Chapter01 Local Resonance
Chapter01 Local Resonance
Chapter01 Local Resonance
Learning goals
• You can formulate the principle of Bragg scattering.
• You can relate the dimension of a phononic crystal to the frequency of a potential band gap.
• You know the e↵ect of the coupling of two near-identical oscillators.
where ! = 2⇡/T is the angular frequency related to the period T , k = 2⇡/ is the wave number
related to the wave-length , and ' is a phase.
!t kx = 0 ) v = T = k
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One of the most important aspects of waves is their ability to interfere. In particular:
The “time lag”, i.e., the phase di↵erence ', between the incident and the radiated wave is
given by the details of the interaction between the wave and the scatterer and the properties of
the excitation of the scatterer. In other words, we have nothing too generic to say about this
event. However, consider the e↵ect of two identical scatterers at a distance x:
cos(kx !t + '0 )
cos(kx !t)
cos(kx !t + '0 + k x)
x
We see that for
L= (1.2)
2
is fulfilled, see Fig. 1.2.
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!(k) = ck k = ⇡/ L
Frequency !
Frequency !
Wave number k Wave number k
In particular, at the frequencies where the Bragg condition is met, a window opens where no
waves can propagate. We call this a band gap.
Question: I live in California and want to protect my house from earthquakes with a phononic
crystal. How big is it going to be?
solve the equations (1.3) and (1.4). If the two oscillators are coupled ( 6= 0), we have to find
combined solutions
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
x(t) x0 i!t
= e ) (1.6)
y(t) y0
✓ ◆ ✓ 2 2
◆✓ ◆
2 x0 !0 x0
! = 2 . (1.7)
y0 !02 y0
In other words, we are dealing with a eigenvalue problem for !. We have two routes to solve
this problem.
Route 1: We solve the characteristic equation:
✓ ◆
!02 2
det 2 =( !02 )2 4
=0 (1.8)
!02
q
2 2
) ± = !0 ± ) !± = !02 ± 2 . (1.9)
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x(t) y(t)
We can now easily generalize that to two coupled oscillators that have di↵erent frequencies:
✓ 2 ◆ !
!x 2 !x2 + !y2 ! 2
x ! 2
y ! 2
x ! 2
y
2 = 1+ 2 1 3 ) d= 2
, 0, . (1.14)
!y2 2 2 2
As illustrated in Fig. 1.4a, the e↵ect of a coupling between two oscillators is strongest if they
are degenerate, i.e., have the same frequency. Moreover, the main e↵ect of is to split the
frequency of the two-oscillator system. In Fig. 1.4b & c we see what e↵ect we can expect for a
local resonance onto the dispersion of waves: The coupling will split the degenerate system of
the wave and the local oscillator. This e↵ect is strongest where the two frequencies cross. Again,
like in the Bragg scattering e↵ect, a frequency window is opening where no waves propagate.
However, this time the frequency is not dictated by the spacing of the periodic array but by the
frequency of the local oscillator!
We can modify the propagation of wave in the vicinity of a frequency ⌫ by coupling the wave
to a local resonance with frequency ⌫0 ⇡ ⌫.
Question: Why is the argument that we freed ourselves from length-scale constraints potentially
a lie?
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a) b) c)
non-degenerate
Frequency !±
Frequency !
Frequency !
!0 !0
degenerate
Figure 1.4: a) E↵ect of the coupling on the eigenfrequency of two oscillators. b) Wave
dispersion (black) and the location of a local resonance (blue). c) Couling the local resonance
to the wave leads to the opening of a band gap at the frequency !0 of the local resonance.
References
1. Ashcroft, N. W. & Mermin, N. D. Solid State Physics (Harcourt, Orlando, 1987).
2. Landau, L. D. & Lifshitz, E. M. Theory of Elasticity (Butterworth-Heinemann, London,
1986).
3. Fetter, A. L. & Walecka, J. D. Theoretical Mechanics of Particles and Continua (Dover,
1980).
4. Meyers, M. A. Dynamic Behavior of Materials (Wiley, 1994).
5. Acoustic Metamaterials and Phononic Crystals (ed Deymier, P. A.) (Springer, 2013).
6. Acoustic Metamaterials (eds Craster, R. V. & Guenneau, S.) (Springer, 2013).