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Multiplexing

Multiplexing is a technique that allows multiple signals to be transmitted over a single communication channel by combining or dividing the bandwidth of the channel into multiple sub-channels. There are three main types of multiplexing: frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). FDM uses different frequencies, TDM uses time slots, and WDM uses different wavelengths of light to transmit multiple signals simultaneously over a single optical fiber.

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59 views4 pages

Multiplexing

Multiplexing is a technique that allows multiple signals to be transmitted over a single communication channel by combining or dividing the bandwidth of the channel into multiple sub-channels. There are three main types of multiplexing: frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). FDM uses different frequencies, TDM uses time slots, and WDM uses different wavelengths of light to transmit multiple signals simultaneously over a single optical fiber.

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Darmoni Laishram
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Multiplexing is the sharing of a medium or bandwidth.

It is the process in which multiple signals coming from


multiple sources are combined and transmitted over a single communication/physical line.

There are three types of Multiplexing :


• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
• Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(WDM)

Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM)


• It is an analog technique.
• Frequency Division Multiplexing is a technique in which the available bandwidth of a single transmission
medium is subdivided into several channels.
• In the above diagram, a single transmission medium is subdivided into
several frequency channels, and each frequency channel is given to different
devices. Device 1 has a frequency channel of range from 1 to 5.
• The input signals are translated into frequency bands by using modulation
techniques, and they are combined by a multiplexer to form a composite
signal.
• The main aim is to subdivide the available bandwidth into different frequency channels and allocate them to
different devices.
• Using the modulation technique, the input signals
are transmitted into frequency bands and then
combined to form a composite signal.
• The carriers which are used for modulating the
signals are known as sub-carriers. They are
represented as f1,f2..fn.
• FDM is mainly used in radio broadcasts and TV
networks
Advantages Of FDM:
• FDM is used for analog signals.
• FDM process is very simple and easy modulation.
• A Large number of signals can be sent through an FDM simultaneously.
• It does not require any synchronization between sender and receiver.
Disadvantages Of FDM:
• FDM technique is used only when low-speed channels are required.
• It suffers the problem of crosstalk.
• A Large number of modulators are required.
• It requires a high bandwidth channel.
Uses Of FDM:
• FDM is commonly used in TV networks.
• It is used in FM and AM broadcasting. Each FM radio station has different frequencies, and they are
multiplexed to form a composite signal. The multiplexed signal is transmitted in the air.
TDM(Time Division Multiplexing)
• It is a digital technique.
• In Frequency Division Multiplexing Technique, all signals operate at the same time with different frequency,
but in case of Time Division Multiplexing technique, all signals operate at the same frequency with different
time.
• In TDM technique, the total time available in the channel is distributed among different users. Therefore,
each user is allocated with different time interval known as a Time slot at which data is to be transmitted by
the sender.
• A user takes control of the channel for a fixed amount of time.
• In TDM technique, data is not transmitted simultaneously rather the data is transmitted one-by-one.
• In TDM, the signal is transmitted in the form of frames. Frames contain a cycle of time slots in which each
frame contains one or more slots dedicated to each user.
It can be used to multiplex both digital and analog signals but mainly used to multiplex digital signals.

There are two types of TDM:


o Synchronous TDM
o Asynchronous TDM
Synchronous TDM
o A Synchronous TDM is a technique in which time slot is preassigned to every device.
o In Synchronous TDM, each device is given some time slot irrespective of the fact that the device contains the
data or not.
o If the device does not have any data, then the slot will remain empty.
o In Synchronous TDM, signals are sent in the form of frames. Time slots are organized in the form of frames.
If a device does not have data for a particular time slot, then the empty slot will be transmitted.
o The most popular Synchronous TDM are T-1 multiplexing, ISDN multiplexing, and SONET multiplexing.
o If there are n devices, then there are n slots.

Concept Of Synchronous TDM


In the above figure, the Synchronous TDM technique is implemented. Each device is allocated with some time slot.
The time slots are transmitted irrespective of whether the sender has data to send or not.
Disadvantages Of Synchronous TDM:
o The capacity of the channel is not fully utilized as the empty slots are also transmitted which is having no
data. In the above figure, the first frame is completely filled, but in the last two frames, some slots are empty.
Therefore, we can say that the capacity of the channel is not utilized efficiently.
o The speed of the transmission medium should be greater than the total speed of the input lines. An alternative
approach to the Synchronous TDM is Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing.
Asynchronous TDM
o An asynchronous TDM is also known as Statistical TDM.
o An asynchronous TDM is a technique in which time slots are not fixed as in the case of Synchronous TDM.
Time slots are allocated to only those devices which have the data to send. Therefore, we can say that
Asynchronous Time Division multiplexor transmits only the data from active workstations.
o An asynchronous TDM technique dynamically allocates the time slots to the devices.
o In Asynchronous TDM, total speed of the input lines can be greater than the capacity of the channel.
o Asynchronous Time Division multiplexor accepts the incoming data streams and creates a frame that contains
only data with no empty slots.
o In Asynchronous TDM, each slot contains an address part that identifies the source of the data.

o The difference between Asynchronous TDM and Synchronous TDM is that many slots in Synchronous TDM
are unutilized, but in Asynchronous TDM, slots are fully utilized. This leads to the smaller transmission time
and efficient utilization of the capacity of the channel.
o In Synchronous TDM, if there are n sending devices, then there are n time slots. In Asynchronous TDM, if
there are n sending devices, then there are m time slots where m is less than n (m<n).
o The number of slots in a frame depends on the statistical analysis of the number of input lines.
Concept Of Asynchronous TDM
In the above diagram, there are 4 devices, but only two devices are sending the data, i.e., A and C. Therefore, the data
of A and C are only transmitted through the transmission line.
Frame of above diagram can be represented as:

The above figure shows that the data part contains the address to determine the source of the data.

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access


CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. It is a channel access method used by several radio
communication technologies. It is a digital cellular technology and an example of multiple access. It
is generally used for mobile communication.

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