MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION OF MIL THE TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

SPEAKER/SENDER/SOURCE/ENCODER ★ VERBAL COMMUNICATION: Involves transmitting
messages through word of mouth and writing. It is
- The person giving the speech.
often assumed that others understand our words
- They convey the message by sharing new information
because we know them. However, people often
with the audience.
bring their own attitudes, perceptions, emotions,
- The speaker also conveys a message through their
and thoughts to the topic, creating barriers to
tone of voice, body language, and choice of
delivering the right meaning. Therefore, it is crucial
clothing.
to consider the context and emotions when
communicating.
RECEIVER/DECODER
❖ ORAL COMMUNICATION – involves spoken
- The receiver receives the message from the source,
words in various forms such as
analyzing and interpreting the message in ways
face-to-face, speech, telephonic, video,
both intended and unintended by the source.
radio, television, and voice over the
MESSAGE internet, influenced by pitch, volume,
- Refers to the information that the sender is relaying to speed, and clarity.
the receiver, either verbal or non-verbal. ❖ WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: Involves using
signs or symbols to convey messages,
FEEDBACK which can be printed or handwritten and
- Composed of messages the receiver sends back to can be transmitted via various means such
the source. as emails, letters, reports, and memos. The
- Reply intentionally or unintentionally. message is influenced by vocabulary,
grammar, writing style, precision, and
COMMUNICATION PROCESS clarity of language.
- “The dynamics of effective communication are at the ★ NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION - refers to the use of
center of the exchanging of information between nonverbal cues such as body language, tone of
the sender and the receiver or vice-versa through voice, or facial expressions, rather than verbal ones,
the use of media and technologies.” to convey messages. These cues help receivers
- Communication is said to be dynamic by nature. It is interpret the message received and can often
as simple as having a face-to-face conversation accurately reflect the situation. However, nonverbal
between two people or, it can become complex like responses can sometimes contradict verbal
communicating with a large group of audience communication, potentially affecting the message's
using various media. effectiveness.
- A communicator must comprehend the role of each ★ MASS COMMUNICATION: refers to a mode of
element in the communication process to communication that helps us impart or exchange
effectively disseminate information, with the information with a large number of people. This
development of information and medium selection type of communication happens through tools like
being the two fundamental considerations for television, radio, press, or cinema.
effective communication. ★ VISUAL COMMUNICATION: the art of communicating
- In the communication process, participating information and ideas through the strategic use of
individuals can be both sources of information and type, image, and color. Its purpose is to clarify
receivers of information. information, interpret abstract concepts, and
- Information can be broadly defined as data, communicate ideas to the public.
knowledge, or instructions through signals. ★ GROUP COMMUNICATION: The act of sending and
- As a source, participants are considered producers of receiving messages to multiple members of a
information. The source should consider these two key group. In a business environment, groups often use
components in effective communication: ★ this type of communication to exchange ideas,
DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION determine goals, and motivate other members.
★ SELECTION OF MEDIA TO BE USED IN
DISSEMINATING INFORMATION ELEMENTS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION ★
APPEARANCE: Nonverbal communication significantly
THE CONCEPTS AND NATURE OF COMMUNICATION - influences the message conveyed, as one's appearance
Communication is a crucial skill that enables individuals can determine how the message is received. For
to express their thoughts, ideas, and feelings, sharing instance, job interviews may require interviewees to
ideas and views. It facilitates the exchange of wear corporate attire, which can be perceived as a sign
information and feelings between individuals, leading to of professionalism, even if it's not necessary to
understanding and the exchange of feelings, thus determine if the candidate is fit for the job.
defining communication as the process of sharing
messages between humans.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY real-time
★ BODY LANGUAGE: In face-to-face conversations, during a conversation.
body language plays a significant role. The
receiver’s actions, such as fidgeting or standing LESSON 2: MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
stolidly, can be interpreted as signs of nervousness
MEDIA
or anxiety, affecting the meaning of the verbally
- The main means of mass communication
expressed words. In addition to words, body
(broadcasting, publishing, and the Internet) are
language also influences the receiver's
regarded collectively.
understanding of the conversation.
INFORMATION
★ SOUND: The success of a conversation often
depends on the way words are said, rather than the - Facts provided or learned about something or
actual words themselves. Tone, pace, and volume someone.
are crucial in understanding the true meaning of LITERACY
someone's words. Raised voices indicate anger, - The state of being able to read and write. It includes
hurried pace signifies annoyance and visual, electronic, and digital forms of
condescending tones signify sarcasm. communication.
MEDIA LITERACY
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION-BASED ON PURPOSE & STYLE ★ - The National Association of Media Literacy Educators
FORMAL COMMUNICATION: Mostly takes place in defines Media Literacy as the ability to: ★ ACCESS
professional settings used in corporate meetings, ★ ANALYZE
conferences, academic seminars, political sessions, ★ EVALUATE
and juridical proceedings for information ★ CREATE & ACT USING ALL FORMS OF
dissemination. It adheres to pre-determined guidelines, COMMUNICATION
focusing on proper grammar and pronunciation. - Cares about how people comprehend, interpret,
Accuracy and strict obedience to traditional rules are analyze, and compose media messages.
encouraged, while slang and foul language are strongly - Plays a crucial role in socialization among children and
discouraged. This type of communication is essential youth, who are exposed to numerous entertainment
for official businesses. ★ INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: messages via television, the internet, music,
Most common form of communication, occurs in our movies, and video games.
daily interactions with friends, family, classmates, and - As a field of study, Media Literacy comprises and
anyone who wishes to speak with another, essentially overlaps many different theories and subjects, from
referring to casual talk. critical thinking and psychology to linguistics, and
ethics in technology.
STYLE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
★ SHANNON WEAVER'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION - In MEDIA MESSAGES
1948, Shannon was an American mathematician, and - The values and ideas that are promoted by the media.
electronic engineer, The things that get put into them (encoded).
and Weaver was an American scientist both
MEDIA EFFECTS
of them joined together to write an article in
- Their influences and consequences on audiences.
“Bell System Technical Journal” called “A
Mathematical Theory of Communication”
INFORMATION LITERACY
and also called as “Shannon-Weaver model
- Means to:
of communication”.
★ Recognize when information is needed.
- The first to highlight the role of “noise” in
★ Identify.
communication, which can disrupt or alter a
★ Locate
message between sender and receiver.
★ Think critically
★ BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (SMCR) -
★ Evaluate
Effective communication requires both the source and
★ Use information to solve a problem.
receiver to be on the same level.
This means that if the source has good
DIGITAL LITERACY
communication skills, the receiver should
- Includes:
have equally good listening skills. The
★ The presentation of information
receiver may not fully understand the
★ The evaluation of information
message, but they may still be able to
★ The organization of information
interpret it. Therefore, for effective
- Through
communication to occur, both parties must
★ Digital tools and resources.
be on the same level.
- It explains communication in four steps:
Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver.
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MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
★ WILBUR SCHRAMM’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION -
Looks at reciprocal communication, showing how we MULTICULTURAL LITERACY - The ability to acknowledge,
have to encode, decode, and interpret information in compare, contrast, and appreciate commonalities and
differences in cultural behaviors, beliefs, and values, within debate.
and between cultures.
BINDING INFLUENCE: Media's widespread use in daily life,
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY LITERACY - It is the ability to adapt, from research to meal recipes, has led to its binding
understand, and evaluate. It makes use of the continually influence on its audience, making it an integral part of
emerging innovations in information technology and makes everyone's mundane lives.
intelligent decisions about the adoption of new tools &
resources. MASS MEDIA: Refers to channels of communication that
involve transmitting information in some way, shape, or
MULTIMODAL LITERACY - Promises a synthesis of multiple form to large numbers of people.
nodes of communication.
DISTANCE: Unlike face-to-face communication, mass media
MODULE 3: THE CONCEPTS OF MASS MEDIA AND MEDIA has a significant distance between sender and receiver,
DEMASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION OF MEDIA making it impersonal, lacking immediacy, and one-way.

TECHNOLOGY: TV and radio networks won’t be able to

Media serves as the foundation of a democracy, providing
transmit information without satellites. Connecting to the
people with access to important social, political, and
internet requires electronic equipment like laptops and
economic events that significantly impact their lives.
smartphones. Mass media is only possible through
In a democratic society like the Philippines, the media acts technology.
as a watchdog, exposing irregularities and ambiguities in
SCALE: Mass media communication deals with
the system, which prompts the government to address
broadcasting information to the masses simultaneously.
these issues and make the system more responsive and
accountable.
COMMODITY: Due to its massive scale and the technological
MEDIA AS THE ONLY SOURCE OF INFORMATION, IT MUST equipment, it requires, mass media is an expensive type of
ENSURE THE FOLLOWING: communication.

1. Implementation of utmost professionalism 2. MEDIA DEMASSIFICATION: Demassification is a strategy that

divides a social or political unit into its parts, allowing
Must be objective at all times
tailored messages and delivery to specific segments. This
3. Provide the public with balanced reporting 4. Fair and differs from mass media communication, which targets
honest covering of stories or events 5. Examine and everyone. Examples of de-massified audiences include
comprehend the interest of the public 6. Make avenues blogs, internet radio, and fringe elements of mass media
to represent different voices and opinions. like small FM radio stations and specialized magazines.

The Media of Mass Communication by John Vivian EVOLUTION OF MEDIA

highlights the significance of media for its pervasive ★ PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (BEFORE 1700)
nature, role as an information and entertainment source, - People discovered fire, developed paper from
persuasion forum, and binding influence on people. plants, and forged weapons and tools
with stone, bronze, copper, and iron.
PERVASIVENESS: Refers to the presence or noticeable
- FORMS OF MEDIA:
presence in every part of a thing or place, a concept that is
★ Cave paintings (35,000 BC)
evident in the increasing dependence on media in our daily
★ Clay tablets of Mesopotamia (2400
lives. This has led to the growth of TV networks and radio
stations, print media not completely disappearing, and the BC)
Internet is listed as a basic human right by the United ★ Papyrus of Egypt (2500 BC)
Nations. ★ Acta Diurna of Rome (130 BC)
★ Dibao of China (2nd Century)
INFORMATION SOURCE: The internet has become the ★ Codex of the Mayan Region (5th
primary source of news and current affairs, with people Century)
accessing news and updates on various media platforms. ★ Printing press using wood blocks
Social media websites are also used for updates during (220 AD)
catastrophes, making media the largest source of
information. CAVE PAINTINGS (35,000 BC): Found in Lascaux in
Dordogne region of southwestern France, these paintings
ENTERTAINMENT SOURCE: Media offers a wide range of are estimated to be 20,000 years old. The Paintings consist
entertainment options, including TV shows, music, films, primarily of large animals once native to the region.
books, clips, videos, and social media. This wide selection
ensures content suitable for everyone's liking, attracting
people to media for its ability to provide relaxation and
occasional entertainment.
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PERSUASION FORM: Media has the power to influence MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
people’s beliefs, but it doesn't happen instantly. Every time CLAY TABLETS OF MESOPOTAMIA (2,400 BC): Clay tablets
someone shares an opinion, another opposing view were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in
emerges. It also serves as a platform for discussion and cuneiform. Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet
clay tablet with a stylus often made of reed. technology dates back to the development of “moving
pictures” at the end of the 19th century. Major
PAPYRUS OF EGYPT (2,500 BC): The papyrus plant is a reed developments in motion pictures include the adoption of
that grows in marshy areas around the Nile River. This plant sound, color motion, and digital film.
was used in Egypt to make writing material. The inside of
the triangular stalk was cut or peeled into long strips. PUNCH CARDS: The standard punch card, originally
invented by Herman Hollerith, was first used for vital
ACTA DIURNA (130 BC): Translated as Daily Acts, Acta Diurna statistics tabulation by the New York City Board of Health
contained daily Roman official notices and was presented and several states. After this trial use, it was adopted for
on message boards in public places like the Forum of use in the 1890 census.
Rome.
ELECTRONICAL AGE (1930s - 1980s)
DIBAO OF CHINA (2ND CENTURY): The earliest and oldest
- The transistor's invention marked the beginning of the
newspaper in the world. electronic age, enabling the development of the
transistor radio, electronic circuits, and early
CODEX OF THE MAYAN REGION (5TH CENTURY)): Folding
computers, enhancing long-distance
books written by the pre-Columbian Mayan civilization. The
communication efficiency.
folding books are the products of professional scribes
- FORMS OF MEDIA:
working under the patronage of deities such as the
★ Transistor Radio
Tonzured Maize God and the Howler Monkey Gods.
★ Television
★ UNIVAC and ENIAC
INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700s - 1930s)
★ Mainframe computers (1960)
- People learned to use the power of steam, developed
★ Personal Computers
machine tools, established iron production, and
manufactured various products including books
TRANSISTOR RADIO: The first transistor, invented by Bell
through the printing press.
Laboratories in 1947, revolutionized communication with
- FORMS OF MEDIA:
the release of the transistor radio in 1954. This portable
★ Printing press for mass production (1900)
radio became the most popular communication device,
★ Newspaper (1740)
with billions created during the 1960s-70s.
★ Typewriter (1800)
★ Telephone (1876)
TELEVISION: The first mechanical televisions were invented
★ Motion picture projection (1890) by John Logie Biard and Charles Francis Jenkins. The first
★ Telegraph television used a rotating disk with holes arranged in a
★ Punch cards spiral pattern. The first electronic television came out in
the 1900s invented by Philo Taylor Fansworth.
PRINTING PRESS FOR MASS PRODUCTION (1900): Printing
evolved from Chinese woodblock printing in the 7th century
UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER (UNIVAC): The first
AD to Johann Gutenberg's invention of the movable printing
commercially available computer. Released on June 14,
press in 1440, but mass production began in the 1900s.
1951, by John Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert, the UNIVAC
could handle both numbers and alphabetic characters
NEWSPAPER (THE LONDON GAZETTE – 1740): one of the
equally well.
official journals of record of the British government, and
the most important among such official journals in all of
ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER
the United Kingdom in which certain statutory notices are
(ENIAC): It was the first general-purpose electronic digital
required to be published.
computer completed in 1946. It was designed primarily to
TYPEWRITER (1800): First released in 1878 by Christopher calculate artillery firing tables to be used by the US Army
Sholes, Frank Hall, Carlos Glidden, and Samuel Soule in during World War 2.
Wisconsin, the typewriter is a mechanical machine for
writing characters similar to those produced by the MAINFRAME COMPUTERS (1960): Used primarily by large
movable type of printing press. organizations for critical applications like bulk data
processing (census, industry and consumer statistics,
TELEPHONE (1876): Invented by Alexander Graham Bell on resource planning, and transaction processing).
March 10, 1876, the first telephone didn’t work not only after
3 weeks after Bell filed for its patent. The first words that PERSONAL COMPUTERS (PC): Designed for use by only one
were spoken over the telephone were “Mr.Watson, come person at a time and consists of a Central Processing Unit
here, I want you!” (CPU) that contains the computer’s arithmetic, logic, and
control circuitry.
TELEGRAPH: Developed in the 1830 and 1840 by Samuel
Morse and other inventors, revolutionized long-distance
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communication. It worked by transmitting electrical MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
signals over a wire lay between stations. INFORMATION AGE (1900s -2000s)
- The Internet has revolutionized communication and
MOTION PICTURE PROJECTION (1890): The history of film social networks, with advancements in
 microelectronics like personal computers, mobile subject, has become easier to acquire due to
devices, and wearable technology. This has advancements in technology. However, this has
digitalized voice, image, sound, and data, bringing raised concerns about the credibility of the
us into the information age. available information. To address this, formation
- FORMS OF MEDIA: literacy aims to provide rigorous filtering and
★ Web browsers (Mosaic – 1993) verification of information, ensuring that it is
★ Search engines (Google – 1996) trustworthy and accessible to users.
★ Social networks (Friendster – 2002;
Facebook – 2004) AN INFORMATION LITERATE INDIVIDUAL IS ABLE TO: 1.
★ Video sharing (Youtube – 2005) Determine the extent of information needed 2. Access
★ Virtual reality, smartphones, wearable the needed information effectively and efficiently
technology 3. Evaluate information and its sources critically 4.
Incorporate selected information into one’s knowledge
WEB BROWSERS (MOSAIC - 1993): Developed mainly by Marc base
Andreesen and Jamie Zawinski, NCSA Mosaic was the first 5. Use information effectively to accomplish a specific
web browser to be available for Microsoft Windows and purpose
Macintosh. The first version appeared in March 1993. 6. Understand the economic, legal, and social issues
surrounding the use of information, and access and
SEARCH ENGINES (GOOGLE - 1996): Larry Page and Sergey use of information ethically and legally.
Brin who met at Stanford University came up with a
concept for a search engine they were going to name TECHNOLOGY LITERATE SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
BackRub. A year later they renamed it Google, a play on the 1. Demonstrate an understanding of concepts
word “googol” which is a math term for 1 followed by 100 underlying hardware, software, and networking
zeros. connectivity and in the use of computers and
applications;
SOCIAL NETWORKS (FRIENDSTER - 2002; FACEBOOK 2004): 2. Demonstrate an understanding of ethics and safety
Social networking sites like Friendster (founded by issues in using electronic media and responsible
Jonathan Abrams) and Facebook (founded by Mark use of technology, and;
Zuckerberg) allow their users to contact other members, 3. Can effectively utilize technology for communication,
maintain those contacts, and share online content and research, collaboration, and problem-solving. They
media with others. can gather, analyze, and evaluate information from
various digital sources, and utilize
VIDEO SHARING (YOUTUBE – 2005): The idea for YouTube telecommunications and other media for
received an $11.5M investment from Sequoia Capital in interaction with peers, experts, and audiences.
2005. Since then, it has become one of the most visited
websites in the history of the internet. THE INFORMATION NEEDS
- Information Today INC defines information need as the
VIRTUAL REALITY, SMARTPHONES, WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY: drive and motivation individuals have to seek
VR is an interactive computer-generated experience taking information, going to great lengths to find answers
place within a simulated environment. It incorporates to their questions or solve their problems.
mainly auditory and visual feedback, but may also allow - Since it is a broad subject, information needs can be
other types of sensory feedback like haptic. further divided in two, DEMANDS and WANTS
according to the University of Washington.
Module 4: Information Literacy – Elements/Stages - It refers to the requirement of information while
INFORMATION LITERATE information wants deals with the desire to have
information.
- A person must be able to recognize when information
is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate,
TAYLOR (1968) IDENTIFIES FOUR POINTS ALONG THE NEED
and use effectively the needed information.
CONTINUUM:
- They are those individuals who have learned how to
1. Actual but unexpressed need.
learn, find, and use information effectively and are
prepared for lifelong learning. They can always find 2. Conscious description
the necessary information for any task or decision, 3. Formal state of the need
enabling them to learn from others. 4. Comprised need
- Involves the capacity to efficiently access, analyze,
and communicate diverse forms of information,
particularly in decision-making, problem-solving,
and knowledge acquisition, encompassing
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MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
research, critical thinking, computer technology,
THE COMMUNICATION OF INFORMATION
and communication skills.
- The University of Washington defines communication
of information as the transfer of meaning, as
THE INFORMATION IN THE MODERN AGE information provides meaning to a subject.
- Information, defined as facts or details about a - Meltzer (1971) emphasized that effective
 communication of information necessitates a 6. Get help from the writing center or library.
thorough understanding of the data, as the transfer
of information from one party to another is not Module 5: Types of Media
considered communication.
Media refers to various forms of media that provide crucial
- The evaluation of information goes beyond verifying
information and knowledge. Throughout history, people
its credibility; it also enables a comprehensive
have used various forms of media, including paintings and
understanding of the data before it can be
writings, to share information. As media evolved, different
communicated, as deciphering the meaning of
modes were developed to deliver news to the public, each
information is the true task.
with a different role in communicating and influencing their
perceptions.
THE ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION
- Scholars define ethics as the branch of philosophy
TYPES OF MEDIA
that involves systematizing, defending, and
1. Print Media
recommending concepts of right and wrong
2. Broadcast Media
conduct.
3. Film/Cinema
- Ethics gives a predetermined set of guidelines based
4. Video Games (Digital Games)
on a code of morality that people in the society will
follow. 5. New Media
- While ethics may vary depending on a number of
factors, its core remains the same, mankind’s PRINT MEDIA
concept of right and wrong. - Media consisting of paper and ink, reproduced in a
1. Give credit where credit is due. printing process that is traditionally mechanical. - Type
of media used in mass communication in the
2. Practice due diligence.
form of printed publications. The traditional form of
3. Respect everyone’s privacy.
print media involves ink and paper.
4. Separate facts from opinion.

BOOK: Defined as a set of printed sheets of paper that are

PLAGIARISM: Using other people’s words and ideas without
held together inside a cover. It is a long-written work
clearly acknowledging the source of the information.
intended to inform like reference books or entertain such
as novels.
COMMON KNOWLEDGE: Facts that can be found in
numerous places and are likely to be widely known.
NEWSPAPER: Document published regularly, consisting of
news reports, articles, photographs, and advertisements
INTERPRETATION: You must document facts that are not
that are printed on large sheets of paper folded together.
generally known or ideas that interpret facts. ➢ Michael
Jordan is the greatest basketball player ever to have played
MAGAZINE: Defined as a periodical publication containing
the game. This idea is not a fact but an interpretation or an
articles and illustrations, typically covering a particular
opinion. You need to cite the source.
subject or area of interest.
QUOTATION: Using someone’s words directly. When you use
POSTER: Bill or placard for posting, which is often placed in
a direct quote, place the passage between quotation
a public place. Posters by nature are visual. It makes use of
marks, and document the source according to a standard
documenting style. photos or graphics to convey a message.
➢ According to John Smith in The New York Times,
“37% of all children under the age of 10 live below BROCHURE: a small, thin book or magazine with numerous
the poverty line”. You need to cite the source. pictures and information about a product or place, used for
advertisement or promotion.
PARAPHRASE: Using someone’s ideas but rephrasing them
in your own words. Although you will use your own words to PRESS RELEASE: defined as an official statement that gives
paraphrase, you must still acknowledge and cite the source information to newspapers, magazines, television news
of the information. programs, and radio stations.

STRATEGIES FOR AVOIDING PLAGIARISM @csmiiilleee

1. Submit your own work for publication. You need to MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
cite even your own work. The Characteristics of Print Media
2. Put quotation marks around everything that comes PROPONENT OF LITERACY: Print media is essentially written
directly from the text and cite the source. media. One must be able to read to patronize print. By
3. Paraphrase, but be sure that you are not simply requiring literacy, print media also promotes it.
rearranging or replacing a few words and cite the
source. PORTABLE: Print media is the most portable for people to
4. Keep a source journal, a notepad, or note cards; carry it everywhere.
annotated bibliographies can be especially
beneficial. INDEPENDENT FORM OF MEDIA: Unlike other forms of
5. Use the style manual in properly citing sources. media, print does not require a separate medium or
technology to transmit or receive information. ○ Easily retrievable, and machine- readable ○
Frequently stored on magnetic or optical
STRUCTURE: Correct grammar and proper sentence surfaces, which do not have a proven
construction are a must in print media. Arranging material permanence.
to follow a layout is required before publishing. The ★ SPACE BINDING AND DISTANCE INSENSITIVITY: New
structure is given emphasis in print media. media creates bridges across continents.
Information from anywhere in the world can be
BROADCAST MEDIA easily accessed everywhere. The only problem is
- Media such as radio and television that reach target that the volume of information makes it difficult to
audiences using airwaves as a transmission store them over time.
medium. ★ GEOGRAPHICAL INSENSITIVITY: Distance makes little
- It refers to the airborne transmission of difference in the time, cost, or speed of getting
electromagnetic audio sion (radio) or audiovisual information.
signals (television) that are readily accessible to a ★ PERSONALIZED: New media commonly exist in smart
wide population via standard receivers. (computing) devices and networks. As such, these
systems can be instructed to customize or
RADIO BROADCASTING: The telegraph, the first individualize information for each user.
technological advancement, revolutionized long-distance ★ PROSTHESIS AND TELEPRESENCE: Studies show that
communication, but it was limited due to its limited personal gadgets like smartphones and computers
capabilities. reveal a lot about their users. People's dependence
on new media has affected their daily lives, making
TV BROADCASTING: The invention of television was their devices become what they are.
primarily driven by commercialism, with the first notable ★ VIRTUALITY (VIRTUAL COMMUNITY): New media has
development being made by German inventor Paul Nipko in created a social environment without having the
1884. Other global experts further developed the rotating need for proximity.
disk mechanical system, unlike the radio. ★ HYPERTEXT: The system links documents together,
allowing for varied authorship, styles, and content
CHARACTERISTICS OF BROADCAST MEDIA rules, allowing for diffused responsibility and
- Radio and television are both broadcast media, but control, and ownership of the resulting content. It
radio uses voice, sound, and music as its elements. also allows for easy change in form and structure on
These visual elements are used by producers to demand for individuals.
attract attention and convey messages, while ★ INTERACTIVITY: involves user input for specific
television focuses on visual elements. functions, such as cookies, which store personal
data and preferences to determine what
2 TYPES OF RADIO FORMAT IN TERMS OF FREQUENCY information would be of interest to the user.
1. AM (Amplitude Modulated) Radio ★ PUSH V. PULL: New media differs from traditional
2. FM (Frequency Modulation) Radio forms as users or audiences request custom
content, not programmed like television and press.
NEW MEDIA Content is "pulled" by the consumer, not "pushed" by
- Digital media that are interactive, incorporate the media organization.
two-way communication, and involve some form of ★ CONVERGENT: Merged Modal Capabilities,
computing. multimedia, and multiple media. These terms
denote that formerly separate technologies (and
SOCIAL MEDIA the industries behind them) are blending together
- Forms of electronic communication (such as with a digital common denominator.
websites) through which people create online ★ SMART SERVER CONTROLLED FUNCTIONS AND
communities to share information, ideas, personal APPLICATIONS:
messages, etc. ➢ Hot Java & Implications. The idea here is
- content organized and distributed on digital that one does not have software locally but
platforms.
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MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW MEDIA draws it in continuously updated form from
★ NETWORK LINKAGE: Vanishing of fixed place. New the Internet. One may rent sofa ware in the
media eliminates geographical separation by future, rather than buy a version outright.
enabling computer networks to connect
➢ Web TV and implications. It involves using
information resources together, eliminating the
home TVs as an “appliance” computer for
need for a single centralized server for storage.
web access, lowering costs and ensuring
★ UBIQUITY: New media made information
secure transactions for financial and
simultaneously present everywhere.
personal use, ensuring privacy and fraud
★ DIGITAL: Because of its digital nature, information in
prevention through electronic intercept.
the new media has become infinite, where
★ WIRED, WIRELESS, TERRESTRIAL, AND
duplication and multiplication of information are
SATELLITE-BASED: While not strictly characteristic
possible.
of new media, the digital and smart character of
○ Easily altered or edited
 new media make them more easily configured for a ➢ Ministries
variety of transmission methods. 2. Academic:
★ ELECTROMAGNETIC V. OPTICAL: Digital media can be ➢ Colleges
easily converted to optical transmission using ➢ Universities
pulses of light, offering advantages over ➢ research institutes
conventional electronic transmission. 3. Private Sectors:
Electromagnetic systems are fragile, bulky, and ➢ Private individuals
susceptible to interference. Optic fibers offer ➢ not-for-profit organizations
better capacity, reliability, and accuracy compared
➢ for-profit organizations & commercial
to traditional copper wire and microwave radio
agencies
technologies.
➢ international agencies
➢ professional associations or organizations
MEDIA CONVERGENCE
➢ private institutions
- The co-existence of traditional and new media. - The
➢ corporate bodies and laboratories
co-existence of print media, broadcast media (radio
and television), the internet, mobile phones, as well as
TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCE
others, allowing media content to flow across various
1. Primary
platforms.
2. Secondary
- The ability to transform different kinds of media into
3. Tertiary
digital code, which is accessible by a range of
devices (ex. From the personal computer to the
PRIMARY SOURCE
mobile phone), thus creating a digital
communication environment. - Usually, evidence or accounts of the events,
practices, or conditions being researched
- the process by which different types of media content
are evolving into a single media platform through - Present information in its original form, not
the internet. interpreted or condensed or evaluated by other
writers
3 TYPES OF CONVERGENCE - Are created by a person (s) who directly experienced
that event
● Technological Convergence
- Example includes among others Diaries, interviews,
● Economic Convergence
minutes of the meetings, photographs, videos,
● Cultural Convergence
artworks, artifacts.
- However, what constitutes a primary source of
CONVERGING TECHNOLOGY: Combining multiple
information depends on the discipline or context
technologies into one.
(how the material is used).

Module 6-7: Media and Information Sources - SECONDARY SOURCE

Indigenous Media Open Educational Resource - One that was created by someone who did not have
first-hand experience or participate in the events
INFORMATION SOURCE being researched.
- The various means by which information is recorded - Are generally accounts written after the fact with the
for use by an individual or organization. - These are benefit of hindsight
means by which a person is informed - It describes, analyzes, interprets, evaluates, comment
about something or knowledge is provided or on, and discusses the evidence provided by primary
shared with someone, a group of people, or an sources.
organization. - They are not evidence, but rather commentary and
- It could be observations, people, organizations, discussion of evidence
speeches, documents, pictures, artwork.
- It could be in print or non-print formats.

@csmiiilleee
ABUNDANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND ACCESSIBILITY ARE THE
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
THREE KEY ASPECTS OF INTERNET AS A SOURCE OF
- Secondary data is one that has been collected by
INFORMATION
individuals or agencies for purposes other than
- World Wide Web has considerably grown since its
those of a particular research study
Introduction in 1991
- Examples are: textbooks, bibliographies, biographical
- Internet Live Stats has reported over a billion
works, commentaries, criticisms, dictionaries,
registered websites
encyclopedias
- It is impossible to run out of content from the web of
- What constitutes a secondary source of information
information known as the Internet
depends on disciple or how the information is used.

PRODUCERS/CREATORS OF INFORMATION SOURCE

TERTIARY SOURCE
1. Government:
- These are works that list primary and secondary
➢ Departments
resources in a specific subject area.
➢ Agencies
 - Materials that index, organize & compile citations to, - Library materials unlike those found on the internet go
and show how secondary (sometimes primary) through a review process
sources could be used. - Libraries provide access to reference resources,
- These are materials in which information from books, periodicals, and other materials in both print
secondary sources has been “digested” – and electronic formats for use by the patrons
reformatted and condensed and put into a - Some libraries specialize in information materials like
convenient, easy-to-read form. rare books, maps, unpublished manuscripts, and
- Examples include almanacs, directories population other special collections
registers/statistics, fact books, abstracts, indexes, - Some library materials can be loaned to users.
bibliographies, chronologies, classifications,
handbooks, guidebooks, and manuals. TYPES OF LIBRARIES
- Libraries are often classified into 4 groups, namely:
MAIN FORMATS OF INFORMATION SOURCE academic, public, school, and special. These
PRINTS libraries may be either digital or physical in form.
- Books, periodicals, bibliographies, maps, indexes and
abstracts, photographs, government documents, SKILLS IN ACCESSING INFORMATION FROM LIBRARIES - Due
technical reports, etc. to the wealth of information in a library, it is important
NON-PRINT to know the following:
- Audiovisual, multimedia, microform and electronic ➢ The access tool to use.
books and journals, images, texts/records from the ➢ How the information being accessed may be
internet, Web documents, etc. classified.
➢ The depth of details required; some libraries
WHERE TO FIND INFORMATION SOURCE provide only an abstract of the
topic.
HUMAN SOURCE
➢ More detailed information might require
- Communication with peers/colleagues is a good way
membership or some conformity to set
of obtaining vital information.
rules of the source (ex-databases).
- For example, doctors have been found to rely on their
colleagues for information in order to solve a
patient’s problems. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIBRARIES IN TERMS OF RELIABILITY,
ACCURACY, AND VALUE
- Informal sources of information are valuable and are
readily available. - Libraries of published books are often considered
- If the right person is contacted, quality and up-to-date highly reliable, accurate, and valuable. Books and
information will be obtained. documents from dominant sources are often
peer-reviewed. The International Standard Serial
- There may be some elements of bias in the
Number (ISSN) or the International Standard Book
information provided by human sources.
Number (ISBN) registration ensures that standards
- Individuals may say, provide information from their
were followed in producing these materials.
own point of view or exaggerate it.

INTERNET
ARCHIVES
- A network of computer networks around the world
- places where records of all types and formats are kept
that enable people to access information and to
and made accessible for research and other
communicate with each other.
purposes.
- The World Wide Web (WWW) provides the technology
- It stores, preserves, and makes accessible records of
needed to navigate the resources on the internet.
enduring value, unique and usually one of its kind
- No innovation in history has so profoundly changed
items.
our lives as the Internet.
- They are good place to find both published and
published primary sources. @csmiiilleee
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
- Personal and institutional records of all types can be - The internet's diverse content and form make it
found in archives as well as media, ephemera, oral challenging to assess its reliability and accuracy.
histories, and even artifacts Accessing information is easy but requires
- Archival materials are rare and irreplaceable as a discipline to verify, as factual and fictitious data
result they are not on loan. often merge, necessitating constant validation of
sources.
LIBRARY
- Collects quality information in a wide variety of TYPES OF INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET
formats. ★ Bibliographic information such as library catalogs
- Selects books, journals, magazines, databases, CDs ★ Monographs
DVDs, and government reports for use by their ★ Reference sources such as Encyclopaedia,
patrons. Dictionaries, Handbooks, etc.
- The selection process enables libraries to collect ★ Indexes and abstracts
resources considered to be reliable, relevant, and ★ Drug information sources (e.g. MICROMEDEX)
valuable. ★ Journals, Magazines, Newspapers
 ★ Databases refers to the trustworthiness of the source in
★ Multimedia: Audio, video and graphical sources of evaluating the reliability of information.
information ★ ACCURACY OF INFORMATION: Refers to the report's
★ Grey literature (technical reports, government closeness to actual data, measured differently
documents, thesis or dissertations). depending on the information being evaluated.
★ Subject-related gateways, portals, and digital or Forecasts are considered accurate if they are
institutional repositories (e.g., HINARI) similar to actual data, while financial information is
considered accurate if the values are correct,
DATABASES properly classified, and presented.
- BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES ★ VALUE OF INFORMATION: Information is said to be of
★ African Index Medicus (AIM) value if it aids the user in making or improving
★ MEDLINE/PubMed decisions.
★ Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied ★ AUTHORITY OF THE SOURCE: Daily information is
Health Literature (CINAHL) primarily sourced from secondary sources like
★ Web of knowledge writers and reporters, who possess established
★ Scopus expertise in the subject matter, making them
★ EMBASE considered sound authorities on the subject matter.
- EVIDENCE ★ TIMELINESS: The reliability, accuracy, and value of
★ Clinical Queries information can vary depending on its time of
★ Cochrane Library production or acquisition. While some information
may be accurate and valuable during its time, it may
★ Clinical Evidence
become irrelevant and inaccurate over time, making
★ DynaMed
it less valuable. On the other hand, others may
★ Best Evidence
remain timeless.
- CONSUMER HEALTH INFORMATION
★ MEDLINEPlus
★ National Institute of Health (NIH) Senior
Determining the reliability of information
Health ★ Check the author. The author’s willingness to be
★ New York Online Access to Health (NOAH) identified is a good indication of reliability.
★ HealthyRoadsMedia ★ Check the date of publication or update. While the
★ Toxtown information may be true, it may not be reliable if it is
★ Toxnet outdated and may have lost relevance.
★ Household products database ★ Check for citations. Reliable authors have the
discipline of citing sources of their information. ★
INTERNET PORTALS, DIGITAL ARCHIVES, AND INSTITUTIONAL Check the domain or owner of the site or page. The
REPOSITORIES domains “.edu” and “.gov” are reserved for academic
institutions and the government respectively. ★
★ Health Internet Work Access to Research Initiative
Information from such sites is presented with caution
(HINARI).
and is usually well-grounded. Site owners may have an
★ African Journals Online
agenda that affects the manner by which information is
★ PubMed Central (PMC)
presented.
★ Bioline International (BI)
★ Check the site design and the writing style. Credible
★ BioMed Central: Open Access (OA)
sources take time to make the information
★ Scientific Online Library (SciELO): an AO publisher
accessible and easy to comprehend.
that gives access to full-text articles.
★ Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ): gives you
free access to online journals related to your
subject.
★ Loughborough University’s Institutional Repository @csmiiilleee
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
INFORMATION SOURCES ON SOCIAL NETWORK APPLICATION Skills in determining accurate information
- Social networking applications (Web 2.0) are now been 1. Look for facts.
used as a means of communication, sharing, and
2. Cross-reference with other sources to check for
dissemination of information
consistency.
- Libraries are also using this media to reach out to
3. Determine the reason for writing and publishing the
their clients
information. Check if the author is objective or
- Common Web 2.0 applications that have become leaning heavily on a certain point of view.
sources of information include Facebook, Blogs,
4. Check for advertising. Advertisers may use related
Myspace, RSS, Twitter, and Youtube.
information to market their products.

Application Skills in Determining Reliability and Topics on the alternative media

Accuracy of Information 1. Current popular alternative media.
★ RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION: Information is said to 2. Rise of alternative media and information. 3.
be reliable if it can be verified and evaluated. It also Alternative forms of communication, such as social
 media, blogs, and flash mob performances, offer - It also broadcasts aboriginal programs aimed at
greater freedom and power to ordinary individuals while promoting awareness about the concerns and
distributing information quickly. However, they also issues
contribute to the spread of biased and inaccurate - It preserves the aboriginal languages and culture
information. through art, music, stories, and dances.

Indigenous Media OPEN EDUCATION RESOURCES

★ INDIGENOUS - native; local; originate or produced - Open educational resources (OER) are publicly
naturally in a particular region. available materials for teaching or learning, allowing
for free use, modification, and sharing. They can
★ INDIGENOUS COMMUNICATION - Knowledge that is
range from a single video or lesson plan to a
unique to a specific culture or society; most often it
complete online course or curriculum, and may also
is not written down.
include necessary software platforms for creation,
★ INDIGENOUS MEDIA AND INFORMATION -
modification, and sharing.
transmission of information through local channels
or forms. It is a means by which culture is
preserved, handed down, and adapted.

INDIGENOUS MEDIA
- Defined as forms of media expression conceptualized,
produced, and circulated by Indigenous people
around the globe.
- Reflects Indigenous communities that have been used
as a powerful social movement catalyst all over the
world.
- It seeks to spark activism, promote advocacy, be a
source of empowerment, and encourage
community building among indigents.

THE COMMUNITY MEDIA AND THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE - a

civil society-based media that operates for social
benefit, not profit, according to UNESCO. It is run by a
community, providing access to information, a platform
for raising concerns and facilitating community
discussions. It may be geographical or based on shared @csmiiilleee
interests, serving the community's needs.

ETHNOGRAPHIC FILM
- Matthew Durington defines it as the visual
manifestation of anthropological practice
organized in a linear moving media.
- a non-fiction work that reflects the lives of Indigenous
people, typically following the documentary format.
- Ruby (2000) and Ruby (2005) propose a strict
definition of ethnographic film, limiting it to
professional productions by anthropologists with a
media production background.
- Heider (2006) claims that any film can be considered
ethnographic, offering evaluative criteria for
research and pedagogy purposes.

ABORIGINAL MEDIA
- One of the most notable media in existence -
Aboriginal people are using social media also for
notifications of deaths and funerals, offering
condolences and extending support, and grieving and
healing
- Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association
(CAAMA) is an organization founded in 1980 to
expose Aboriginal music and culture to the rest of
Australia.
- Imparja Television is an Australian television station
servicing remote eastern and central Australia that
began broadcasting on January 02, 1988.