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Lecture 25

This document discusses methods for solving systems of linear equations, including Cramer's rule and using the adjoint and inverse of a matrix. Cramer's rule states that the solutions are the determinants of matrices with the corresponding columns replaced by the constants divided by the determinant of the original matrix. The inverse of an invertible matrix A is equal to the adjoint of A divided by the determinant of A.

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44 views16 pages

Lecture 25

This document discusses methods for solving systems of linear equations, including Cramer's rule and using the adjoint and inverse of a matrix. Cramer's rule states that the solutions are the determinants of matrices with the corresponding columns replaced by the constants divided by the determinant of the original matrix. The inverse of an invertible matrix A is equal to the adjoint of A divided by the determinant of A.

Uploaded by

Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ENGR-1100 Introduction to Engineering

Analysis

Lecture 25
Lecture outline

• Adjoint formula for A-1


• Cramer’s rule.
Definition
If A is any nxn matrix and Cij is the cofactor
of aij, then the matrix
C11 C12….… C1n
C21 C22….… C2n
: : :
: : :
Cn1 Cn2….… Cnn

is called the matrix of cofactors from A.


The transpose of this matrix is called the
adjoint of A and is denoted by adj (A).
Example 1
1 0 1
A= -1 3 0
1 0 2

The cofactors of A are


C11=6; C12=2; C13=-3
C21=0 ; C22=1; C23=0
C31=-3; C32=-1;C33=3
It follows that the matrix of
6 2 -3
cofactors of A is
0 1 0
-3 -1 3
6 2 -3
matrix of cofactors of A
0 1 0
-3 -1 3

And the adjoint of A is:


6 0 -3
Adj(A)= 2 1 -1
-3 0 3
Theorem 1

If A is an invertible matrix, then

1
A-1= det(A)adj(A)
Example 2
Use theorem 1 to find the inverse of the matrix A in the
previous example

1 0 1 6 0 -3
A= -1 3 0 Adj(A)= 2 1 -1
1 0 2 -3 0 3

1 0 1 1 0
-1 3 0 -1 3
det(A)= =1*3*2-1*3*1=3
1 0 2 1 0
6 0 -3
det(A)=3 Adj(A)= 2 1 -1
-3 0 3

And since

1
A-1= det(A)adj(A)

It follows:
2 0 -1
A-1= 2/3 1/3 -1/3
-1 0 1
Class assignment:

Let:
1 6 -3
A= -2 7 1
3 -1 4

Find:
(a) The matrix of cofactors.
(b) Adj(A)
(c) A-1 using the formula from theorem 1
Theorem 2 (Cramer’s rule)
If AX=B is a system of linear equations in n
unknowns such that det(A)=0, then the system has
a unique solution. This solution is:
det(A1) , det(A2) , ….. , det(An)
x1= det(A) x2= det(A) xn= det(A)
where Aj is the matrix obtained by replacing the entries
in the jth column of A by the entries of the matrix B
b1 a11 a12 : a1j : a1n
B= b2 a21 a22 : a2j : a2n
: : : : :
bn an1 an2 : anj : ann
Example 3
Use Cramer’s rule to solve:

x1-3x2+ x3= 4
2x1- x2 = -2
4x1 -3x3= 0

Solution
1 -3 1 4 -3 1
det(A)= 2 -1 0 ; det(A1)= -2 -1 0
4 0 -3 0 0 -3

1 4 1 1 -3 4
det(A2)= 2 -2 0 ; det(A3)= 2 -1 -2
4 0 -3 4 0 0
det(A) = -11; det(A1) = 30
det(A2) = 38; det(A3) = 40

Applying Cramer’s rule


det(A1) , det(A2) , ….. , det(An)
x1= det(A) x2= det(A) xn= det(A)

We get:
x1=det(A1)/det(A) = - 30/11
x2=det(A2)/det(A) = - 38/11
x3=det(A3)/det(A) = - 40/11
Class assignment:
Use Cramer’s rule to solve:

a) 4x+ 5y =2
11x+ y +2z = 3
x+5y +2z = 1

b) Use Cramer’s rule to solve for z without solving for x,y, and w
4x+ y+ z+ w = 6
3x+7y- z+ w = 1
7x+3y-5z+8w =-3
x+ y+ z+2w = 3

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