger, and Echo.
2. What is the minimum and maximum range of an ultrasonic sensor?
• The minimum range is usually a few centimeters, and the maximum range can vary
but is commonly around 4-5 meters.
3. What is the working frequency of an ultrasonic sensor?
• The working frequency of an ultrasonic sensor is typically around 40 kHz.
4. Which pins among echo and trigger are to be configured as input and output pin? And
why?
• The Trigger pin is configured as an output, and the Echo pin is configured as an
input. The Trigger pin sends a pulse, and the Echo pin receives and measures the
time it takes for the pulse to bounce back.
5. Formula to calculate the distance.
• Distance (cm) = (Time taken by the pulse to travel to the object and back) / 2 * Speed
of sound in air.
6. Explain the use of the pulseIn function.
• pulseIn is used to measure the duration of a pulse on a specified pin. In the context of
ultrasonic sensors, it helps measure the time taken for the ultrasonic pulse to travel
to the object and back.
7. What is the measuring angle of the ultrasonic sensor?
• The measuring angle of a typical ultrasonic sensor is around 15 degrees.
8. What is the time delay that should be provided for the trigger pin?
• The time delay for the trigger pin should be around 10 microseconds.
9. Explain the method to find the distance using an ultrasonic sensor.
• Send a short pulse on the Trigger pin, measure the time it takes for the pulse to
bounce back (using the Echo pin), and then calculate the distance using the formula
mentioned above.
10. Why should an ultrasonic sensor not be connected to electric supply directly?
• Connecting an ultrasonic sensor directly to the electric supply can damage the sensor
due to excessive voltage. It is typically powered using a voltage within the specified
operating range.

Interfacing of Thermistor with Arduino UNO kit:

1. What is a thermistor? Explain with a diagram.

• A thermistor is a type of temperature sensor whose resistance changes with
temperature. It can be NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) or PTC (Positive
Temperature Coefficient).
2. How many pins are there in a thermistor? Name them.
• A thermistor typically has two pins.
3. What is the difference between PTC and NTC thermistor?
• PTC thermistors increase resistance with increasing temperature, while NTC
thermistors decrease resistance with increasing temperature.
4. Explain the term voltage divider in a thermistor? What is its equation?
 • A voltage divider is a circuit that divides the voltage across resistors. The equation for
a voltage divider with a thermistor is: Vout = Vin * (Rt / (Rt + Rref)), where Rt is the
resistance of the thermistor, and Rref is the reference resistance.
5. What is the role of a comparator in a thermistor?
• A comparator can be used to compare the voltage across the thermistor with a
reference voltage, allowing you to determine the temperature.
6. What are the applications of a thermistor?
• Thermistors find applications in temperature sensing, thermal protection, and
temperature compensation in various electronic devices.
7. What are the limitations of a thermistor when compared to other temperature
measuring devices like thermocouples and RTD?
• Thermistors may have a limited temperature range and can be less accurate than
other temperature sensors in certain applications.
8. What is the map() function? How many parameters does it accept?
• The map() function in Arduino scales a number from one range to another. It accepts
five parameters: the value to be mapped, the minimum and maximum values of the
input range, and the minimum and maximum values of the output range.
9. What are the features of NTC thermistors? What are the reasons for using NTC
thermistors in our experiment?
• NTC thermistors have a negative temperature coefficient, meaning their resistance
decreases with increasing temperature. They are commonly used in temperature-
sensing applications.
10. Explain the interfacing and working of a thermistor with Arduino UNO with a well-
labelled diagram.
• Provide details about the connections, circuit diagram, and code used to interface a
thermistor with an Arduino UNO.

LCD Interfacing with Arduino Uno Kit:

1. How many data lines are there in a 16*2 alphanumeric LCD?

• A 16*2 alphanumeric LCD typically uses 4 data lines.
2. Which command is used to select the 2 lines and 5*7 matrix of an LCD?
• The command is LCD_FUNCTIONSET , usually set with the lcd.begin() function.
3. Which of the following step/s is/are correct for sending data to an LCD?
• Correct steps include initializing the LCD, positioning the cursor, and sending data
using lcd.print() .
4. Which command of an LCD is used to shift the entire display to the right?
• The command is LCD_SHIFTRIGHT.
5. Which instruction is used to select the first-row first column of an LCD?
• The instruction is lcd.setCursor(0, 0) .
6. For the reading operation from an LCD, what changes in the software are introduced?
• Typically, there are no changes required for reading from an LCD since it is primarily
used for output.
7. What is the role of the RS pin?
 • The RS (Register Select) pin determines whether data sent to the LCD is interpreted
as a command or character data.
8. What are the two registers used in an LCD?
• The two registers are the command register and the data register.
9. Which instruction is used to clear the display?
• The instruction is lcd.clear() .
10. Why is a potentiometer used in an LCD?
• A potentiometer is used to adjust the contrast of the LCD, controlling the voltage
applied to the display.

Interfacing Bluetooth Module With Arduino Uno Kit:

1. What is the operating frequency of the Bluetooth module?

• Bluetooth modules typically operate in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
2. What communication protocol does the Bluetooth module use to communicate with
the Arduino Uno board?
• Bluetooth modules use the Serial Communication Protocol (UART) to communicate
with Arduino boards.
3. How many pins are required for interfacing with the Arduino Uno board?
• Typically, two pins are used for interfacing: TX (Transmit) and RX (Receive).
4. Can we send commands/messages from another device to our Bluetooth module?
• Yes, Bluetooth modules can receive commands/messages from other devices,
allowing bidirectional communication.
5. Can it communicate with multiple devices at the same time?
• Bluetooth modules can connect to multiple devices simultaneously, but actual
communication may depend on the module's capabilities.
6. What is the operating voltage of the Bluetooth module?
• The operating voltage can vary, but it is commonly 3.3V.
7. How to connect the module to a smartphone and send messages/commands?
• Pair the Bluetooth module with the smartphone via Bluetooth settings. Once paired,
use a Bluetooth communication app on the smartphone to send/receive messages.
8. What is the range of the Bluetooth module?
• The range can vary, but it is typically around 10 meters for Class 2 Bluetooth
modules.
9. What is the data throughput speed of a Bluetooth connection?
• The data throughput speed can vary, with higher speeds for newer Bluetooth
versions. Commonly, it can range from a few kilobits per second to several megabits
per second.
10. Does the Bluetooth module use frequency hopping? If yes, then why?
• Yes, Bluetooth modules use frequency hopping to minimize interference and
enhance communication reliability. This technique helps avoid congested frequency
bands and reduce the impact of external signals.

Interfacing Servo Motor with Arduino Uno:

 1. How do you initialize the servo motor?
• Initialize the servo motor by including the Servo library (#include <Servo.h>) and
creating a Servo object ( Servo myServo;).
2. What extra library is used in the code for enabling the servo motor?
• The Servo library is used for enabling and controlling servo motors.
3. How does the servo motor know the position of the shaft?
• Servo motors typically use a feedback mechanism (potentiometer or encoder) to
determine the position of the shaft.
4. Does the servo motor operate on an analog signal or a digital signal?
• Servo motors operate on a digital signal, specifically on PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) signals.
5. What is the range of motion of the servo motor?
• The range of motion depends on the specific servo motor but is commonly around
180 degrees.
6. Can we externally control the servo motor to our desired degree?
• Yes, servo motors can be controlled externally by sending PWM signals to set the
desired position.
7. Why do servo motors use gears?
• Servo motors use gears to reduce the speed of the motor and increase torque,
allowing for more precise control of the motor shaft.
8. Difference between servo motors and stepper motors.
• Servo motors move to a specific position and hold it, while stepper motors move in
discrete steps.
9. What type of motor is the servo motor?
• Servo motors are typically DC motors with a built-in control system.
10. What is the application of servo motors?
• Servo motors find applications in robotics, remote-controlled vehicles, and various
other systems requiring precise and controlled motion.

Generic Questions:

1. How do you initialize the servo motor?

• To initialize a servo motor in Arduino, you need to include the Servo
library, create a Servo object, and then attach the servo to a specific pin
using the attach() function.
2. What extra library is used in the code for enabling the servo motor?
• The Servo library is used for enabling the servo motor in Arduino code.
3. How does the servo motor know the position of the shaft?
• The servo motor typically has a feedback mechanism (potentiometer) that
provides information about the position of the shaft. The controller adjusts
the motor's position based on this feedback.
4. Does the servo motor operate on an analog signal or a digital signal?
 • Servo motors operate on a digital signal, specifically a Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) signal.
5. What is the range of motion of the servo motor?
• The range of motion of a standard servo motor is typically 0 to 180
degrees.
6. Can we externally control the servo motor to our desired degree?
• Yes, you can externally control the servo motor to a desired degree by
adjusting the input signal (PWM) within the servo's specified range.
7. Why do servo motors use gears?
• Servo motors use gears to increase torque, reduce speed, and improve
precision in controlling the position of the motor shaft.
8. Difference between servo motors and stepper motors?
• Servo motors provide precise control over the position, while stepper
motors move in discrete steps. Servo motors use feedback for position
control, whereas stepper motors do not typically require feedback.
9. What type of motor is the servo motor?
• A servo motor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of angular
position.
10. What is the application of servo motors?
• Servo motors are used in various applications, including robotics, remote-
controlled vehicles, model airplanes, and automated manufacturing.

Generic Questions:

1. What is a sensor?
• A sensor is a device that detects or measures physical properties and
converts them into signals that can be interpreted or displayed.
2. What is the difference between a transducer and a sensor?
• A sensor is a device that detects a physical quantity and produces an
electrical signal, while a transducer is a device that converts one form of
energy into another.
3. What is resolution?
• Resolution is the smallest change in the input quantity that the sensor can
detect or measure.
4. How can you control sensitivity of any sensor?
• Sensitivity can be controlled by adjusting the circuit parameters, such as
amplification, filtering, or using calibration techniques.
5. What is least count?
 • Least count is the smallest change in the input quantity that can be
detected or measured by the sensor.
6. What is the extension of Arduino code?
• The extension of Arduino code files is typically ".ino."
7. Identify components and their functionality on the Arduino kit.
• Components on an Arduino kit include microcontroller, LEDs, resistors,
capacitors, buttons, etc. Their functionalities vary, such as processing data,
providing digital or analog output, etc.
8. USB port is using serial communication or parallel communication?
• The USB port on Arduino uses serial communication.
9. What is meant by baud rate?
• Baud rate is the number of signal changes per second in a communication
system, representing the data transmission speed.
10. What is the required supply voltage for Arduino kit? And how can you give
power supply to the kit?
• The recommended supply voltage for Arduino is 7-12 volts. Power can be
supplied through the DC barrel jack or the Vin pin.
11. What is the use of the 3.3V pin?
• The 3.3V pin provides a regulated 3.3-volt output for powering external
components that require lower voltage.
12. How many Digital I/O pins are available?
• The number of Digital I/O pins varies based on the Arduino model, but the
Arduino Uno has 14 Digital I/O pins.
13. How many Analog I/O pins are available?
• The Arduino Uno has 6 Analog I/O pins.
14. What is the difference between Digital I/O and Analog I/O?
• Digital I/O deals with discrete binary values (0 or 1), while Analog I/O deals
with continuous analog voltage values.
15. What are TX and RX pins? Usage?
• TX (Transmit) and RX (Receive) pins are used for serial communication. TX
transmits data, while RX receives data.
16. How do you calculate the resistance value required for an LED?
• The resistance value for an LED can be calculated using Ohm's Law:
Resistance (in ohms) = (Voltage across the resistor) / (Desired LED current).
17. What is meant by current-limiting resistance?
• Current-limiting resistance is a resistor used to control the amount of
current flowing through a circuit, preventing excessive current that could
damage components.
18. If I attach 2 LEDs in parallel/series, comment about intensity.
 • When LEDs are connected in parallel, they share the same voltage, and
their intensities remain similar. In series, the total voltage is split, and the
LEDs may be dimmer.
19. What is the use of setup() and loop() functions?
• The setup() function is used for initialization tasks, and the loop() function
is executed repeatedly to perform the main program tasks.
20. What are data types of embedded C Language?
• Data types in embedded C include int, char, float, double, etc.
21. What is LDR? Explain the principle of working of LDR.
• LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is a sensor whose resistance varies with
light intensity. The principle involves the photoconductivity of the material,
changing resistance with light exposure.
22. How can you control sensitivity of LDR?
• Sensitivity can be controlled by using filters, adjusting circuit parameters,
or applying calibration techniques.
23. Explain the working of the LDR circuit you used in the lab.
• Provide details about the specific LDR circuit used in the lab, including
connections and components.
24. What are the applications of LDR?
• Applications include automatic street lights, camera exposure control,
light-sensitive alarms, etc.
25. How much time does it take to sense a signal by LDR?
• LDRs generally have a quick response time, almost instantaneous.
26. Explain the working of the LDR circuit you used in the lab.
• Provide details about the specific LDR circuit used in the lab, including
connections and components.
27. What are the pins you used for LDR? And justify where and why you have
connected those?
• Specify the pins on the Arduino used for connecting the LDR and explain
the reasons for those connections based on the circuit design.
28. Explain the Working Principle of the Ultrasound sensor?
• Ultrasound sensors use ultrasonic waves to measure distance. They emit
pulses and calculate distance based on the time taken for the echoes to
return.
29. What is the ultrasound frequency value range? How much frequency waves
are audible to human ears?
• The ultrasound frequency range is typically above 20 kHz, which is beyond
the audible range of human ears.
30. How do you calculate distance using the US sensor?
 • Distance is calculated using the formula: Distance = (Speed of sound *
Time taken for echo) / 2.
31. Which function is used to measure the time lapsed between Trigger and
ECHO?
• The pulseIn() function is often used to measure the time between the
trigger and the echo signals.
32. Explain and justify the configuration of digital pins used to connect Trigger
and Echo Pins of the US Sensor.
• Specify the digital pins on the Arduino used for connecting the trigger and
echo pins, and provide reasons for those connections based on the sensor
datasheet or circuit design.
33. What are Trigger and Echo pins used for?
• The Trigger pin initiates the ultrasonic pulse, and the Echo pin receives the
reflected pulse, allowing distance measurement.
34. How much is the activation time required for the Trigger signal?
• The trigger signal is typically a short pulse (10 microseconds) to activate
the ultrasound sensor.
35. What are the applications of the US sensor?
• Applications include distance measurement, obstacle detection, robotics,
and automation.
36. Can it sense non-metallic material?
• Yes, ultrasound sensors can sense non-metallic materials.
37. What can be the alternative for the US Sensor?
• Alternatives include infrared sensors, laser range finders, or other distance
measurement technologies.
38. What is Bluetooth Communication Range?
• Bluetooth communication range varies, but typical ranges are around 10
meters for Class 2 devices and up to 100 meters for Class 1 devices.
39. Frequency range of Bluetooth communication?
• Bluetooth communication operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency range.
40. Explain the working of the HC05 module.
• The HC05 module is a Bluetooth module that facilitates wireless
communication between devices. It can be configured as a master or slave
device.
41. If we use an Analog pin and if I use a digital pin for reading sensor value,
what difference do I have to make in the code? Why?
• The code would need adjustments in terms of reading analog values using
analogRead() for an analog pin and digitalRead() for a digital pin. The type
of pin and the corresponding function used in the code would differ.
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Comprehensive Viva Question Bank Mapped with CO 1

CO 1: Understanding the Basics of Sensors and Embedded Systems

1. What is a sensor?
• A sensor is a device that detects and measures physical properties or
changes in the environment and converts them into electrical signals.
2. Difference between a transducer and a sensor?
• A sensor is a type of transducer. While a sensor detects and measures a
physical quantity, a transducer is a broader term that refers to any device
converting one form of energy into another.
3. What is resolution?
• Resolution is the smallest change in input to a sensor that produces a
perceptible change in its output.
4. How can you control the sensitivity of any sensor?
• Sensitivity can be controlled by adjusting the gain or threshold of the
sensor, depending on the type of sensor.
5. What is least count?
• Least count is the smallest change in the input of a measuring instrument
that results in a perceptible change in the output.
6. Extension of Arduino code?
• The extension of Arduino code files is typically .ino.
7. Identify components and their functionality on the Arduino kit?
• Components include a microcontroller, LEDs, resistors, capacitors, buttons,
etc. Functions vary, e.g., LEDs for output, buttons for input.
8. USB port communication: Serial or Parallel?
• The USB port on Arduino uses serial communication.
9. What is meant by baud rate?
• Baud rate is the rate at which data is transmitted over a communication
channel and is measured in bits per second (bps).
10. Required supply voltage for Arduino kit? How to give power supply?
• The required supply voltage for the Arduino kit is 5V. Power can be
supplied through the USB port or an external power source.
11. Use of the 3.3V pin?
• The 3.3V pin provides a regulated 3.3-volt output and is used to power
external components that require this voltage level.
12. How many Digital I/O pins are available?
• Arduino typically has 14 Digital I/O pins.
13. How many Analog I/O pins are available?
• Arduino typically has 6 Analog I/O pins.
14. Difference between Digital I/O and Analog I/O?
• Digital I/O deals with discrete HIGH/LOW signals, while Analog I/O
handles continuous voltage levels.
15. TX and RX pins - Usage?
• TX (Transmit) and RX (Receive) pins are used for serial communication with
other devices.
16. How to calculate the resistance required for an LED?
• Use Ohm's Law: �=(�supply−�LED)�LEDR=ILED(Vsupply−VLED).
17. What is meant by current-limiting resistance?
• A current-limiting resistor is used to prevent excess current flow through
the LED, ensuring safe operation.
18. Intensity of LEDs in parallel/series?
• LEDs in series share the same current, while LEDs in parallel have individual
currents, potentially affecting intensity.
19. Use of setup() and loop() functions?
• The setup() function is for initialization, and loop() is for repetitive
execution of the main code.
20. Data types of Embedded C Language?
• Data types include int, float, char, double, etc., used for variable
declaration.
21. What is LDR? Explain its working principle.
• LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) changes its resistance based on the
incident light intensity.
22. How to control the sensitivity of LDR?
• Adjusting the resistance in the voltage divider circuit or using an amplifier
can control LDR sensitivity.
23. Explain the working of the LDR circuit used in the lab.
• Describe the connection of LDR in a circuit and its interaction with other
components.
24. Applications of LDR?
• LDRs find applications in light-sensitive devices like automatic street lights
and camera exposure control.
25. Time taken to sense a signal by LDR?
• The time taken depends on the LDR's response time and the
characteristics of the circuit.
26. Explain the working of the LDR circuit used in the lab (repeated for
emphasis).
• Provide a detailed explanation of the LDR circuit used in the laboratory.
27. Pins used for LDR, and justification for connections?
• Explain the choice of pins and justify their connections based on the circuit
requirements.
28. Working principle of Ultrasound sensor?
• Ultrasound sensors use sound waves to determine the distance between
the sensor and an object.
29. Ultrasound frequency value range and audibility to human ears?
• Ultrasound frequencies typically range from 20 kHz to several MHz, which
is beyond the audible range for humans.
30. How to calculate distance using the ultrasound sensor?
• Distance can be calculated using the time taken for an ultrasound pulse to
travel to an object and back.
31. Function used to measure time lapsed between Trigger and ECHO?
• The pulseIn() function can be used to measure the time between the
Trigger and ECHO signals.
32. Configuration of digital pins for connecting Trigger and Echo Pins of the US
Sensor?
• Properly configure the digital pins for accurate communication between
the Arduino and the ultrasonic sensor.
33. Purpose of Trigger and Echo pins in US Sensor?
• The Trigger pin initiates an ultrasound pulse, and the Echo pin receives the
reflected pulse for distance calculation.
34. Activation time required for Trigger signal?
• The activation time for the Trigger signal is typically very short, usually a
few microseconds.
35. Applications of Ultrasound sensor?
• Ultrasound sensors are used in applications like distance measurement,
object detection, and medical imaging.
36. Can the Ultrasound sensor sense non-metallic material?
• Yes, ultrasound sensors can sense non-metallic materials as they rely on
the reflection of sound waves.
37. Alternative for Ultrasound Sensor?
 • Infrared sensors or laser distance sensors can be alternatives for
ultrasound sensors in certain applications.
38. Bluetooth Communication Range?
• The communication range of Bluetooth depends on the class of the
Bluetooth device; Class 1 has a range of around 100 meters.
39. Frequency range of Bluetooth communication?
• Bluetooth communication typically operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency
range.
40. Explain the working of HC05 module?
• HC-05 is a Bluetooth module that facilitates wireless communication
between devices, often used in Arduino projects.
41. Difference in code when using Analog vs. Digital pin for sensor reading?
Why?
• The code would differ in terms of the function used to read the sensor
value, as analogRead() is used for analog pins and digitalRead() for digital
pins. The choice depends on the type of sensor and its connection to the
Arduino.

These questions cover a wide range of topics related to sensors, Arduino, and
embedded systems, aligning with the understanding of the basics and principles related
to CO 1.

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Comprehensive Viva Question Bank Mapped with CO 1

CO 1: Understanding the Basics of Sensors and Their Applications

1. What is a sensor, and why do we need it?

• A sensor is a device that detects and measures physical properties or
changes in the environment, converting them into electrical signals. We
need sensors for data acquisition, monitoring, and control in various
applications.
2. Difference between a transducer and a sensor?
• A sensor is a type of transducer. While a sensor detects and measures a
physical quantity, a transducer is a broader term that refers to any device
converting one form of energy into another.
3. What is resolution?
 • Resolution is the smallest change in input to a sensor that produces a
perceptible change in its output.
4. How can you control the sensitivity of any sensor?
• Sensitivity can be controlled by adjusting the gain or threshold of the
sensor, depending on the type of sensor.
5. Difference between dynamic range and range?
• The range of a sensor is the difference between its minimum and
maximum detectable values. Dynamic range additionally considers the
ratio of the largest to the smallest detectable signals.
6. Distinguish between active and passive sensors.
• Active sensors require an external power source, while passive sensors
operate without an external power supply.
7. What is least count?
• Least count is the smallest change in the input of a measuring instrument
that results in a perceptible change in the output.
8. Name different proximity sensors.
• Inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic, infrared, and magnetic proximity sensors.
9. Which devices are used in optical proximity switch?
• Infrared (IR) sensors are commonly used in optical proximity switches.
10. What is the type of output from a proximity sensor?
• The output can be digital (ON/OFF) or analog (varying voltage/current)
depending on the type of proximity sensor.
11. Name the type of objects detected by inductive proximity sensors.
• Inductive proximity sensors detect metallic objects.
12. Explain an application of ultrasonic proximity detector.
• An ultrasonic proximity detector can be used for parking assistance in
automobiles, detecting the distance to obstacles.
13. Compare inductive and capacitive proximity sensors based on application.
• Inductive sensors are better for metallic objects, while capacitive sensors
are suitable for detecting non-metallic objects.
14. Compare limit switch and proximity switch.
• A limit switch is mechanically actuated, while a proximity switch uses non-
contact sensing technology.
15. Suggest a proximity sensor to detect metallic objects.
• An inductive proximity sensor is suitable for detecting metallic objects.
16. Suggest a proximity switch to detect non-metallic objects.
• A capacitive proximity switch can be used for detecting non-metallic
objects.
17. Suggest a sensor to detect the angular position of a robotic arm.
 • An encoder or a potentiometer can be used to detect the angular position
of a robotic arm.
18. Compare the characteristics of RTD and Thermister.
• Both RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) and Thermistor are
temperature-sensitive resistive devices. RTDs have a linear response, while
Thermistors have a nonlinear response.
19. Which temperature sensor has a wide range of measurement out of
Thermocouple, RTD, and Thermister?
• Thermocouples generally have a wider temperature measurement range
compared to RTDs and Thermistors.
20. What is the principle of a thermocouple?
• Thermocouples operate based on the Seebeck effect, where a voltage is
generated at the junction of two dissimilar metals in response to a
temperature difference.
21. What is the unit of sensitivity for a thermocouple?
• Sensitivity for a thermocouple is usually expressed in microvolts per
degree Celsius (µV/°C).
22. If power consumption of a bulb is to be measured, suggest sensors to be
used.
• Power consumption can be measured using a current sensor and a voltage
sensor.
23. What are the basic axes of a gyroscopic sensor?
• Gyroscopic sensors typically measure rotation around the pitch, roll, and
yaw axes.
24. What is the principle of a Hall sensor?
• Hall sensors operate based on the Hall effect, where a voltage is generated
perpendicular to the current flow in a conductor when exposed to a
magnetic field.
25. Explain an application of a Hall sensor.
• Hall sensors are used in automotive applications, such as sensing the
position of the crankshaft in an engine.
26. Which sensor is suitable to detect the rate of change of velocity of a moving
object?
• Accelerometers are suitable for detecting the rate of change of velocity
(acceleration).
27. Explain an application of a tactile sensor.
• Tactile sensors can be used in robotics to provide feedback on the amount
of force applied during a gripping action.
28. Which sensor is suitable to measure the displacement of a microscope slide?
 • Displacement encoders or linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs)
can be used to measure the displacement of a microscope slide.
29. Explain an application of an image sensor and camera.
• Image sensors and cameras are commonly used in surveillance systems,
smartphones, and digital cameras.
30. Why does a thermocouple require cold junction compensation?
• Cold junction compensation is needed to account for the reference
junction temperature in a thermocouple measurement.
31. Why is an armature used in an AC current sensor?
• An armature is used in an AC current sensor to induce a voltage
proportional to the AC current in the conductor.
32. What is the technique used in displacement encoders?
• Displacement encoders use optical, magnetic, or capacitive techniques to
measure the linear or angular displacement of an object.
33. What is the meaning of PTC and NTC?
• PTC stands for Positive Temperature Coefficient, and NTC stands for
Negative Temperature Coefficient. They refer to the temperature
characteristics of certain resistors.
34. What is the resistance of a PT100 sensor at zero degrees Celsius?
• The resistance of a PT100 sensor at zero degrees Celsius is 100 ohms.
35. Why is platinum metal wire used in RTD?
• Platinum is used in RTDs due to its high temperature stability and nearly
linear temperature-resistance relationship.
36. What are the materials used in NTC/thermistor?
• NTC thermistors are often made from ceramic materials with
semiconducting properties.
37. How many channels are given out from a displacement encoder?
• Displacement encoders typically provide two channels (A and B) to
determine the direction of movement.
38. Which digital code is used in encoders, and why?
• Gray code is commonly used in encoders as it minimizes errors during
transitions between adjacent values.
39. Is it possible to use a Hall sensor to detect current flowing through a
conductor?
• Yes, Hall sensors can be used to detect the presence and magnitude of
current flowing through a conductor.
40. If a PT100 sensor has sensitivity of 0.0039 ohm/°C, then calculate the value
of resistance when exposed to 100°C?
 • The resistance at 100°C can be calculated using the formula:
�100°�=�0×(1+�×�)R100°C=R0×(1+α×T).
41. What is the principle used in an ultrasonic proximity sensor?
• Ultrasonic proximity sensors use the time-of-flight principle, measuring
the time taken for an ultrasonic pulse to travel to an object and back.
42. State any one law of a thermocouple.
• One of the laws of thermocouples is the Law of Intermediate Metals, which
states that the voltage in a thermocouple circuit is proportional to the
temperature difference between the measurement junction and the
reference junction.
43. What are the laws of a thermocouple?
• The laws of thermocouples include the Law of Homogeneous Metals, Law
of Intermediate Metals, and Law of Intermediate Temperatures.
44. What is a thermopile?
• A thermopile is a device consisting of multiple thermocouples connected
in series or parallel to increase the overall output voltage.
45. Which sensors are called smart sensors? Why?
• Smart sensors incorporate processing capabilities and communication
interfaces, enabling them to perform signal processing and transmit data
without external processing units.

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Comprehensive Viva Question Bank Mapped with CO2

CO2: Understanding Microcontroller Architecture and Operations

1. What is the difference between ATmega328P and ATmega328?

• ATmega328P and ATmega328 are similar, with the 'P' indicating picoPower
technology, which is more power-efficient.
2. Explain the role of the XYZ register in ATmega328P.
• There is no XYZ register in ATmega328P. Clarify the intended register or
rephrase the question.
3. Explain the working of the stack in ATmega328P.
• The stack is a region of SRAM used for storing return addresses and local
variables during function calls. It grows downwards from higher addresses.
4. If the stack top is at 1050 and SP points to the stack top, if an instruction
"PUSH R0" is executed, where will SP point?
• SP will point to 1048 (SP decrements by 2 for a PUSH instruction).
5. In the above example, where can you find the contents of R0?
• The contents of R0 are stored at the memory location pointed to by SP
(1048).
6. How are peripherals accessed in ATmega328P?
• Peripherals are accessed through memory-mapped I/O registers.
7. What is the role of the IO register in ATmega328P? How many IO registers
are available?
• There is no specific "IO" register. IO registers are used for controlling
various functions of the microcontroller, and the number depends on the
specific peripheral.
8. How much internal SRAM is available in ATmega328P, and what is the use
of internal SRAM?
• ATmega328P has 2KB of internal SRAM, used for data storage and runtime
variables during program execution.
9. Distinguish between the address and IO address.
• Address generally refers to memory addresses, while IO address refers to
addresses associated with input/output registers.
10. What is bit addressability?
• Bit addressability allows accessing individual bits of a byte in memory or a
register.
11. What is the size of each general-purpose register in ATmega328P?
• Each general-purpose register in ATmega328P is 8 bits.
12. Comment about the direction of the data and address bus of ATmega328P.
• The data bus is bidirectional, while the address bus is unidirectional.
13. Why is the data bus required to be bidirectional?
• The bidirectional data bus allows data to be both read from and written to
memory and peripherals.
14. What is the purpose of the program counter, and what is its size?
• The program counter holds the address of the next instruction to be
executed. In ATmega328P, it is 14 bits.
15. Where do you find information on the results of the last arithmetic or
logical instruction execution?
• Information on the results of the last arithmetic or logical instruction
execution is available in the status register (SREG).
16. When will the status flag be updated? Give an example.
 • Status flags are updated after arithmetic or logical instructions. For
example, after an ADD or SUB instruction.
17. Can you enable all interrupts simultaneously in ATmega328P?
• No, individual interrupt sources must be enabled using specific control
registers.
18. Can anyone enable all interrupts simultaneously in ATmega328P?
• No, enabling interrupts requires appropriate permissions and is typically
controlled by software.
19. What is the purpose of SEI and CLI instructions?
• SEI (Set Enable Interrupts) is used to enable interrupts globally, and CLI
(Clear Enable Interrupts) is used to disable interrupts globally.
20. If two numbers FFh and AAh, what flags are affected in ATmega328P?
• The flags affected depend on the operation. Specify the operation for a
detailed answer.
21. When will the sign flag be affected?
• The sign flag is affected when performing signed arithmetic operations,
indicating the sign of the result.
22. If a specific bit from any register is to be copied into the T flag, what
instructions can be used?
• The BST (Bit Set from T Flag) and BLD (Bit Load from T Flag) instructions
can be used.
23. What is the role of the N flag in the status register?
• The N flag is the negative flag, indicating the sign of the result after an
arithmetic operation.
24. If two negative numbers are to be added in a microcontroller, what
methods are available?
• Negative numbers can be added using 2's complement representation or
using appropriate arithmetic instructions.
25. When we add -4 + 2 in ATmega328P, what flags are affected? Justify your
answer.
• Specify the operation for a detailed answer. Flags affected depend on the
arithmetic operation.
26. When the POP instruction is executed, explain the behavior of
ATmega328P.
• The POP instruction retrieves the value from the stack and stores it in the
specified register. SP is incremented by 2.
27. What is the difference between VCC and AVCC of ATmega328P?
• VCC is the main supply voltage, while AVCC is the analog supply voltage
used for the ADC.
28. Why are multiple grounds available for the ATmega328P chip?
• Multiple grounds are provided for better electrical grounding and to
separate analog and digital grounds.
29. How does the on-chip ADC of ATmega328P obtain the reference voltage?
• AVCC can be used as the reference voltage for the ADC, or an external
reference voltage can be applied.
30. How can analog read and write functions be performed by ATmega328P?
Explain with instructions.
• AnalogRead and AnalogWrite functions are commonly used for analog
operations in Arduino, utilizing the ADC and PWM features.
31. Classify memories as volatile and non-volatile with examples.
• Volatile memory loses its contents when power is turned off (RAM). Non-
volatile memory retains data (ROM, Flash, EEPROM).
32. What is meant by volatile memory?
• Volatile memory loses its stored information when power is turned off.
33. How can ROM be programmed?
• ROM is typically programmed during the manufacturing process. In the
context of microcontrollers, Flash memory is commonly used for
reprogramming.
34. Classify RAM memories.
• RAM can be classified as Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM).
35. Distinguish between EEPROM and UV EPROM.
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) can be
erased and reprogrammed electrically, while UV EPROM (Erasable
Programmable Read-Only Memory) requires exposure to ultraviolet light
for erasure.
36. Why is the name "Flash Memory" given?
• The term "Flash" refers to the ability to erase and reprogram multiple
memory locations simultaneously in a flash.
37. How is Flash memory advantageous over EEPROM?
• Flash memory has higher write endurance and is typically faster than
EEPROM.
38. Why do DRAMs need refreshing?
• DRAMs need refreshing because they store data in capacitors, and the
charge on capacitors tends to leak over time.
39. What is the size of SRAM in ATmega328P?
• ATmega328P has 2KB of SRAM.
40. Explain memory hierarchy.
 • Memory hierarchy refers to the organization of different types of memory
in a system, ranging from high-speed and small-capacity registers to
slower but larger-capacity storage like hard drives.
41. Distinguish between SRAM and DRAM.
• SRAM is static and doesn't need refreshing, while DRAM is dynamic and
requires periodic refreshing.
42. Explain memory configuration in ATmega328P.
• ATmega328P has Flash memory for program storage, SRAM for data
storage, and EEPROM for non-volatile data storage.
43. What is the size of PCIN in ATmega328P?
• Specify the intended register or clarify the question.
44. Size and organization of Flash memory in ATmega328P.
• ATmega328P has 32KB of Flash memory organized into pages for program
storage.
45. What is a bootloader?
• A bootloader is a small program that allows a microcontroller to be
programmed through a standard interface, typically using a serial or USB
connection.
46. How many timers are available with ATmega328P?
• ATmega328P has three timers: Timer/Counter 0, Timer/Counter 1, and
Timer/Counter 2.
47. What is meant by 8/16-bit timer?
• It indicates the size of the timer register and the maximum count value. An
8-bit timer can count up to 255, while a 16-bit timer can count up to
65535.
48. What are the usages of timers?
• Timers are used for generating time delays, PWM generation, and time
measurement.
49. How does a normal timer and a watchdog timer differ from each other?
• A normal timer is used for general-purpose timing, while a watchdog timer
is intended to reset the microcontroller if a program fails to reset it
periodically.
50. Explain counter mode.
• In counter mode, the timer acts as a simple counter, incrementing on each
clock pulse.
51. What is PWM?
• PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is a technique where the duty cycle of a
pulse is varied to control the power delivered to a load.
52. Explain what happens when the count reaches the bottom value.
 • Depending on the timer mode, the count may reset to the maximum value
or continue counting.
53. What is the difference between top and max value?
• In some timer modes, the counter may reset when reaching the top value,
while in others, it may change direction.
54. Explain the role of OCR in ATmega328P Timer.
• OCR (Output Compare Register) is used to set the compare value for
generating PWM or triggering an interrupt.
55. What are the different registers supporting the timer operation?
• TCCRn, TCNTn, OCRn, and TIMSK are common registers associated with
timer operation.
56. Role of OCR in CTC mode of the timer.
• In CTC (Clear Timer on Compare Match) mode, OCR is used to set the
value for comparing with the counter.
57. What is the significance of duty cycle?
• Duty cycle represents the percentage of time a PWM signal is in the "on"
state within one period.
58. Draw a 30% duty cycle.
• A graphical representation where the signal is "on" for 30% of the period.
59. How is PWM helpful in speed control?
• PWM allows controlling the average power delivered to a load, making it
suitable for speed control applications.
60. How does the time reference provide to the timer of ATmega328P?
• The timer is often clocked by the system clock or an external clock source.
61. How does Fast PWM differ from Normal PWM?
• Fast PWM mode allows for higher PWM frequencies compared to Normal
PWM.
62. Can brightness of an LED be controlled with software only?
• Yes, using software, the PWM duty cycle can be adjusted to control the
brightness of an LED.
63. If yes, how?
• By changing the value in the OCR register, the duty cycle of the PWM
signal can be adjusted, controlling LED brightness.
64. How can inputs be taken for a microcontroller-based system?
• Inputs can be taken through digital pins, analog pins, serial
communication, or other communication interfaces.
65. Why is polling not a preferred method for input?
• Polling involves continuously checking the input status, which can be
inefficient and may lead to delays in response time.
 66. Which method eliminates the drawback of polling?
• Interrupts eliminate the drawback of polling by allowing the
microcontroller to respond immediately when an event occurs.
67. What is meant by interrupt?
• An interrupt is a mechanism that halts the normal execution of a program
to handle a specific event or condition.
68. What are the terms used in interrupt handling?
• Terms include Interrupt Vector Table (IVT), Interrupt Service Routine (ISR),
and Interrupt Request (IRQ).
69. What is an ISR?
• ISR (Interrupt Service Routine) is a special function that executes in
response to an interrupt.
70. What is the significance of IVT?
• IVT (Interrupt Vector Table) contains addresses of ISR for different
interrupt sources, directing the program flow when an interrupt occurs.
71. Classify interrupts.
• Interrupts can be classified as external hardware interrupts, internal
interrupts, and software interrupts.
72. What are the different types of interrupts in AVR?
• AVR microcontrollers have external interrupts (INT0, INT1), timer
interrupts, USART interrupts, etc.
73. What is the difference between INT and PC INT?
• INT refers to external hardware interrupts, while PC INT (Pin Change
Interrupt) is a type of external interrupt triggered by a change in pin state
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Comprehensive Viva Question Bank Mapped with CO3

1. What Is Operating Voltage Of 328 P?

• The operating voltage of the ATmega328P is typically 5 volts.
2. Which Language Is Used For Programming 328P?
• The language used for programming the ATmega328P microcontroller in
the Arduino IDE is a variant of C/C++.
3. Which Arduino IDE U Have Used In Lab?
• The specific version of the Arduino IDE used in the lab should be
mentioned.
4. How can you check interim results, values received from sensors in the
Arduino IDE?
 • The Serial Monitor in the Arduino IDE can be used to check and display
values received from sensors during program execution.
5. Why Infinite Loop Is Required In Arduino Program?
• An infinite loop (while (1) or for (;;) in Arduino) is often used to keep the
microcontroller continuously executing the main program.
6. What Is Need Of Setup Function?
• The setup() function is needed to initialize variables, pin modes, libraries,
etc., and it runs only once when the Arduino starts.
7. Explain Digital IO Functions.
• Digital I/O functions in Arduino involve reading and writing digital signals.
digitalRead() reads the state of a digital pin, and digitalWrite() sets the
state of a digital pin.
8. What Are The Data Types In Arduino C?
• Arduino supports standard C/C++ data types such as int, float, char, etc.
9. If I Want To Compare Two Numbers, Write Code.
• Example code:
cppCopy code
int a = 5 , b = 10 ; if (a > b) { // code for a greater than b } else { // code for a less than or
equal to b }
10. What Is Difference Between While, Do-While, And For Loop?
• while executes a block of code as long as the condition is true, do-while
executes the block at least once and then checks the condition, and for is
a compact loop with initialization, condition, and increment/decrement.
11. What Is Mean By Open Source Hardware?
• Open-source hardware refers to hardware whose design is made publicly
available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, and sell the
design.
12. Explain Functions Of Time In Arduino C.
• Time functions in Arduino include millis(), micros(), and delay(). millis()
returns the current number of milliseconds since the Arduino started,
micros() returns microseconds, and delay() pauses the program for a
specified time.
13. Where can you use the PulseIn Function?
• The PulseIn function is commonly used to measure the duration of a pulse
on a digital input pin.
14. What are the parameters required for the Map Function?
• The map function in Arduino requires the input value, the current range
(minimum and maximum values), and the desired range (minimum and
maximum values).
15. Parameters required for PulseIn function.
• The PulseIn function typically requires the digital pin number and the type
of pulse to measure (HIGH or LOW).
16. Which Library files have you used for LCD interfacing?
• Specify the names of the libraries used for LCD interfacing (e.g.,
LiquidCrystal.h).
17. What are the libraries?
• Libraries in Arduino are pre-written pieces of code that provide additional
functionality. Examples include Wire for I2C communication and Servo for
controlling servo motors.
18. What is a Sketch?
• In Arduino, a sketch is a program written using the Arduino IDE for the
Arduino board.
19. What does P refer to in 328p?
• P in ATmega328P refers to the use of picoPower technology.
20. If We use an Analog pin and if I use a Digital pin for reading sensor value,
what difference do I have to make in code? Why?
• When using an analog pin, you can use analogRead() to read analog sensor
values. When using a digital pin, digitalRead() is used for digital sensors,
and the result may be either HIGH or LOW.
21. What is the use of the Arduino.h header file?
• The Arduino.h header file includes essential declarations for the Arduino
environment.
22. What is the use of the Vin pin present on some Arduino Boards?
• The Vin pin is used to provide an external power supply to the Arduino
board.
23. When will you use for ()?
• The for loop is used when a specific number of iterations are known
beforehand, and it consists of an initialization, condition, and
increment/decrement.
24. When will you use do () while?
• The do-while loop is used when you want to execute a block of code at
least once, and then repeat as long as a certain condition is true.
25. When will you use while()?
• The while loop is used when you want to repeatedly execute a block of
code as long as a specified condition is true.
26. Code snippet with #define X 10; in both setup() and loop().
• The provided code snippet is incorrect; the semicolon should not be
present after the #define statement. The corrected code is:
 cppCopy code
#define X 10 void setup() { X = 0 ; Serial. begin ( 9600 ); Serial. print (X); } void loop() { //
Do nothing… }
27. How and where is serial communication speed decided? What is the unit?
• The serial communication speed (baud rate) is set using the Serial.begin()
function in the setup() function. The unit is bits per second (bps).
28. Write a code for finding the smallest/largest of three numbers and display
output on the Serial Monitor.
• Example code:
cppCopy code
int a = 5 , b = 10 , c = 7 ; int smallest = min (a, min (b, c)); int largest = max (a, max (b, c));
Serial. begin ( 9600 ); Serial. print ( "Smallest: " ); Serial. println (smallest);
Serial. print ( "Largest: " ); Serial. println (largest);
29. If one color name is to be printed depending upon user input, which
statement will you use?
• The switch statement is often used when there are multiple possible values
for a variable, and different actions need to be taken based on each value.
30. If A=10, what is the result of the A++ statement / A--?
• The A++ statement increments the value of A by 1, and A-- decrements the
value of A by 1.
31. Can we test two conditions in the same if statement? How?
• Yes, you can test two conditions using logical operators such as && (AND),
|| (OR), and ! (NOT) in the same if statement.
32. What are logical operators? Give an example.
• Logical operators include && (logical AND), || (logical OR), and ! (logical
NOT). Example: if (a > 5 && b < 10).
33. If A=10, B=20; what does A&&B return?
• The expression A && B returns true if both A and B are nonzero (true),
otherwise, it returns false.
34. Meaning of the ! symbol?
• The ! symbol is the logical NOT operator. It negates the value of a boolean
expression.
35. What are local and global variables?
• Local variables are declared within a function or block and are only
accessible within that scope. Global variables are declared outside any
function and can be accessed throughout the entire program.
36. What is void()?
• void is a keyword used in function declarations to indicate that the
function does not return any value.
37. When is the setup() function executed?
 • The setup() function is executed once when the Arduino starts or is reset.
38. How many times does setup() execute?
• The setup() function executes once when the Arduino starts or is reset.
39. How many times does loop() execute?
• The loop() function executes repeatedly as long as the Arduino is powered
on.

These questions cover a range of topics related to Arduino programming and usage,
providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

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Comprehensive Viva Question Bank Mapped with CO4

1. What are the parts of a relay?

• The main parts of a relay include the coil, armature, contacts, and a spring.
2. Explain the working of an electromagnetic relay.
• An electromagnetic relay works by energizing the coil, which creates a magnetic field,
causing the armature to move and close/open the contacts, thus completing or
interrupting an electrical circuit.
3. What is the similarity and difference between a relay and a solenoid?
• Similarity: Both relay and solenoid use an electromagnet.
• Difference: A relay is a switch controlled by electrical signals, whereas a solenoid is a
coil of wire that produces a magnetic field.
4. What is the function of the coil in an electromagnetic relay?
• The coil in an electromagnetic relay generates a magnetic field when energized,
which attracts the armature and causes the contacts to change their position.
5. Compare and contrast between pneumatic and hydraulic actuators.
• Pneumatic actuators use compressed air, while hydraulic actuators use pressurized
fluid (usually oil). Pneumatic systems are generally faster but have lower force
capabilities compared to hydraulic systems.
6. What are the expected characteristics of a hydraulic fluid used in a hydraulic actuator?
• Hydraulic fluid should have good lubricating properties, high thermal stability, low
compressibility, and resistance to oxidation and foaming.
7. What is the operational difference between a DC motor and a stepper motor?
• A DC motor rotates continuously, while a stepper motor moves in discrete steps.
8. What technique is used to control the speed of a DC motor?
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is commonly used to control the speed of a DC
motor.
9. If a motor is connected in an H bridge with a voltage source of 24Vdc and the PWM
signal has a 25% duty cycle, calculate the voltage across the motor.
• The effective voltage across the motor would be 25% of 24V, which is 6V.
10. How is the direction of a stepper motor changed?
• The direction of a stepper motor is changed by reversing the sequence of electrical
pulses applied to its coils.
11. If a stepper motor has a step angle of 1.8°, then how many steps will be required by
the motor to complete one revolution?
• 360° / 1.8° = 200 steps.
12. What is the difference between a half-step sequence and a full-step sequence?
• In a half-step sequence, the motor moves at half the angular resolution of a full-step
sequence.
13. Which technique, out of half-step and full-step, provides high torque? And why?
• Full-step provides higher torque compared to half-step because all the coils are
energized, creating a stronger magnetic field.
14. What are the types of stepper motors?
• Bipolar and unipolar are two common types of stepper motors.
15. What are the applications of a stepper motor?
• Stepper motors are used in CNC machines, robotics, 3D printers, and other precision
control systems.
16. How to change the speed of a stepper motor?
• The speed of a stepper motor can be changed by adjusting the frequency of the
pulse signal or changing the delay between pulses.
17. What are the limitations of a DC motor?
• DC motors have limited torque at low speeds, and they require maintenance due to
the presence of brushes. They may also be less efficient compared to other motor
types.
18. What are the internal parts of a servo?
• Internal parts of a servo include a DC motor, gears, potentiometer, and control
circuitry.
19. What is the function of the feedback potentiometer in a servo?
• The feedback potentiometer in a servo provides information about the current
position of the servo shaft, allowing the control circuitry to adjust and maintain the
desired position.
20. What type of signal is required to change the angular position of a servo shaft?
• A PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal is typically used to control the angular
position of a servo shaft.
21. What are the constructional similarities in a stepper motor and a DC motor?
• Both stepper motors and DC motors have a rotor, stator, and coils.
22. How does a rotating magnetic field generate in a stepper motor?
• A rotating magnetic field is generated by sequentially energizing the coils in the
stator of the stepper motor.
23. What are the advantages and limitations of a pneumatic system over a hydraulic
system?
 • Advantages: Pneumatic systems are generally cleaner, lighter, and more suitable for
fast movements.
• Limitations: Pneumatic systems have lower force capabilities compared to hydraulic
systems.
24. What is the meaning of SPDT relay?
• SPDT stands for Single Pole Double Throw, indicating that the relay has one common
terminal, one normally open terminal, and one normally closed terminal.
25. What is the meaning of DPDT relay?
• DPDT stands for Double Pole Double Throw, indicating that the relay has two sets of
contacts.
26. Which relay is used to change the direction of a DC motor?
• A DPDT relay is commonly used to change the direction of a DC motor.
27. What is the function of the hydraulic pump in a hydraulic system?
• The hydraulic pump pressurizes the hydraulic fluid, providing the force needed to
actuate hydraulic actuators.
28. Name the different actuators used in a pneumatic system.
• Pneumatic cylinders, pneumatic motors, and pneumatic rotary actuators are common
in pneumatic systems.
29. What is the function of the pilot valve in a pneumatic system?
• The pilot valve controls the flow of air to pneumatic actuators, enabling them to
move or stop.
30. Why is a transistor required to interface a relay to a microcontroller?
• A transistor is used to amplify the current from a microcontroller's output pin,
enabling it to control the higher current required by a relay.
31. Explain the working of an H bridge.
• An H bridge is a circuit that allows the polarity of the voltage applied to a load (like a
motor) to be changed, enabling bidirectional control.
32. What are the different Boolean functions used in programming for a controller?
• Boolean functions include AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XOR, used for logical
operations in programming.
33. Name some applications of DC motor.
• DC motors are used in electric vehicles, fans, conveyor belts, and many other
applications that require continuous rotation.
34. Name some applications of stepper motor.
• Stepper motors are used in 3D printers, CNC machines, robotics, and applications
requiring precise control of angular position.
35. Why is a position feedback device not used in a stepper motor?
• Stepper motors inherently know their position based on the number of steps they
have taken, eliminating the need for external position feedback devices.

These questions cover a wide range of topics related to relays, actuators, and motors, providing a
comprehensive understanding of control systems and their applications.
ChatGPT

Comprehensive Viva Question Bank Mapped with CO5

1. What is communication?
• Communication is the process of transmitting information from one point
to another, involving a sender, a message, a channel, a receiver, and
feedback.
2. What is encoding and decoding with respect to communication?
• Encoding is the process of converting information into a format suitable
for transmission, while decoding is the process of converting received
information back into its original form.
3. Why is feedback required in the communication mechanism?
• Feedback is necessary to ensure that the intended message is accurately
received and understood, allowing for adjustments and improvements in
the communication process.
4. What is meant by digital communication?
• Digital communication involves the transmission of information using
discrete, digitally coded signals, typically represented as binary digits (0s
and 1s).
5. What is the need for a protocol?
• A protocol is needed to establish rules and conventions for
communication, ensuring that devices can understand and interpret data
consistently.
6. Explain the concept of a vendor-specific system.
• A vendor-specific system refers to a communication system or protocol
that is proprietary and designed by a specific vendor or manufacturer.
7. Distinguish between serial and parallel communication.
• Serial communication transmits data bit by bit over a single wire, while
parallel communication transmits multiple bits simultaneously over
multiple wires.
8. Classify digital communication.
• Digital communication can be classified as either synchronous or
asynchronous, depending on whether the sender and receiver are
synchronized in time.
9. Classify serial communication.
• Serial communication can be classified as asynchronous (e.g., UART),
synchronous (e.g., SPI), or a combination of both (e.g., I2C).
10. List different serial communication protocols.
 • UART, SPI, I2C, RS232, RS485, etc.
11. How does I2C differ from SPI?
• I2C uses a two-wire communication protocol with a shared bus, while SPI
uses multiple lines, including separate lines for data and a dedicated chip
select.
12. Explain RS232 operating voltage levels.
• RS232 typically uses voltage levels of +12V to -12V for signaling.
13. Why is serial communication preferable over parallel?
• Serial communication requires fewer wires, reducing cost and complexity.
It is also more immune to crosstalk.
14. Why is crosstalk less in serial communication compared to parallel?
• In serial communication, data is transmitted sequentially on a single wire,
reducing the likelihood of interference between signals.
15. Distinguish between synchronous and asynchronous communication.
• Synchronous communication uses a shared clock signal, while
asynchronous communication relies on the timing of individual bits.
16. (No specific question provided)
17. What is the role of start and stop bits?
• Start and stop bits frame each data byte in asynchronous serial
communication, indicating the beginning and end of a data packet.
18. Explain connections between the sender and receiver.
• The sender and receiver need a shared communication channel or
medium, and both should adhere to a common protocol.
19. Draw and justify the serial communication frame format.
• A serial frame typically consists of start and stop bits framing the actual
data bits. This format helps in synchronization and framing of data.
20. How do full-duplex and half-duplex communication differ from each other?
• Full-duplex communication allows simultaneous transmission and
reception, while half-duplex allows only one at a time.
21. What is SPI?
• SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is a synchronous serial communication
protocol commonly used to communicate between microcontrollers and
peripheral devices.
22. What is the master-slave mode of SPI?
• In SPI, the master initiates and controls the communication, while the slave
devices respond to commands from the master.
23. Can you have multiple masters/slaves in SPI?
• No, SPI typically operates with one master and multiple slave devices.
24. How many conductors are used in SPI communication?
 • SPI uses a minimum of four conductors: MOSI (Master Out Slave In), MISO
(Master In Slave Out), SCLK (Serial Clock), and SS/CS (Slave Select/Chip
Select).
25. Name different signals and their roles in SPI communication.
• MOSI: Carries data from master to slave.
• MISO: Carries data from slave to master.
• SCLK: Provides the clock for synchronization.
• SS/CS: Selects the specific slave device.
26. Where is SPI communication suitable?
• SPI is suitable for short-distance communication between microcontrollers
and peripheral devices.
27. What is I2C?
• I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) is a serial communication protocol that allows
multiple devices to communicate over a shared bus.
28. Who can initiate communication/CLK in SPI?
• The master initiates communication and provides the clock signal in SPI.
29. How many conductors are used in I2C communication?
• I2C uses two conductors: SDA (Serial Data) and SCL (Serial Clock).
30. What type of communication is I2C? Justify your answer.
• I2C is a synchronous and multi-master communication protocol, allowing
multiple masters to share the bus.
31. Can you have multiple masters/slaves in I2C?
• Yes, I2C supports multiple masters and multiple slaves on the same bus.
32. How many masters and slaves can be active at a time?
• One master can communicate with multiple slaves, but only one master
can actively control the bus at a given time.
33. What is a good reliable distance for I2C?
• I2C is suitable for short-distance communication within a few meters.
34. Addressing mechanism for slaves in I2C.
• Each I2C slave device has a unique address assigned, allowing the master
to select and communicate with a specific slave.
35. How does the receiver understand the start/end of communication?
• In I2C, a start condition indicates the beginning of communication, and a
stop condition indicates the end.
36. What is the significance of ACK/NACK?
• ACK (acknowledge) and NACK (not acknowledge) signals indicate whether
the receiver successfully received the transmitted data.
37. How do start and stop conditions differ from each other?
 • A start condition initiates communication, while a stop condition indicates
the end of communication in I2C.
38. Explain the data frame format for I2C.
• An I2C frame consists of a start bit, 7 or 10 bits of address and data, an
optional acknowledge bit, and a stop bit.
39. What is the basic component responsible for wireless communication?
• The basic component for wireless communication is a transceiver, which
combines a transmitter and a receiver.
40. What is the range of Bluetooth/Wi-Fi communication?
• Bluetooth has a range of around 10 meters, while Wi-Fi can vary from a
few meters to several hundred meters depending on the standard and
environment

ChatGPT

Comprehensive Viva Question Bank Mapped with CO6

1. What is the meaning of degree of freedom in robots?

• The degree of freedom in robots refers to the number of independent
movements or actions a robot can perform. It represents the flexibility and
versatility of a robot's motion.
2. What are the parts used to construct a robot arm?
• Robot arms consist of various parts, including joints, links, actuators, end
effectors, sensors, and controllers.
3. Compare Cartesian and polar robots.
• Cartesian robots move in a rectilinear coordinate system (X, Y, Z), while
polar robots use a polar coordinate system (R, θ, Z). Cartesian robots are
suitable for precise linear movements, while polar robots excel in circular
and spherical motions.
4. What are the different actuators used in robots?
• Actuators in robots include electric motors, hydraulic cylinders, pneumatic
cylinders, and other devices that convert energy into mechanical motion.
5. What is PLC?
• PLC stands for Programmable Logic Controller, a digital computer used for
automation of industrial processes.
6. Where are PLCs used?
• PLCs are used in various industrial applications, including manufacturing,
assembly lines, process control, and automation of machinery.
7. What are the different boolean functions programmed in PLC?
 • Boolean functions in PLC programming include AND, OR, NOT, XOR, and
others used for logical operations.
8. Define scan time of a PLC?
• Scan time is the time taken by a PLC to complete one cycle of scanning
and executing the program.
9. Name some of the manufacturers of industrial robots?
• ABB, Fanuc, KUKA, Yaskawa, Universal Robots, etc.
10. Which types of timers are used in PLC?
• PLCs use various timers, including on-delay timers, off-delay timers, and
retentive timers.
11. Explain the principle of working of PLC.
• PLC works by continuously scanning and executing a program stored in its
memory, controlling outputs based on inputs from sensors and user-
defined logic.
12. What makes a PLC a fixed PLC?
• A fixed PLC has a predefined number of I/O points and limited flexibility,
suitable for specific applications without the need for expansion.
13. Why are some PLCs called modular PLCs?
• Modular PLCs allow expansion by adding input/output modules, making
them adaptable to changing requirements.
14. What are the basic components of PLC?
• CPU, memory, input modules, output modules, power supply, and
communication ports.
15. What is the role of RS232 in PLC?
• RS232 is a serial communication standard used for communication
between PLCs and other devices.
16. What is the need for I/O Modules in PLC?
• I/O modules allow PLCs to interface with external devices, such as sensors
and actuators, by providing input and output connections.
17. What are different I/O modules?
• Digital input modules, digital output modules, analog input modules, and
analog output modules.
18. Which programming language is used by PLC?
• PLCs are often programmed using ladder logic, which resembles electrical
relay logic diagrams.
19. What are the pros and cons of PLCs?
• Pros: Reliability, flexibility, easy troubleshooting. Cons: Initial cost, limited
processing power compared to modern computers.
20. What are the basic tasks of PLCs (3 tasks)?
 • Input processing, program execution, and output processing.
21. What is the use of ladder logic?
• Ladder logic is a graphical programming language used in PLCs to create a
visual representation of control logic, resembling electrical relay logic
diagrams.
22. What is RLL (Relay Ladder Logic)?
• RLL is another term for ladder logic, emphasizing its origins from electrical
relay logic.
23. What is the role of rails and rungs in ladder logic?
• Rails provide power and ground connections, while rungs contain
instructions and represent logical control paths.
24. What are other components of RLL?
• Contacts, coils, timers, counters, and other instructions used to create
logical control in ladder logic.
25. At which automation level can SCADA systems be used?
• SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are used at the
supervisory control level of automation.
26. What is SCADA?
• SCADA is a system that enables monitoring, control, and data acquisition
of industrial processes from a centralized location.
27. What is supervisory control in SCADA?
• Supervisory control refers to the ability of SCADA systems to monitor and
control various processes and devices in an industrial environment.
28. Classify SCADA system.
• SCADA systems can be classified into software-based and hardware-based
systems, depending on their implementation.
29. Differentiate between PLC and SCADA.
• PLCs are programmable controllers for automating specific tasks, while
SCADA systems are used for centralized monitoring and control of
multiple processes.
30. What are the applications of SCADA systems?
• SCADA systems are used in industries such as manufacturing, energy,
water treatment, and transportation for real-time monitoring and control
of processes