volume three

Software User Guide

Eric E. Stannard
David C. Wightman
Jo M. Dakin
Association
mondiale
de la Route

Wo r l d R o a d
Association

3
THE HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT SERIES
 ABOUT THIS MANUAL

Part A About This Manual

About This Manual

Part B About This Manual

This HDM-4 V2 edition of the Software User Guide describes the HDM-4 software. It is a
general purpose document which provides an understanding of the software user interface
The Software User Guide is one of five manuals comprising the suite of HDM-4
documentation (see Figure 1).

Volume 1
Overview of HDM-4

Volume 2 Volume 3
Applications Guide Software User Guide

Volume 4 Volume 5
Analytical Framework and Model A Guide to Calibration and
Descriptions Adaptation

Volume 6 Volume 7
Modelling Road Deterioration and Modelling Road User and
Works Effects Environmental Effects

Figure 1 HDM-4 documentation suite

The suite of documents comprise:

„ Overview of HDM-4 (Volume 1)

A short executive summary describing the HDM-4 system. It is intended to be used by all
readers new to HDM-4, particularly high level management within a road organisation.
„ Applications Guide (Volume 2)

A task oriented guide describing typical examples of different types of analyses. It is to

be used by the frequent user who wishes to know how to perform a task or create a study.

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„ Software User Guide (Volume 3)

Describes the HDM-4 software. It is a general purpose document which provides an

understanding of the software user interface.
„ Analytical Framework and Model Descriptions (Volume 4)

Describes the analytical framework and the technical relationships of objects within the
HDM-4 model. It contains very comprehensive reference material describing, in detail,
the characteristics of the modelling and strategy incorporated in HDM-4. It is to be used
by specialists or experts whose task is to carry out a detailed study for a road
management organisation.
„ A Guide to Calibration and Adaptation (Volume 5)

Suggests methods for calibrating and adapting HDM models (as used in HDM-III and
HDM-4), to allow for local conditions existing in different countries. It discusses how to
calibrate HDM-4 through its various calibration factors. It is intended to be used by
experienced practitioners who wish to understand the detailed framework and models
built into the HDM-4 system.
„ Modelling Road Deterioration and Works Effects (Volume 6)
Describes the development and basis for the relationships in HDM-4 used for modelling
road deterioration and works effects.

„ Modelling Road User and Environmental Effects (Volume 7)

Describes the development and basis for the relationships in HDM-4 used for modelling
road user and environmental effects.
Notes:
1 Volumes 1, 2 and 3 are designed for the general user.
2 Volumes 4 and 5 will be of greatest relevance to experts who wish to obtain low level
technical detail. However, Volume 5, in particular, presents very important concepts,
which will be of interest to all users.

Structure of the ‘Software User Guide’

The aim of the Software User Guide is to provide information for using HDM-4. It covers
installing, running and using the software, describes the user interface, and details many of the
tasks related to working in the HDM-4 environment. It is a general-purpose document for all
users.
The information in the Software User Guide is structured in thirteen sections:
1 About HDM-4
2 Installing HDM-4
3 Running HDM-4
4 Vehicle Fleets
5 Road Networks
6 Maintenance and Improvement Standards
7 Project analysis

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8 Programme analysis
9 Strategy analysis
10 Working with reports
11 Configuring HDM-4
12 Managing your HDM-4 installation
13 Using Existing Data with HDM-4 Version 2.0

Conventions Used in this Manual

The following symbols are used throughout this manual. The following legend describes the
meaning of each symbol:
Caution: the accompanying text warns of the consequences of not following the
recommended course of action.
Tip: the accompanying text contains details that may help your understanding of the
software, or may describe best practice.
Trouble-shooting: the accompanying text is intended to assist you if you encounter
a problem whilst using the respective part of the software.

ISOHDM Products
The products of the International Study of Highway Development and Management Tools
(ISOHDM) consist of the HDM-4 software suite, associated example case study databases,
and the Highway Development and Management Series collection of guides and reference
manuals. This volume is a member of that document collection.

Customer contact
Should you have any difficulties with the information provided in this suite of documentation
please do not hesitate to report details of the problem you are experiencing. You may send an
E-mail or an annotated copy of the manual page by fax to the number provided below.
HDMGlobal welcomes any comments or suggestions from users of HDM-4. Comments on
the Overview of HDM-4 should be sent to the following address:
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: +44 - 121 - 414 6717
Fax: +44 - 121 - 414 3675
Post: Dr E. E. Stannard
School of Civil Engineering
The University of Birmingham
Edgbaston
Birmingham B15 2TT
United Kingdom

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Change details
A first edition (Version 1) of Volume 3 was produced in 2000.
This is the second edition (Version 2.0) of the Volume 3 of the HDM-4 documentation.

HDM-4 documents:
The Highway Development and Management Series Collection is ISBN: 2-84060-058-7, and
comprises:
Volume 1 - Overview of HDM-4, ISBN: 2-284060-183-4
Volume 2 - Applications Guide, ISBN: 2-284060-184-2
Volume 3 - Software User Guide, ISBN: 2-284060-185-0
Volume 4 - Analytical Framework and Model Descriptions, ISBN: 2-284060-186-9
Volume 5 - A Guide to Calibration and Adaptation, ISBN: 2-84060-063-3
Volume 6 - Modelling Road Deterioration and Works Effects, ISBN: 2-84060-102-8
Volume 7 - Modelling Road User and Environmental Effects, ISBN: 2-84060-103-6

Terminology handbooks
PIARC Lexicon of Road and Traffic Engineering - First edition. Permanent International
Association of Road Congresses (PIARC), Paris 1991. ISBN: 2-84060-000-5
Technical Dictionary of Road Terms - Seventh edition, English - French. PIARC Commission
on Terminology, Paris 1997. ISBN: 2-84060-053-6

General reference information

Further details on HDM-4 may be obtained from the following:
„ Dr E. E. Stannard
School of Civil Engineering
The University of Birmingham
Edgbaston
Birmingham
B15 2TT
United Kingdom
Fax: +44 - 121 - 414 3675
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: http://www.hdmglobal.com

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„ Association mondiale de la Route/World Road Association (AIPCR/PIARC)

La Grande Arche
Paroi Nord, Niveau 5
92055 La Défense Cedex
France
Tel: +33 (0)1 47 96 81 21
Fax: +33 (0)1 49 00 02 02
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: http://www.piarc.org

Acknowledgements
The World Road Association (PIARC) has managed the International Study of Highway
Development and Management (ISOHDM) project since 1998, following the action supported
by the World Bank when the research and development efforts of several years reached the
point when HDM Technology products could be brought into practice. Under PIARC
management, the first products, the Highway Development and Management Series
publications, and the software suite HDM-4 Version 1, were released in early 2000,
dissemination was organized in addition to training of users. In 2002, PIARC launched the
development of a Version 2 of the software.
The initial part of the development of HDM-4 has been sponsored by several agencies,
primarily:
„ Asian Development Bank (ADB)

„ Department for International Development (DFID) in the United Kingdom

„ Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA)
„ The World Bank

with significant contributions made by:

„ Finnish Road Administration (FinnRA)
„ Intra-American Federation of Cement Producers (FICEM)

The development of Versions 1 and 2 has been made by funding by the World Road
Association with sponsorship received from the governments of the following countries:
Algeria, Australia, Canada-Québec, France, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Madagascar,
Mongolia, New-Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania,
United-Kingdom, USA
and from
„ Asian Development Bank (ADB)
„ The World Bank.

Many organisations and individuals in a number of countries have also contributed in terms of
providing information, or undertaking technical review of products being produced.
The development of the software was carried out by the ISOHDM Technical Secretariat at the
University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom. A number of organisations participated in
the development including

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„ FinnRA
Specification of the strategic and programme analysis applications.
„ FICEM
Development of deterioration and maintenance relationships for Portland cement
concrete roads.
„ The Highway Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, The University of
Birmingham, UK
Responsible for system design and software development.
„ Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC) in France
Responsible for overseeing the definition of the specifications for Version 2 and the
software development.
„ Training and Research Institute (IKRAM) in Malaysia supported by N D Lea
International (NDLI)
Responsible for providing updated relationships for road deterioration and road user
costs.
„ TRL Limited in the United Kingdom
Responsible for review and update of bituminous pavement and unsealed road
deterioration relationships.
„ ARRB Group Ltd in Australia

Responsible for review and update of bituminous pavement and unsealed road
deterioration relationships.
„ SNRA
Responsible for developing deterioration relationships for cold climates, road safety,
environmental effects, and supporting HRG with system design.
All research organisations received support from local and regional staff, visiting experts and
external advisers, to ensure that a high standard of quality and international consensus was
achieved. A number of other countries and individuals have supported this work through
supplying expert advice and reviewing the products.

Copyright statement
These HDM-4 products have been produced by the International Study of Highway
Development and Management Tools (ISOHDM). The HDM-4 products are jointly published
by the World Road Association (PIARC), Paris and The World Bank, Washington, DC.
Copyright © 2006 The World Road Association (PIARC) on behalf of the ISOHDM sponsors.
This copyright covers all documents and document components, computer software and data
delivered as components of the HDM-4 product, in any physical or electronic forms.

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Contents

Volume 3 - Software User Guide

1 About HDM-4

2 Installing HDM-4
2.1 Installing HDM-4 for the first time 2
2.2 Installing an HDM-4 update 3
2.3 Installing an HDM-4 upgrade 3
2.4 Activating HDM-4 Version 2 4

3 Running HDM-4
3.1 Working with the HDM-4 Workspace window 6

4 Vehicle Fleets
4.1 Key Concepts 8
4.2 Software overview 9
4.3 Creating Vehicle Fleets 10
4.4 Creating Vehicle Fleets based on existing fleets 11
4.5 Viewing / editing Vehicle Fleets 11
4.6 Deleting Vehicle Fleets 13
4.7 Renaming Vehicle Fleets 13
4.8 Importing Vehicle Fleets 13
4.9 Exporting Vehicle Fleets 16
4.10 Adding motorised Vehicle Types (MT) to a Vehicle Fleet 16
4.11 Adding non-motorised Vehicle Types (NMT) to a Vehicle Fleet 17
4.12 Editing Vehicle Type attributes 18
4.13 Specifying which Vehicle Types are displayed in the Vehicle Fleet window 22
4.14 Editing Vehicle Type attributes directly from the Vehicle Fleet window 22
4.15 Deleting Vehicle Types 23
4.16 Viewing/Editing Traffic Growth Sets 24
4.17 Adding a Traffic Growth Set 24
4.18 Editing a Traffic Growth Set 25
4.19 Copying a Traffic Growth Set 25
4.20 Deleting a Traffic Growth Set 25

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5 Road Networks
5.1 Key concepts 26
5.2 Software overview 26
5.3 Creating new Road Networks with no Sections 28
5.4 Creating Road Networks based on existing networks 29
5.5 Viewing / editing Road Networks 29
5.6 Deleting Road Networks 30
5.7 Renaming Road Networks 30
5.8 Exporting Road Networks 30
5.9 Importing Road Networks 31
5.10 Adding Sections based on aggregate data 33
5.11 Adding Sections based on existing Sections 35
5.12 Editing Section attributes 35
5.13 Specifying which Sections are displayed in the Road Network window 38
5.14 Editing Section details directly from the Road Network window 38
5.15 Deleting Sections 39

6 Maintenance & Improvement Standards, and New Constructions

6.1 Key concepts 40
6.2 Software overview 40
6.3 Updating default works currency, unit costs and energy consumption 43
6.4 Creating Maintenance Standards 44
6.5 Creating Maintenance Standards based on existing standards 45
6.6 Viewing / editing Maintenance Standards 45
6.7 Deleting Maintenance Standards 46
6.8 Renaming Maintenance Standards 46
6.9 Adding Work Items 47
6.10 Adding Work Items by copying existing Work Items 48
6.11 Editing Work Items 48
6.12 Deleting Work Items 49
6.13 Creating Improvement Standards 49
6.14 Creating Improvement Standards based on existing standards 50
6.15 Viewing / editing Improvement Standards 51
6.16 Deleting Improvement Standards 51
6.17 Renaming Improvement Standards 52
6.18 Entering Work Standard’s Intervention Criteria 52

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6.19 Creating New Construction Sections 57

6.20 Creating New Construction Sections based on existing New Construction 60
6.21 Viewing / editing New Construction Sections 60
6.22 Deleting New Construction Sections 61
6.23 Renaming New Construction Sections 61
6.24 Importing Work Standards 61
6.25 Exporting Work Standards 63

7 Project analysis
7.1 Key concepts 65
7.2 Software overview 65
7.3 Creating Projects 66
7.4 Creating Projects based on existing Projects 68
7.5 Viewing / editing Projects 68
7.6 Deleting Projects 69
7.7 Renaming Projects 69
7.8 Exporting Projects 70
7.9 Importing Projects 70
7.10 Selecting Sections for a Project 72
7.11 Defining Traffic Growths 75
7.12 Analysis by Section 76
7.13 Analysis by Project 84
7.14 Customising the analysis run 93
7.15 Defining Sensitivity Analysis 94
7.16 Running the analysis 96
7.17 Performing a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) 97
7.18 Generating reports 101

8 Programme analysis
8.1 Key concepts 102
8.2 Software overview 102
8.3 Creating Programmes 104
8.4 Creating Programmes based on existing Programmes 105
8.5 Viewing / editing Programmes 105
8.6 Deleting Programmes 106
8.7 Renaming Programmes 106
8.8 Exporting Programmes 107

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8.9 Importing Programmes 107

8.10 Selecting Sections for a Programme 109
8.11 Defining Traffic Growths 111
8.12 Life-cycle analysis 112
8.13 Multi-year forward Programme analysis 112
8.14 Customising the analysis run and Generating a work programme 114
8.15 Optimisation using budget scenario analysis 116
8.16 Generating reports 119

9 Strategy analysis
9.1 Key concepts 121
9.2 Software overview 121
9.3 Creating Strategy analyses 122
9.4 Creating Strategy analyses based on existing Strategy analyses 124
9.5 Viewing / editing Strategies 124
9.6 Deleting Strategies 125
9.7 Renaming Strategies 125
9.8 Importing Strategy analyses 126
9.9 Exporting Strategy analyses 127
9.10 Creating a network matrix 128
9.11 Selecting Sections for a Strategy analysis 129
9.12 Defining Traffic Growths 130
9.13 Defining alternatives for a Strategy analysis 132
9.14 Customising the analysis run and Generating a Work Programme 132
9.15 Optimisation using budget scenario analysis 134
9.16 Generating reports 137

10 Working with reports

10.1 Key concepts 139
10.2 Printing reports 140
10.3 Exporting report data to other applications 140
10.4 Report Management – Overview 141

11 Configuring HDM-4
11.1 Traffic Flow Patterns 146
11.2 Speed Flow Types 153
11.3 Accident Classes 160

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11.4 Climate Zones 164

11.5 Currencies 170
11.6 Section aggregate data and tables and Calibration Parameters 174
11.7 Road Deterioration Calibration Sets 178

12 Managing your HDM-4 installation

12.1 Working with multiple databases 185
12.2 Backing up your HDM-4 data 186
12.3 Improving analysis performance 186
12.4 Adding an HDM-4 shortcut to your desktop 187
12.5 HDM-4 Version 2.0 Options Tool 188
12.6 HDM-4 Version 2.0 Database Tool 190

13 Using Existing Data with HDM-4 Version 2.0

13.1 Overview 191
13.2 Running the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool 192
13.3 Migrating Existing Data to HDM-4 Version 2.0 192
13.4 Limitations of the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool 196

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1 About HDM-4
The Highway Development and Management (HDM-4) system is a software
tool that is used to appraise the technical and economic aspects of road
investment projects.
It provides facilities for storing characteristics of road networks, vehicle types,
and road works. The available analysis types are:
Project analysis: the economic evaluation of individual road projects or
investment options.
Programme analysis: the preparation of prioritised work programmes in
which investment alternatives are defined, and selected subject to
resource constraints.
Strategy analysis: the analysis of a whole road network.

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2 Installing HDM-4
This section describes how to install the HDM-4 software on your PC. There
are a number of scenarios in which you may want to install HDM-4 software:
Installing HDM-4 for the first time
Installing an upgrade (installing a new version over an existing one)
Installing an update (installing a bug fix for an existing version)
You may have obtained the software on CD-ROM from a distributor, or via
Internet download. The following sections describe the various installation
scenarios, and cover CD and Internet use.
The recommended minimum platform requirements for running HDM-4 are
as follows:
Microsoft Windows 98/NT/2000/XP* (XP recommended)
128Mb RAM (512Mb recommended)
Super VGA (1024 x 768) or higher-resolution display
50Mb of free disk space for program files and documents
Additional free disk space for run data (varies based on analysis size)
*
Administrator privileges will be required to install the necessary system
components.
HDM-4 is a sophisticated modelling tool which involves many processor
intensive calculations. As such, execution speed is significantly affected by
the specification of the PC on which it is to be run. The above platform
requirements are the minimum recommended. Obviously, the performance
will improve in relation to the specification of your PC.

2.1 Installing HDM-4 for the first time

The method of installation will differ slightly according to whether you have
obtained the software on CD-ROM or via Internet download. If you have the
HDM-4 CD-ROM, do the following: Insert the HDM-4 CD in your CD-ROM
drive. Microsoft Windows automatically scans the CD and displays the HDM-
4 CD window. First choose your preferred installation language (if available).
Then click Install HDM-4.
Alternatively, if you down-loaded the installation program from the Internet,
do the following: Select the Run option from the Windows Start menu.
Specify the path of the HDM-4 installation program (SETUP.EXE). Click
OK.
Now do the following:
1 In the first window select the I Accept the Agreement option button and
click Next to proceed with the installation.
2 In the next window, enter the Product ID, a 6-digit number supplied by
the distributor, and the licence type you have purchased. Click Next to
proceed.
3 In the next window, select the Typical installation option button and
click Next.

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 4 For most users the Typical installation option is recommended. The
Custom option should only be used either when doing an upgrade or
update, or when replacing individual components or files (see Section
2.2).
5 Do one of the following:
❏ Accept the default folder for storing HDM-4
❏ Specify a different folder for storing HDM-4
6 Click Next to begin installing the HDM-4 program files on your PC.
Please note that the installation program may need to restart Windows in order
to register the various user interface controls used by HDM-4. If you are
asked whether you want to restart Windows now, answer Yes. When the
installation is complete, you will notice that the HDM-4 Version 2 program
group has been added to the Windows Start menu. The program group
contains the HDM-4 Version 2 application, documentation, and the
README.TXT file which includes information on late-breaking changes, and
other useful details.
If the Product ID and licence type is not on the back of the CD case, do one of
the following:
Consult the person who purchased the software
Contact the distributor from whom the software was purchased
If the Product ID you entered is rejected, do the following:
Make sure that you have entered the Product ID correctly
Contact the distributor from whom the software was purchased

2.2 Installing an HDM-4 update

HDM-4 updates will be issued from time-to-time in response to bug reports.
In most cases these will be distributed via the Internet. Having downloaded an
update installation program, do the following:
1 Select the Run option from the Windows Start menu. Specify the
location of the HDM-4 update installation program. Click OK.
2 In the first window, enter the Product ID and licence type originally
supplied by the distributor. Click Next to proceed.
3 Click Next to begin installing the HDM-4 update on your PC.
If the Product ID and licence type is not on the back of the CD case, do one of
the following:
Consult the person who purchased the software
Contact the dealer from whom the software was purchased
If the Product ID you entered is rejected, do the following:
Make sure that you have entered the Product ID correctly
Contact the dealer from whom the software was purchased

2.3 Installing an HDM-4 upgrade

The method of installation will differ slightly according to whether you have
obtained the software on CD-ROM or via Internet download. If you have the
HDM-4 CD-ROM, do the following: Insert the HDM-4 CD in your CD-ROM
drive. Microsoft Windows automatically scans the CD and displays the HDM-

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 4 CD window. Now choose your preferred installation language. Then click
Install HDM-4.
Alternatively, if you downloaded the installation program from the Internet,
do the following: Select the Run option from the Windows Start menu.
Specify the path of the HDM-4 installation program (SETUP.EXE). Click
OK.
Now do the following:
1 In the first window select the I Accept the Agreement option button and
click Next to proceed with the installation.
2 In the next window, enter the Product ID and licence type supplied by the
distributor. Click Next to proceed.
3 Now select the Custom installation option button and click Next. In the
next window select all components except Database. In this way, you
will install the upgrade whilst retaining your current ‘default’ database
(i.e. the database in the \hdmdict directory).
4 The installation program should automatically detect the folder in which
the existing version of HDM-4 is stored. If not, you will be prompted to
specify the folder.
5 Click Next to begin installing the HDM-4 upgrade on your PC.
If the Product ID and licence type is not on the back of the CD case, do one of
the following:
Consult the person who purchased the software
Contact the distributor from whom the software was purchased
If the Product ID you entered is rejected, do the following:
First make sure that you have entered the serial number correctly
Contact the distributor from whom the software was purchased

2.4 Activating HDM-4 Version 2

To protect the software from illegal use and copying a protection scheme has
been implemented in HDM-4 Version 2. This protection scheme requires that
a user obtains an Activation ID within 30 days of the software being first
installed. The software will cease to operate if the Activation ID is not entered
within this time period.
After the software is installed a unique Installation ID is determined from
certain attributes of the PC on which HDM-4 Version 2 is installed. This
information is encrypted, and must be sent to the HDM-4 distributor who will
generate an Activation ID that is unique for that licence and hardware
configuration.

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 Obtaining the Activation ID
To obtain the product Activation ID either:
1 Click on [email protected] link on the HDM-4 Version 2
Activation screen.
This will automatically generate an email if the required details if your
email client is sufficiently configured.
2 Send the email using your email client.
Or
3 Send an email to [email protected] containing your Product
ID and Installation ID as shown in the screen above.
You can select the Installation ID string and use the windows copy &
paste commands to ensure you send the exact string.
Entering the Activation ID
After receiving the request for an Activation ID, the HDMGlobal distributor
will validate the request and process the data. You will receive an email which
will give your unique Activation ID.
To enter the Activation ID:
1 Restart HD-4
2 Enter the Activation ID exactly into the Activation ID edit slot on the
HDM-4 Version 2 Activation screen.
3 Click on Enter Activation ID button.
HDM-4 will validate the Activation ID entered and if successful will
launch HDM-4 without first displaying the HDM-4 Version 2
Activation screen.

3 Running HDM-4
To run HDM-4:

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 1 Click the Windows Start menu.
2 Select the HDM-4 Version 2 application item from the HDM-4 Version 2
program group.
3 The HDM-4 splash screen is displayed. Once HDM-4 is loaded the
HDM-4 Welcome screen is displayed.

The HDM-4 Welcome screen

The Welcome screen is designed to introduce you to the concepts and
facilities of HDM-4. As you become familiar with the system, you will find it
easier to use the Workspace window where you can access all the HDM-4
facilities.
The Welcome screen provides access to the following core HDM-4 facilities:
Create a new study
Select this option to create a new Project, Programme or Strategy
analysis. For more information, see the following sections:
❏ Creating Projects
❏ Creating Programmes
❏ Creating Strategy analyses
Open an existing study
Select this option to open an existing Project, Programme or Strategy
analysis. For more information, see the following sections:
❏ Viewing / editing Projects
❏ Viewing / editing Programmes
❏ Viewing / editing Strategies
Go to the HDM-4 Workspace
Select this option to open the HDM-4 Workspace window. For more
information, see Section 3.1 below.
Make it easier to start-up HDM-4 by adding a shortcut to your Windows
desktop (see Section 12.4).
To go immediately to the HDM-4 Workspace view when you open HDM-4
uncheck the Show this screen at startup checkbox.

3.1 Working with the HDM-4 Workspace window

The Workspace window is the central hub of HDM-4. Folders are listed on
the left, and buttons on the right.

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 To help you navigate through the system, the folders are listed in the sequence
that you would use to create and analyse a new study if you were beginning
with a clean system.

The general procedure for performing an operation is:

1 Expand a folder by clicking the + to the left of the folder name.
2 Select an item in the folder.
3 Click the appropriate button for the operation you wish to perform.

The button functions are also available from the Workspace menu.

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4 Vehicle Fleets
4.1 Key Concepts
Vehicle Fleets are used to store details of the Vehicle Types to be included in
HDM-4 analyses. A Vehicle Fleet consists of a number of Vehicle Types.
Each Vehicle Type represents a category of vehicles in the traffic mix being
modelled (e.g. small car, large truck, etc.). When creating a Vehicle Fleet, you
should include one Vehicle Type for each vehicle category in the traffic mix
being modelled.
The Vehicle Fleet is also used to define traffic growth sets. A traffic growth
set defines how the traffic grows over time and is assigned to sections within
an analysis. As traffic growths sets may be used to define the traffic growth
characteristics of multiple studies, the periods are defined as relative years
rather than absolute years.
HDM-4 includes 20 default Vehicle Types. The models for vehicle speed,
road user effects, and social and environmental effects have been developed
for these default types. The default Vehicle Types fall into the following two
categories:
Motorised category
Motorcycle Medium Truck
Small Passenger Car Heavy Truck
Medium Passenger Car Articulated Truck
Large Passenger Car Minibus
Light Delivery Vehicle Light Bus
Light Goods Vehicle Medium Bus
Four Wheel Drive Heavy Bus
Light Truck Coach
Non-motorised category
Pedestrian
Bicycle
Rickshaw
Animal Cart
You can use these Vehicle Types directly in your analyses, or you can create
your own user-defined types. A user-defined type must be based on a default
type so that HDM-4 can determine which models to use for analysis.

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4.2 Software overview
The Vehicle Types in a Vehicle Fleet are displayed in a spreadsheet in the
Vehicle Fleet window (an example is shown below). Options on the View
menu determine which Vehicle Type category and/or group of vehicle
attributes is displayed.

You can edit most (but not all) attributes here in the spreadsheet. To edit
attributes that are not available in the spreadsheet, you can double-click a
Vehicle Type. The resulting Vehicle Attributes dialog box provides access to
all vehicle attributes.

Vehicle Type data is stored on two levels:

Basic vehicle Consists of data that are readily available and/or are
characteristics applicable in most environments.
Attributes differ according to the category of the
Vehicle Type (i.e. motorised or non-motorised).
Basic attributes can be viewed and edited in the
spreadsheet views.
Detailed Access detailed data by clicking Calibration.
Calibration Detailed calibration data include those parameters
vehicle which are either not readily available, are only required

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 attributes in certain circumstances, or should only be changed by
those calibrating the various road deterioration models.
Attributes differ according to the category of the
Vehicle Type (i.e. motorised or non-motorised).
Detailed attributes cannot be viewed or edited in the
spreadsheet views.
HDM-4 places no restriction on the number of Vehicle Fleets that can be
created, the number of Vehicle Types, or the number of Traffic Growth Sets
in each fleet. The only constraint is the amount of free disk space on your PC.
The sections that follow describe the tasks of creating, editing and deleting
Vehicle Fleets, Vehicle Types and Traffic Growth Sets.

4.3 Creating Vehicle Fleets

This section describes how to create a new Vehicle Fleet which initially has
no Vehicle Types.
1 Do one of the following:
❏ Click New in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select New from the
Workspace menu
The New HDM-4 Item dialog box is displayed.

2 Select Vehicle Fleet and click OK.

The New Fleet dialog box is displayed.

3 Type the name of the new Vehicle Fleet and choose a unit cost Currency
from the drop-down list. This is the Currency in which unit costs should
be specified for all Vehicle Types that are added to the fleet.
4 Click OK.
The Vehicle Fleet window is displayed. You can now add Vehicle Types
to the blank Vehicle Fleet (see Section 4.10 and 4.11).

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 When you have finished working with the Vehicle Fleet, click Save before
closing the window. If you do not click Save, your changes will be lost.
The new Vehicle Fleet is added to the Workspace window. To view it, see
Section 4.5.
In step 1 above, if the Vehicle Fleets folder, or any existing Vehicle Fleet is
selected in the Workspace window, the Vehicle Fleet item will be
automatically selected in the New HDM-4 Item dialog box, and you will only
need to click OK.

4.4 Creating Vehicle Fleets based on existing fleets

If you want to create a Vehicle Fleet that is similar to an existing one, you can
copy the existing fleet and edit the copy as necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, select the existing Vehicle Fleet that you
wish to copy.
2 To copy the selected fleet, do one of the following:
❏ Click Copy in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Copy from the
Workspace menu
The Copy Vehicle Fleet dialog box is displayed.
3 The name of the Vehicle Fleet you wish to copy is shown. In the To edit
box, enter the name of the new fleet. This name must be unique.
4 Click OK.
The new Vehicle Fleet is added to the Workspace window.
To view the new copy, see Section 4.5 below.

4.5 Viewing / editing Vehicle Fleets

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Vehicle Fleets folder.
2 To open a Vehicle Fleet, do one of the following:
❏ Select a Vehicle Fleet and click Open
❏ Select a Vehicle Fleet. With the Workspace window active, select
Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click the Vehicle Fleet.
The Vehicle Fleet window is displayed.

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 When you have finished working with the Vehicle Fleet, click Save before
closing the window. If you do not click Save, your changes will be lost.
To edit the Vehicle Types, see Section 4.12.

4.5.1 Changing the fleet Currency

You specify the fleet Currency when you create a Vehicle Fleet. Unit costs for
all Vehicle Types in the Vehicle Fleet are specified in this Currency. If you
wish to change the fleet Currency all unit costs should be updated to reflect
the change. To change the Fleet Currency do the following:
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Vehicle Fleets folder.
2 To open a Vehicle Fleet, do one of the following:
❏ Select a Vehicle Fleet and click Open
❏ Select a Vehicle Fleet. With the Workspace window active, select
Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click the Vehicle Fleet
The Vehicle Fleet window is displayed.
3 Click Description and Currency.
The Fleet Information dialog box is displayed.

4 Select a Currency from the drop-down list.

5 Click OK to save the change and return to the Vehicle Fleet window.
You can define Currencies in the Configuration folder. See Section
11.5.2.
In the Fleet Information dialog box, there is also an edit box where you
can enter a general description for the Vehicle Fleet.

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4.6 Deleting Vehicle Fleets
1 In the Workspace window, select the Vehicle Fleet that you wish to
delete.
2 To delete the selected fleet, do one of the following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the
Vehicle Fleet, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the deleted Vehicle Fleet is no longer displayed in the
Workspace window.
When you delete a Vehicle Fleet, all corresponding Vehicle Types are
also deleted.
Road Networks & Strategy Matrices that use the deleted Vehicle Fleet
will be affected resulting in the loss of any traffic volume data that has
been entered. You will be informed if this is the case and asked to accept
the deletion before proceeding.

You cannot reverse a deletion.

4.7 Renaming Vehicle Fleets

1 In the Workspace window, select the Vehicle Fleet that you wish to
rename.
2 To rename the selected fleet, do one of the following:
❏ Click Rename
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Rename from the
Workspace menu
The Rename Vehicle Fleet dialog box is displayed.
The current name of the Vehicle Fleet you wish to rename is shown. In
the To edit box, enter the new name for the Vehicle Fleet. The new name
must be unique.
Click OK.
The renamed Vehicle Fleet is displayed in the Workspace window.
To work with the renamed Vehicle Fleet, see Section 4.5.

4.8 Importing Vehicle Fleets

You can import Vehicle Fleet data into HDM-4 from other software
applications. To do this, the data must be in a Microsoft Access format .mdb
file of a specific format. See the file HDM-4 Vehicle Fleet Export
Format.doc for details of the export file format.

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 1 With the Workspace window active, do one of the following
❏ select Import from the Workspace menu.
❏ click on the Import button
The HDM-4 Import Wizard dialog box is displayed.

2 Click on Browse

3 Double-click the folder that contains the file to be imported.

4 Select the file to be imported and click Open.
5 Click on Next to move to the next step in the wizard.
The import routine detects the file type. If it is a Vehicle Fleet export file
the import wizard will prompt for the Name of Item and whether to
Perform Data Validation.

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 6 Enter a unique name for the Vehicle Fleet and check Perform Data
Validation if required, then click Next.
7 If you Perform Data Validation the import file will be checked to ensure
that the vehicle attributes are within the valid limits defined by HDM-4.
If you have prepared the data external to HDM-4 it is important that the
data imported is valid others analysis results may not be consistent
In step 6, above, you are informed if a Vehicle Fleet of the same name already
exists. You must then decide whether to overwrite the existing Vehicle Fleet,
to provide an alternative name for the Vehicle Fleet that is being imported, or
to cancel the import operation.
8 If you have selected Perform Data Validation the wizard will take you
to the dialog to perform the data validation. Click on Next to perform the
data validation prior to importing the data.

If errors are found they will be reported in the dialog. Click on Next
Error/Previous Error to jump through the report, or Save Report to
write the report to a text file.

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 9 If you have not selected to perform data validation, or data validation has
found no errors, the Vehicle Fleet will be imported and saved in the
current Workspace.

4.9 Exporting Vehicle Fleets

You can use HDM-4 Vehicle Fleet data in other software applications by
exporting individual Vehicle Fleets as a .mdb file. See the file HDM-4 Vehicle
Fleet Export Format.doc for details of the export file format.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Vehicle Fleets folder and select
a Vehicle Fleet.
2 Click Export.
The Export Fleet As dialog box is displayed.

3 Double-click the folder in which the export file is to be stored.

4 Enter a file name for the export file.
5 Click Save.

4.10 Adding motorised Vehicle Types (MT) to a Vehicle Fleet

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Vehicle Fleet.
2 In the Vehicle Fleet window, click Add New Vehicle.
The New Vehicle Type dialog box is displayed.

3 Select the Motorised option button and select a base Vehicle Type from
the drop-down list.
The drop-down list contains default motorised Vehicle Types and user
defined Vehicle Types for the current Vehicle Fleet. Initial data for the
new Vehicle Type is derived from the base Vehicle Type.
4 Click OK.
The Vehicle Attributes dialog box is displayed.

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 5 Work through the tab-pages and complete the necessary fields.
6 If necessary, you can click Calibration to edit detailed Vehicle Type
parameters. When you have finished working in the Details dialog box,
click OK to save any changes.
7 When you have finished working in the Vehicle Attributes dialog box,
click OK to save any changes.

4.11 Adding non-motorised Vehicle Types (NMT) to a Vehicle Fleet

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Vehicle Fleet.
2 In the Vehicle Fleet window, click Add New Vehicle.
The New Vehicle Type dialog box is displayed.

3 Select the Non-motorised option button and select a base Vehicle Type
from the drop-down list.
The drop-down list contains four default non-motorised Vehicle Types
and user defined Vehicle Types for the current Vehicle Fleet. Initial data
for the new Vehicle Type is derived from the base Vehicle Type.
4 Click OK.
The NM Vehicle Attributes dialog box is displayed.

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 5 Work through the tab-pages and complete the necessary fields.
6 If necessary, you can click Calibration to edit detailed Vehicle Type
parameters. When you have finished working in the Details dialog box,
click OK to save any changes.
7 When you have finished working in the NM Vehicle Attributes dialog
box, click OK to save any changes.

4.12 Editing Vehicle Type attributes

1 In the Workspace window, open a Vehicle Fleet.
The Vehicle Fleet window is displayed.
2 To open the selected fleet, do one of the following:
❏ Click anywhere in a Vehicle Type row and click Edit
❏ Double-click anywhere in a Vehicle Type row
The Vehicle Attributes dialog box is displayed.

3 Work through the tab-pages and make any necessary changes.

4 If necessary, you can click Calibration to edit detailed Vehicle Type
parameters. When you have finished working in the Calibration dialog
box, click OK to save any changes and return to the Vehicle Attributes
dialog box.
5 When you have finished working in the Vehicle Attributes dialog box,
click OK to save any changes.

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4.12.1 Calculating Annual km and Hours Worked
The values for the utilisation parameters Annual km and Working Hours can
either be entered directly (if the data is available) or can be calculated by
HDM-4 from age spectrum data. The Vehicle Utilisation Wizard is provided
to simplify the calculation process.
1 In the Workspace window, open a Vehicle Fleet.
The Vehicle Fleet window is displayed.
2 To edit the Vehicle Type details, do one of the following:
❏ Click anywhere in a Vehicle Type row and click Edit
❏ Double-click anywhere in a Vehicle Type row
The Vehicle Attributes dialog box is displayed.
3 Click the Basic Characteristics tab.

4 Click Calculate in the Utilisation group.

The Utilisation Parameters Wizard is displayed. The Step 1 of 2 tab-
page is active.

5 Click Add New Year.

A blank row is created in the table.
6 Enter age spectrum data values in the table.
7 Add the necessary number of years.
8 Click Next.
The Step 2 of 2 tab-page is displayed. It shows the values calculated
from the data on the previous tab-page.

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 9 Click Finish to accept the calculated values and insert them in the Basic
Characteristics tab-page of the Vehicle Attributes dialog box.
10 When you have finished working in the Vehicle Attributes dialog box,
click OK to save any changes.

4.12.2 Calculating ESAL

The value for the vehicle loading parameter ESAL may be entered directly (if
the data is available), or calculated by HDM-4 from raw vehicle axle loading
data that you supply. The ESAL Wizard assists with the calculation process.
1 In the Workspace window, open a Vehicle Fleet.
The Vehicle Fleet window is displayed.
2 To edit the Vehicle Type attributes, do one of the following:
❏ Click anywhere in a Vehicle Type row and click Edit
❏ Double-click anywhere in a Vehicle Type row
The Vehicle Attributes dialog box is displayed.
3 Click the Basic Characteristics tab.

4 Click Calculate in the Loading group.

The Calculate ESAL Wizard is displayed. The Step 1 of 3 tab-page is
active.

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 5 Enter the axle load equivalency exponent (LE) in the edit box.
6 Click Next.
The Step 2 of 3 tab-page is displayed.

7 Click Add New Axle Group.

A blank column is created in the table. Note: If you click Insert New
Axle Group, a blank column will be created at the cursor position,
moving any other columns to the right.
8 Click Add New Vehicle.
A blank row is added to the bottom of the table.
9 Enter loading data by axle group for the Vehicle Type.
10 Add the necessary number of Vehicles Types
11 Click Next.
The Step 3 of 3 tab-page is displayed.

12 Click Finish to accept the calculated ESAL factor and insert it in the
Basic Characteristics tab-page of the Vehicle Attributes dialog box.
13 When you have finished working in the Vehicle Attributes dialog box,
click OK to save any changes.

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4.13 Specifying which Vehicle Types are displayed in the Vehicle
Fleet window
You can specify which Vehicle Types are displayed in the Vehicle Fleet
window on the basis of category (motorised or non-motorised).
1 In the Workspace window, open a Vehicle Fleet.
The Vehicle Fleet window is displayed.
2 Do one of the following:
❏ In the main HDM-4 window, click the View menu
❏ Right-click anywhere in the Vehicle Fleet window

The following categories are available:

❏ Motorised vehicles
❏ Non-motorised vehicles
❏ All categories
The active item is marked with a .
3 Select a category from the menu.
Only the Vehicle Types with the selected category are displayed.

4.14 Editing Vehicle Type attributes directly from the Vehicle Fleet
window
You can edit Vehicle Type details in the Vehicle Fleet window spreadsheet.
1 In the Workspace window, open a Vehicle Fleet.
2 The Vehicle Fleet window is displayed.
3 To select the group of attributes, do one of the following:
❏ In the main HDM-4 window, click the View menu
❏ Right-click anywhere in the Vehicle Fleet window
The following groups of attributes are listed in the lower half of the
menu:
❏ Definition
❏ Basic Characteristics
❏ Economic Unit Costs
The active attribute group is marked with a .
4 Select an attribute group from the menu.
The columns in the Vehicle Fleet window change according to the
attribute group you selected. You can edit the tabular information in the
Vehicle Fleet window.

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 In step 3 above, if the attribute group you require is greyed out, select a
different vehicle category (Motorised, Non-motorised) first, then select the
attribute group.

4.15 Deleting Vehicle Types

1 In the Workspace window, open a Vehicle Fleet.
2 In the Vehicle Fleet window, click anywhere in the Vehicle Type row
you wish to delete.
3 Click Delete.
If the Vehicle Fleet is associated with a Road Network you will be given
a warning that removing the Vehicle will also remove it from these Road
Networks

Click Yes to delete the Vehicle Type, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the Vehicle Type is no longer displayed in the Vehicle
Fleet window.
4 Click Close to return to the Workspace window.
When you delete a Vehicle Type, all corresponding data are also deleted.
Road Networks that use the deleted Vehicle Type will be affected. You
will be informed if this is the case. If you continue with the deletion, the
Vehicle Type will be removed from the section and any associated traffic
data will be displayed as unassigned AADT. You will not be able to
perform an analysis using this Road Network until the unassigned AADT
has been set to 0.

You cannot reverse a deletion.

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4.16 Viewing/Editing Traffic Growth Sets
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Vehicle Fleet.
2 In the Vehicle Fleet window, click Edit Traffic Growth Sets.
The Traffic Growth Sets dialog box is displayed.

4.17 Adding a Traffic Growth Set

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Vehicle Fleet.
2 In the Vehicle Fleet window, click Edit Traffic Growth Sets.
The Traffic Growth Sets dialog box is displayed.
3 Click on New Growth Set
The Traffic Growth Set dialog is displayed.

Enter a Name for the Traffic Growth Set and an optional Description.
The Vehicle Types defined in the Vehicle Feet are listed. Motorised
Vehicle Types and non-motorised Vehicle Types are separated into two
tab-pages.

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 Define the traffic growth details:
❏ Enter traffic growth values for first year of analysis. Use the buttons
to add, edit and delete additional traffic growth periods as necessary.
The growth periods are defined relative to the start year of the analysis in
which the growth set is used where Year 1 is the first year of the analysis.
4 Click OK to save the traffic growth set.

4.18 Editing a Traffic Growth Set

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Vehicle Fleet.
2 In the Vehicle Fleet window, click Edit Traffic Growth Sets.
The Traffic Growth Sets dialog box is displayed.
3 Click on Traffic Growth Set you wish to edit in the list and click on Edit
The Traffic Growth Set dialog is displayed.
4 Edit the details of the Traffic Growth Set and click on OK to save the
changes.

4.19 Copying a Traffic Growth Set

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Vehicle Fleet.
2 In the Vehicle Fleet window, click Edit Traffic Growth Sets.
The Traffic Growth Sets dialog box is displayed.
3 Click on the Traffic Growth Set you wish to copy, and click on Copy
The Traffic Growth Set dialog is displayed with a blank name but the
growth period details copied
4 Enter a Name and optional Description. Click OK to save the copied
Traffic Growth Set.

4.20 Deleting a Traffic Growth Set

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Vehicle Fleet.
2 In the Vehicle Fleet window, click Edit Traffic Growth Sets.
The Traffic Growth Sets dialog box is displayed.
3 Click on the Traffic Growth Set you wish to delete, and click on Delete
A warning will be displayed that if the Traffic Growth Set is used in an
analysis the traffic growth for those sections will become unassigned.

4 Click Yes to delete the Traffic Growth Set.

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5 Road Networks
5.1 Key concepts
An HDM-4 Road Network stores details of the roads that you wish to analyse.
Each Road Network consists of a number of Sections. A Section typically
corresponds to an identifiable length of road, but may also be a
‘representative’ Section created solely for the purpose of analysis.
HDM-4 uses the concept of ‘homogenous Sections’, where each Section has
uniform strength, geometry, traffic and condition characteristics over its entire
length. When adapting existing Road Network data for use in HDM-4, or
when entering new road data directly into HDM-4, you will have to divide
your network into homogenous Sections.
A Road Network is associated with a Calibration Set which define sets of
section calibration coefficients (a calibration item) for the range of pavement
types found in the road network. Sections which have the same
characteristics can all use the same calibration item.
A Road Network is associated with a Vehicle Fleet. The Vehicle Fleet’s
Vehicle Types are used to define the traffic volume for each section.

5.2 Software overview

The Sections in a Road Network are displayed in a spreadsheet in the Road
Network window (an example is shown below). Options on the View menu
determine which Sections and/or attributes are displayed.
D

C E
A. Each row displays a separate Section.
B. These buttons allow you to add, delete and edit Sections.
C. The status bar shows information about the currently active control.
D. The title bar shows the name of the Road Network and the category
of data currently on display.
E. You can change the size of the window by dragging the Resize Box.
You can edit most (but not all) Section attributes here in the spreadsheet. To
edit attributes that are not available in the spreadsheet, double-click a Section.
The resulting Section dialog box provides access to all Section attributes.

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 Road Section data is stored on two levels:
Key Section Consists of data that are readily available and/or are
attributes applicable in most environments.
Attributes differ according to the surface class of the
Section (i.e. bituminous, concrete or unsealed).
Most key attributes can be viewed and edited in the
spreadsheet views.
Section Access via the Calibration Set associated with the Road
Calibration Network and the Calibration Item selected for the
attributes section..
Calibration data includes those parameters which are
either not readily available, are only required in certain
circumstances, or should only be changed by those
calibrating the various models.
Attributes differ according to the surface class of the
Section (i.e. bituminous, concrete or unsealed).
The sections in this chapter describe the tasks of creating, editing and deleting
both Road Networks and Sections.

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5.3 Creating new Road Networks with no Sections
This section describes how to create a new Road Network.
1 Do one of the following:
❏ Click New in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select New from the
Workspace menu
The New HDM-4 Item dialog box is displayed.

2 Select Road Network and click OK.

The New Road Network dialog box is displayed.

Type the name of the new Road Network in the text box and select a
Vehicle Fleet and Calibration Set to associate with the Road Network.
Click OK.
The Road Network window is displayed.

You can now add Sections to the blank Road Network (see Sections 5.10
and 5.11).
When you have finished working with the Road Network, click Save before
closing the window. If you do not click Save, your changes will be lost.

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 The new Road Network is added to the Workspace window. To view the
Road Network, see Section 5.5.
In step 1 above, if the Road Networks folder, or any existing Road Network
is selected in the Workspace window, the Road Network Item will be
automatically selected in the New HDM-4 Item dialog box, and you will only
need to click OK.
You cannot create a Road Network if you have not created at least one
Vehicle Fleet one Calibration Set with at least one Calibration Item.

5.4 Creating Road Networks based on existing networks

If you want to create a Road Network that is similar to an existing one, you
can copy the existing network and edit the copy as necessary.
1. In the Workspace window, select the existing network that you wish to
copy.
2. To copy the selected network, do one of the following:
❏ Click Copy
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Copy from the
Workspace menu
The Copy Road Network dialog box is displayed.
3. The name of the Road Network you wish to copy is shown. In the To edit
box, enter the name of the new network. This name must be unique.
4 Click OK.
The new Road Network is added to the Workspace window.
To view the new copy, see Section 5.5 below.

5.5 Viewing / editing Road Networks

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Road Networks folder.
2 To open a Road Network, do one of the following:
❏ Select a Road Network and click Open
❏ Select a Road Network. With the Workspace window active, select
Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click the Road Network
The Road Network window is displayed.

When you have finished working with the Road Network, click Save before
closing the window. If you do not click Save, your changes will be lost.

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 To edit the Section details, see Section 5.12.

5.6 Deleting Road Networks

1 In the Workspace window, select the Road Network that you wish to
delete.
2 To delete the selected network, do one of the following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the Road
Network, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the deleted Road Network is no longer displayed in the
Workspace window.

When you delete a Road Network, all corresponding Sections are also
deleted.
Projects, Programmes and Strategies that use the deleted Road Network
will be affected. You will be informed if this is the case.
You cannot reverse a deletion.

5.7 Renaming Road Networks

1 In the Workspace window, select the Road Network that you wish to
rename.
2 To rename the selected network, do one of the following:
❏ Click Rename
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Rename from the
Workspace menu
The Rename Road Network dialog box is displayed.
3 The current name of the Road Network you wish to rename is shown. In
the To edit box, enter the new name for the Road Network. The new
name must be unique.
4 Click OK.
The renamed Road Network is displayed in the Workspace window. The
name change is reflected throughout the system.

To work with the renamed Road Network, see Section 5.5.

5.8 Exporting Road Networks

You can use HDM-4 Road Network data in other software applications by
exporting individual Road Networks in a Microsoft Access format ‘.mdb’ file.
See the file HDM-4 RoadNet Export Format.doc for details of the Road
Network export file format.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Road Networks folder and select
a Road Network.
2 Click Export.

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 The Export Road Network As dialog box is displayed.

3 Double-click the folder in which the export file is to be stored.

4 Enter a file name for the export file.
5 Click Save.

5.9 Importing Road Networks

You can import Road Network data into HDM-4 from other software
applications. To do this, the data must be in a Microsoft Access .mdb file of a
specific format. See the file HDM-4 Road Network Export Format.doc for
details of the export file format.
1 With the Workspace window active, do one of the following
❏ select Import from the Workspace menu.
❏ click on the Import button
The HDM-4 Import Wizard dialog box is displayed.

2 Click on Browse

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 3 Double-click the folder that contains the file to be imported.
4 Select the file to be imported and click Open.
5 Click on Next to move to the next step in the wizard.
The import routine detects the file type. If it is a Road Network export
file the import wizard will prompt for the Name of Item and whether to
Perform Data Validation.

6 Enter a unique name for the Road Network and check Perform Data
Validation if required, then click Next.
7 If you Perform Data Validation the import file will be checked to ensure
that the section attributes are within the valid limits defined by HDM-4.
If you have prepared the data external to HDM-4 it is important that the
data imported is valid others analysis results may not be consistent
In step 6, above, you are informed if a Road Network of the same name
already exists. You must then decide whether to overwrite the existing Road
Network, to provide an alternative name for the Road Network that is being
imported, or to cancel the import operation.
8 If you have selected Perform Data Validation the wizard will take you
to the dialog to perform the data validation. Click on Next to perform the
data validation prior to importing the data.

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 If errors are found they will be reported in the dialog. Click on Next
Error/Previous Error to jump through the report, or Save Report to
write the report to a text file.
9 If you have not selected to perform data validation, or data validation has
found no errors, the Road Network will be imported and saved in the
current Workspace.

5.10 Adding Sections based on aggregate data

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Road Network.
The Road Network dialog box is displayed.
2 Click Add New Section.
The New Section dialog box is displayed.

3 Select the based on aggregate data option button and click OK.
The New Section From Aggregate Data dialog box is displayed.

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 4 Enter a name and ID for the Section. These must be unique.
5 Specify values for all the aggregate parameters.
Aggregate parameters correspond to more particular values for Key and
Detailed parameters as defined in the Configuration folder (Section
Aggregate Data and Section Aggregate Tables). When you specify
aggregate parameters, values are derived for all Key and Detailed
parameters which are then used to populate the edit boxes in the Section
dialog box (see next step).
6 Click OK.
The Section dialog box is displayed.

7 Work through the tab-pages and edit the necessary fields.

8 When you have finished working in the Section dialog box, click OK to
save any changes and return to the Road Network window.

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5.11 Adding Sections based on existing Sections
If you want to create a Section that is similar to an existing one, you can copy
the existing Section and edit the copy as necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Road Network.
The Road Network window is displayed.
2 Click Add New Section.
The New Section dialog box is displayed.

3 Select the based on existing Section option button. In the drop-down

list, select the existing Section that you wish to copy and click OK.
The Section dialog box is displayed. The data in the new Section is a
copy of the data in the existing Section.

4 Enter a description and an ID for the new Section. These must be unique.
Work through the tab-pages and make any necessary changes.
5 When you have finished working in the Section dialog box, click OK to
save any changes.

5.12 Editing Section attributes

1 In the Workspace window, open a Road Network.
The Road Network window is displayed.
2 To edit Section attributes do one of the following:
❏ Click anywhere in a Section row and click Edit
❏ Double-click anywhere in a Section row
The Section dialog box is displayed.

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 3 Work through the tab-pages and make any necessary changes.
4 When you have finished working in the Section dialog box, click OK to
save any changes.

5.12.1 Calculating the SNP (Structural Number of Pavement) for a Section

Pavement strength is characterised in HDM-4 by the adjusted structural
number - SNP. This can either be entered directly or calculated using other
pavement characteristics such as Falling Weight Deflections, Benkelman
Beam Deflections, or surface layer thicknesses and coefficients.
1 In the Workspace window, open a Road Network.
The Road Network window is displayed.
2 To edit the Section details, do one of the following:
❏ Click anywhere in a Section row and click Edit
❏ Double-click anywhere in a Section row
The Section dialog box is displayed.
3 Click the Pavement tab.

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 4 In the Strength group, select the Calculated SNP option button.
5 Click Calculate SNP.
The SNP Calculator Wizard is displayed. The Step 1 of 3 tab-page is
active.

6 Select one of the method option buttons to calculate the SNP.

7 Click Next.
The Step 2 of 3 tab-page is displayed.

The fields in this dialog box vary according to the calculation method
you selected.
8 Complete the fields as required.
9 Click Next.
The Step 3 of 3 tab-page is displayed. It shows the calculated SNP
results for the calculation method you selected.

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 10 Click Finish to accept the calculated SNP value and automatically
transfer it to the Pavement tab-page of the Section dialog box.
When using the wizard, you may return to the previous step (click Back) or
cancel the procedure (click Cancel) at any time.

5.13 Specifying which Sections are displayed in the Road Network

window
You can specify which Sections are displayed in the Road Network window
on the basis of surface class.
1 In the Workspace window, open a Road Network.
The Road Network window is displayed.
2 To display the View menu, do one of the following:
❏ In the main HDM-4 window, click the View menu
❏ Right-click anywhere in the Road Network window
The following surface classes are available:
❏ Bituminous Sections
❏ Concrete Sections
❏ Unsealed Sections
❏ All Sections
The active menu item is marked with a .
Select a surface class from the menu.
Only the Sections with the selected surface class are displayed.

5.14 Editing Section details directly from the Road Network window
1 In the Workspace window, open a Road Network.
The Road Network window is displayed.
2 To display the View menu, do one of the following:
❏ In the main HDM-4 window, click the View menu
❏ Right-click anywhere in the Road Network window
Data categories from the Section dialog box are listed in the lower half
of the menu:
❏ Definition
❏ Geometry
❏ Pavement
❏ Condition
❏ Other
Categories that are relevant to the current surface class are available. The
active category is marked with a .
3 Select a category from the menu.
The columns in the spreadsheet change according to the category
selected. You can edit the tabular information in the Road Network
window.
In step 3 above, if the category options are greyed out, try selecting a different
surface class, then select the required category.

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5.15 Deleting Sections
1 In the Workspace window, open a Road Network.
2 In the Road Network window, click anywhere in the Section row you
wish to delete.
3 Click Delete.
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the
Section, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the Section is no longer displayed in the Road Network
window.
4 Click Close to return to the Workspace window.

When you delete a Section, all corresponding data are also deleted.
Studies that use the deleted Section will be affected. You will be
informed if this is the case.
You cannot reverse a deletion.

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6 Maintenance & Improvement Standards, and
New Constructions
6.1 Key concepts
In HDM-4 Maintenance and Improvement Standards are used to represent the
targets or levels of condition and response that you aim to achieve. New
constructions are used to represent the addition of a section to the network.
Maintenance Standards define the maintenance works required to maintain the
road network at the target level. Each Maintenance Standard consists of a set
of one or more Works Items. Each Works Item is defined in terms of the road
surface class to which it applies, a triggering condition, an operation type (e.g.
reseal, overlay, etc.), and the resultant effect on the pavement.
Improvement Standards define the road improvement works to be carried out
should when the triggering condition is met. Each Improvement Standard is
defined in terms of the road surface class to which it applies, a triggering
condition, an improvement type, the costs & duration of the works, and the
resultant effect on the pavement in terms of its condition, geometry, strength,
etc. Supported improvement types include: lane addition, partial widening,
reconstruction, and upgrading.
New constructions define the attributes of a section that is to be built and
brought into service in a given year. The New Construction defines the
physical characteristics of the section.
Typically you will create a set of Maintenance and Improvement Standards as
well as New Constructions that can then be assigned to road sections in many
subsequent Projects, Programmes and Strategies that you create.

6.2 Software overview

Below is an example of the Maintenance Standard dialog box. The top part of
the dialog shows the definition of the standard including the surface class. The
bottom half of the dialog shows the works items defined for the standard.

A Maintenance Standard consists of one or more Works Items. Double-

clicking on one of the Works Items in the list box causes the Works Item

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 dialog box to be displayed – an example of which is shown below:

The dialog displays the Feature type and Operation that the user selected
when creating the Work Item. The Feature type defines the part of the section
that the Work Item applies to or characteristic of the operation (Carriageway,
Non-motorised traffic lane, Shoulders, Special, and Miscellaneous). Each of
these Feature Type’s have a number of Operations. This hierarchy of Work
Items is described in more detail in volume 4, part D1, section 2.

The data that defines the Works Item is separated into 6 categories, each
assigned to a separate tab-page as shown in the figure above:
General – the definition of the Works Item: description, feature type,
and type of operation type.
Design – the design and structure of the pavement following the
completion of the works: surface material, thickness, strength coefficient,
etc.
Intervention –you will be prompted to select one or more attributes and
enter associated values at which the Works Item should be triggered (e.g.
when Area of All Cracking > 10%).
Costs – the unit cost for the selected operation, appropriate preparatory
works costs, and the unit of work (e.g. per m, per m², per km, etc.).
HDM-4 stores default costs and work units for each of the supported
operation types. Each time you change the operation type for a Works
Item, you will be asked if you want to adopt the current default cost and
units (see Section Error! Reference source not found.).
Effects – the condition of the pavement following the completion of the
works (e.g. roughness and rutting).
Asset Valuation – the effect on the asset value of the pavement
following the completion of the works.
Please note that not all of these tab-pages will be displayed for any given
Works Item. The operation type determines which pages are displayed.
Below is an example of the Improvement Standard dialog box. Unlike
Maintenance Standards, there is no hierarchical Standard / Works Items
relationship. For an Improvement Standard only one works type is involved:

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 The data that defines the Improvement Standard is separated onto various tab-
pages, as with Maintenance Standards. Two extra tab-pages are included:
Pavement – detailed description of the pavement structure following
improvement.
Construction – detailed construction and construction cost attributes.
Geometry – the new geometry / alignment of the road following the
improvement.
A common misconception is that the Surface Class parameter on the General
tab-page refers to the surface of the pavement following the improvement.
This is incorrect. The parameter actually refers to the class of roads to which
this standard applies. For example, if the Bituminous surface class is selected,
then the standard will only be considered for bituminous road sections.
Below is an example of a New Construction Section dialog box. This contains
similar tab-pages as a Road Network section to describe the physical
characteristics of the section.
Note that a New Construction Section does not contain an Intervention tab-
page. All New Constructions are specified to be scheduled in a given year.
The year is specified in the analysis in which the New Construction Section is
included.

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6.3 Updating default works currency, unit costs and energy
consumption
HDM-4 stores default unit costs for all works operation types that it supports.
When you create a new Work Item, the relevant default costs are inherited.
Energy consumption rates for the works operation types are also stored. You
can edit both the energy consumption rates and the default works costs.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Work Standards folder.
2 To edit the default works costs and energy consumption, do one of the
following:
❏ Select Default Works Costs & Energy Consumption. Click Open.
❏ Select Default Works Costs & Energy Consumption. With the
Workspace window active, select Open from the Workspace
menu.
❏ Double-click Default Works Currency, Costs & Energy
Consumption.
The Default Works Currency, Costs And Energy Consumption dialog
box is displayed.

3 Click Energy to display the energy consumption columns.

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 4 Enter values as necessary.
5 When you have finished working in the Default Works Currency, Costs
And Energy Consumption dialog box, click OK to save any changes.

6.4 Creating Maintenance Standards

1 Do one of the following:
❏ Click New in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select New from the
Workspace menu
The New HDM-4 Item dialog box is displayed.

2 Select Maintenance Standard and click OK.

The Maintenance Standard dialog box is displayed.

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 3 Enter a name and short code for the new Maintenance Standard. These
must be unique.
You can now add Works Items to the empty Maintenance Standard (see
Section 6.9).
4 Click OK to save the Maintenance Standard and close the dialog box.
The new Maintenance Standard is added to the Workspace window. To
view it, see Section 6.6.
In step 1 above, if the Work Standards folder, Maintenance Standards
folder, or any existing Work Item is selected in the Workspace window, the
Maintenance Std item will be automatically selected in the New HDM-4 Item
dialog box, and you will only need to click OK.

6.5 Creating Maintenance Standards based on existing standards

If you want to create a Maintenance Standard that is similar to an existing
one, you can copy the existing standard and edit the copy as necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Work Standards folder.
2 Expand the Maintenance Standards folder.
3 Select the Maintenance Standard that you wish to copy.
4 To copy the selected Maintenance Standard, do one of the following:
❏ Click Copy in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Copy from the
Workspace menu
The Maintenance Standard dialog box is displayed.
5 Enter a name and short code for the Maintenance Standard. These must
be unique. Review the copied Work Items.
6 Click OK.
The new Maintenance Standard is added to the Workspace window.
To view the new copy, see Section 6.6 below.

6.6 Viewing / editing Maintenance Standards

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Work Standards folder.
2 Expand the Maintenance Standards folder.
3 To open a Maintenance Standard, do one of the following:
❏ Select a Maintenance Standard and click Open
❏ Select a Maintenance Standard. With the Workspace window
active, select Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click the Maintenance Standard
The Maintenance Standard dialog box is displayed.

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 4 When you have finished working with the Maintenance Standard, click
OK to save any changes and close the dialog box.
To edit the Work Items, see Section 6.11.

6.7 Deleting Maintenance Standards

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Work Standards folder.
2 Expand the Maintenance Standards folder.
3 Select the Maintenance Standard that you wish to delete.
4 To delete the selected Maintenance Standard, do one of the following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the
Maintenance Standard, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the deleted Maintenance Standard is no longer
displayed in the Workspace window.

When you delete a Maintenance Standard, all corresponding Work Items

are also deleted.
Studies that use the deleted Maintenance Standard will be affected. You
will be informed if this is the case.
You cannot reverse a deletion.

6.8 Renaming Maintenance Standards

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Work Standards folder.
2 Expand the Maintenance Standards folder.
3 Select the Maintenance Standard that you wish to rename.
4 To rename the selected Maintenance Standard, do one of the following:
❏ Click Rename
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Rename from the
Workspace menu
The Rename Maintenance Standard dialog box is displayed.

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 5 The current name of the Maintenance Standard you wish to rename is
shown. In the To edit box, enter the new name for the Maintenance
Standard. The new name must be unique.
6 Click OK.
The renamed Maintenance Standard is displayed in the Workspace
window.
To view the renamed Maintenance Standard, see Section 6.6.

6.9 Adding Work Items

In the Workspace window, create or open a Maintenance Standard (in the
Work Standards folder).
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Maintenance Standard (in
the Work Standards folder).
The Maintenance Standard dialog box is displayed.
2 Click Add New Work Item.
The Work Item dialog box is displayed.

3 Enter a name and short code for the Work Item. The Work Item name
and code must be unique within a Maintenance Standard.
4 Select the Feature Type and Operation Type for the work item. Click OK
The Maintenance Works Item dialog box is displayed.

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 5 Work through the tab-pages and complete the necessary fields. The
number of tab-pages and their content changes according to the operation
type you select in step 4 above.
6 When you have finished working in the Maintenance Works dialog box,
click OK to save any changes.
7 When you have finished working in the Maintenance Standard dialog
box, click OK to save any changes.
You cannot change the Feature Type and Operation of a work item once
it has been created.

6.10 Adding Work Items by copying existing Work Items

If you want to create a Work Item that is similar to an existing one, you can
copy the existing item and edit the copy as necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Maintenance Standard (in
the Work Standards folder).
The Maintenance Standard dialog box is displayed.
2 Select an existing Work Item from the Work Items group list.
3 Click Copy Work Item.
A new Work Item is created and the Maintenance Works Item dialog
box is displayed.
4 Enter a unique name and short code for the copy and click on OK.
The Work Item will be added to the list or Work Items.
5 When you have finished working in the Maintenance Standard dialog
box, click OK to save any changes.

6.11 Editing Work Items

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Maintenance Standard (in
the Work Standards folder).
The Maintenance Standard dialog box is displayed.
2 Select a Work Item in the Work Items group list.
3 Click Edit.
The Maintenance Work Item dialog box is displayed.

4 Work through the tab-pages and complete the necessary fields. The
number of tab-pages and their content changes according to the operation
type you choose in the General tab-page.

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 5 When you have finished working in the Maintenance Work Item dialog
box, click OK to save any changes.
6 When you have finished working in the Maintenance Standard dialog
box, click OK to save any changes.

6.12 Deleting Work Items

1 In the Workspace window, open a Maintenance Standard (in the Work
Standards folder).
The Maintenance Standard dialog box is displayed.
2 Select a Work Item in the Work Item group list.
3 To delete the selected Work Item, do one of the following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the Work
Item, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the deleted Work Item is no longer displayed in the
Maintenance Standard dialog box.
4 When you have finished working in the Maintenance Standard dialog
box, click OK to save any changes.

When you delete a Work Item, all corresponding data are also deleted.
Studies that use the deleted Work Item will be affected. You will be
prompted to confirm that you wish to delete the Work Item.
You cannot reverse a deletion.

6.13 Creating Improvement Standards

1 Do one of the following:
❏ Click New in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select New from the
Workspace menu
The New HDM-4 Item dialog box is displayed.

2 Select Improvement Standard and click OK.

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 The Improvement Standard dialog box is displayed.

3 Enter a name and short code for the new Improvement Standard. These
must be unique.
4 Work through the tab-pages and complete the necessary fields. The
number of tab-pages and their content changes according to the
improvement type you choose in the General tab-page.
5 Click OK to save the Improvement Standard and close the dialog box.
The new Improvement Standard is added to the Workspace window. To
view it, see Section 6.15.

In step 1 above, if the Improvement Standards folder or any existing

Improvement Standard is selected in the Workspace window, the
Improvement Standard item will be automatically selected in the New HDM-4
Item dialog box, and you will only need to click OK.

6.14 Creating Improvement Standards based on existing standards

If you want to create an Improvement Standard that is similar to an existing
one, you can copy the existing standard and edit the copy as necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Work Standards folder.
2 Expand the Improvement Standards folder.
3 Select the Improvement Standard that you wish to copy.
4 To copy the selected Improvement Standard, do one of the following:
❏ Click Copy in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Copy from the
Workspace menu
The Copy Improvement Standard dialog box is displayed.
The name of the Improvement Standard you wish to copy is shown. In the To
edit box, enter the name of the new standard. This name must be unique.
Click OK.
The new Improvement Standard is added to the Workspace window.
To view the new copy, see Section 6.15 below.

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6.15 Viewing / editing Improvement Standards
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Work Standards folder.
Expand the Improvement Standards folder.
To open an Improvement Standard, do one of the following:
❏ Select a Improvement Standard and click Open
❏ Select a Improvement Standard. With the Workspace window
active, select Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click the Improvement Standard
The Improvement Standard dialog box is displayed.

2 Work through the tab-pages and complete the necessary fields.

The tab-pages change according to the improvement type you choose in
the General tab-page.
3 When you have finished working with the Improvement Standard, click
OK to save any changes.

6.16 Deleting Improvement Standards

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Work Standards folder.
2 Expand the Improvement Standards folder.
3 Select the Improvement Standard that you wish to delete.
4 To delete the selected Improvement Standard, do one of the following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the
Improvement Standard, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the deleted Improvement Standard is no longer
displayed in the Workspace window.
When you delete an Improvement Standard, all corresponding data are
also deleted.
Studies that use the deleted Improvement Standard will be affected. You
will be informed if this is the case.

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 You cannot reverse a deletion.

6.17 Renaming Improvement Standards

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Work Standards folder.
2 Expand the Improvement Standards folder.
3 Select the Improvement Standard that you wish to rename.
4 To rename the selected Improvement Standard, do one of the following:
❏ Click Rename
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Rename from the
Workspace menu
The Rename Improvement Standard dialog box is displayed.
5 The current name of the Improvement Standard you wish to rename is
shown. In the To edit box, enter the new name for the Improvement
Standard. The new name must be unique.
6 Click OK.
The renamed Improvement Standard is displayed in the Workspace
window.
To work with the renamed Improvement Standard, see Section 6.15.

6.18 Entering Work Standard’s Intervention Criteria

6.18.1 Key Concepts
Intervention criteria are combined to define a logical expression that
determines when a work item or improvement standard is to be performed.
Typically this is when the section exceeds a pre-defined condition, in a pre-
determined year, or a pre-determined interval.
The intervention editor in HDM-4 Version 2 allows you to enter complex
logical expressions if required. For instance, you may combine intervention
triggers using AND/OR logical operators.

When entering an intervention expression, you add criterion to an AND

group. To create another AND group you add an OR expression. The
examples below show how (1) an intervention expression with one AND
group which combines three criterion, and (2) an intervention expression that
has two AND groups.

Examples:
(4 <= IRI < 8) .AND. (5 .ACA. 25) .AND. (year <= 2020)
The roughness (IRI) must be between 4 and 8 m/km, and the area of all
structural cracking (ACA) must be between 5 and 25%, and the analysis
year must be less than or equal to 2020. If both of these statements are
true the work standard will be triggered.
((4 <= IRI < 8) .AND. (year <= 2020))
.OR.
((5 .ACA. 25) .AND. (year <= 2020))
Either

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 (a) The roughness (IRI) must be between 4 and 8 m/km, and the
analysis year must be less than or equal to 2020.
Or
(b) The area of all structural cracking (ACA) must be between 5 and
25%, and the analysis year must be less than or equal to 2020.
If any of the AND groups are true the work standard will be triggered.

When defining an intervention expression you select a criterion from a list of

parameters. A preferred list of parameters is defined depending upon the
operation type of the work item/improvement standard. However you can
select any of the defined parameters for inclusion in the trigger expression as
long as you understand the implications of doing so.

6.18.2 Adding an Intervention Criterion

To add an intervention criterion to a work item/maintenance standard do the
following.

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 3 Open the work item or improvement standard and click on the
Intervention tab page.
The Intervention tab-page will be displayed.

4 Click on the Add New Criterion button.

The Add Intervention Criterion dialog will be displayed.

5 Select an intervention criterion from the drop-down list

6 Enter the upper and lower limits for the selected criterion
It is not necessary to enter both an upper and lower limit.
7 Click on OK
The dialog will be updated to display the intervention criterion

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 This process should be repeated until all the criteria for the highlighted
AND group have been entered.
To edit a criterion, either
❏ highlight the required criterion and click on Edit Criterion.
❏ double-click on the required criterion
The Edit Intervention Criterion dialog will be displayed. Click OK
when the changes have been made.

To delete an intervention criteria highlight the required criterion and

click on Delete Criterion.

6.18.3 Adding an OR expression to the Intervention Expression

To add an OR expression to the intervention expression of a work
item/maintenance standard do the following.
1 Open the work item or improvement standard and click on the
Intervention tab page.
The Intervention tab-page will be displayed.

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 2 Click on the Add OR expression button.
The OR expression will added to the display.

3 Click on the Add New Criterion button.

The Add Intervention Criterion dialog will be displayed.

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 4 Select an intervention criterion from the drop-down list
5 Enter the upper and lower limits for the selected criterion
It is not necessary to enter both an upper and lower limit.
6 Click on OK
The dialog will be updated to display the intervention criterion in the new
OR expression group.

Steps 3 to 6 should be repeated until all the criteria for the highlighted
OR group have been entered.
To delete an OR group, highlight an intervention criterion within the
group you wish to delete and click on Delete OR expression.
You can copy a whole OR group by highlighting an intervention criterion
within the group you wish to copy, clicking on Copy OR expression
and then Paste OR expression to add it to the intervention criteria. You
can then edit the individual intervention criterion as necessary.

6.19 Creating New Construction Sections

1 Do one of the following:
❏ Click New in the Workspace window

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 ❏ With the Workspace window active, select New from the
Workspace menu
The New HDM-4 Item dialog box is displayed.

2 Select New Construction Section and click OK.

The New Construction Section dialog box is displayed.

3 Enter a name for the new construction section and select the Vehicle
Fleet and Calibration Set the new section will use. Click OK
The New Section from Aggregate Data dialog will be displayed.
You can only use the new construction with a Road Network that uses the
same Vehicle Fleet as the one selected.

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 4 Enter the required data and click Next.
The new construction section’s detailed data will now be displayed

5 Review and modify the detailed attributes and costs as required and click
OK.
The New Construction Section will be added to the workspace.

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6.20 Creating New Construction Sections based on existing New
Construction
If you want to create a New Construction Section that is similar to an existing
one, you can copy the existing New Construction Section and edit the copy as
necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Work Standards folder.
2 Expand the New Construction Sections folder.
3 Select the New Construction Section that you wish to copy.
4 To copy the selected New Construction Section, do one of the following:
❏ Click Copy in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Copy from the
Workspace menu
The New Construction Section dialog box is displayed.
5 Enter a name and ID for the copy, and review the other attributes.
6 Click OK.
The new New Construction Section is added to the Workspace window.

6.21 Viewing / editing New Construction Sections

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Work Standards folder.
2 Expand the New Construction Sections folder.
3 To open a New Construction Section, do one of the following:
❏ Select a New Construction Section and click Open
❏ Select a New Construction Section. With the Workspace window
active, select Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click the New Construction Section
The New Construction Section dialog box is displayed.

4 When you have finished working with the New Construction Section,
click OK to save any changes and close the dialog box.

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6.22 Deleting New Construction Sections
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Work Standards folder.
2 Expand the New Construction Section folder.
3 Select the New Construction Section that you wish to delete.
4 To delete the selected New Construction Section, do one of the
following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the New
Construction Section, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the deleted New Construction Section is no longer
displayed in the Workspace window.

Studies that use the deleted New Construction Section will be affected.
You cannot reverse a deletion.

6.23 Renaming New Construction Sections

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Work Standards folder.
2 Expand the New Construction Section folder.
3 Select the New Construction Section that you wish to rename.
4 To rename the selected New Construction Section, do one of the
following:
❏ Click Rename
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Rename from the
Workspace menu
The Rename New Construction Section dialog box is displayed.
5 The current name of the New Construction Section you wish to rename is
shown. In the To edit box, enter the new name for the New Construction
Section. The new name must be unique.
6 Click OK.
The renamed New Construction Section is displayed in the Workspace
window.

6.24 Importing Work Standards

You can import Work Standards that were originally exported from HDM-4.
This enables data exchange to take place between HDM-4 users.
1 With the Workspace window active, do one of the following
❏ select Import from the Workspace menu.
❏ click on the Import button
The HDM-4 Import Wizard dialog box is displayed.

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 2 Click on Browse

3 Double-click the folder that contains the file to be imported.

4 Select the file to be imported and click Open.
5 Click on Next to move to the next step in the wizard.
The import routine detects the file type.

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 6 Click Next to import the work standards.
In step 6, all the Maintenance Standards (including Work Items),
Improvement Standards, New Construction Sections and default works
currency, costs and energy consumption records are imported.
In step 6, above, you are informed if a Work Standard of the same name
already exists. You are prompted to rename the Work Standard that is
being imported, overwrite the existing one, overwrite the existing one
and all other Work Standards that also have the same name, or cancel
importing this Work Standard.

6.25 Exporting Work Standards

When you export Work Standards from HDM-4, a Microsoft Access *.mdb
formatted file is created.
1 In the Workspace window, select Work Standards or any of the folder
contents.
2 Click Export.
The Export Work Standards As dialog box is displayed.

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 3 Select the folder in which the export file is to be stored and enter a file
name.
4 Click OK.
All the Maintenance Standards (including Work Items), Improvement
Standards, New Construction Sections, and default works currency, costs and
energy consumption records are exported irrespective of the item that you
select in the Work Standards file.

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7 Project analysis
7.1 Key concepts
An HDM-4 Project contains information about existing Road Sections, new
Road Sections, Vehicle Types, traffic (normal, diverted and generated), and
investment alternatives. An alternative is a combination of maintenance
and/or Improvement Standards that is applied to a Section. You can analyse
the Project using several different alternatives, allowing you to determine
which is the most cost effective.

7.2 Software overview

A key feature of the Project window (shown below) is the five workflow
buttons on the left-hand side.

The following table shows how the workflow buttons guide you through the
process of defining and running a Project analysis.

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 Workflow Tab-page Procedure
button

1 Specify the Road Network that contains the Sections to be

analysed.

2 Specify general Project information such as the start year,

duration, and output Currency.

3 Specify the analysis mode. There are two modes of analysis:

General
Define Project By Project
Details Determines the best alternative for the group of Sections
analysed.
By Section
Determines the best alternative for each Section.

Study Sections 4 Select specific Sections for analysis and assign a traffic
growth to them.

Specify Alternatives 5 Define the alternatives to be analysed. Some alternatives may

Alternatives include diverted and/or generated traffic, exogenous benefits
and costs, and new Sections.

Setup run 6 Customise the run setup. This includes:

Specifying if an economic analysis should be performed.
If performing an economic analysis, specifying a base
alternative with which the other alternatives should be
compared, and a discount rate.
Specifying various sub-models and calculation options.
Analyse Projects Specifying various run control and save options.

Sensitivity 7 Select to perform sensitivity analysis and define the required

attributes.

Run Analysis 8 Run the analysis. If vital information is missing, you are
informed, and must supply the necessary information so that
HDM-4 can complete the run. The time required to perform
the analysis depends on the complexity of the Project.

Multi-Criteria MCA Setup 9 Setup the parameters required to perform a Multi-criteria

Analysis analysis, if required.

Results 10 View the results of the Multi-criteria analysis.

Generate Reports Select Reports 11 Generate reports and examine the results of the run.

HDM-4 places no restriction on the number of Projects that can be created.

The only constraint is the amount of free disk space on your PC.

7.3 Creating Projects

1 Do one of the following:
❏ Click New in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select New from the
Workspace menu
The New HDM-4 Item dialog box is displayed.

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 2 Select Project and click OK.
The New Project dialog box is displayed.

3 Enter a name for the new Project, and select a Road Network.
4 Click OK.
The Project dialog box is displayed. The Define Project Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active.

5 Select the mode of analysis:

Analyse by Section Alternatives are defined for each Section. Each
alternative defines a set of works standards. The
analysis determines the optimum alternative for
each Section. NPV is calculated for each
section alternative. Analysis by Sections
supports neither New Sections nor diverted
traffic.
See Section 7.12.

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 Analyse by Project Each alternative defines a set of work standards
for each section. The analysis determines the
optimum alternative for the sections as a group.
NPV is calculated for each alternative (i.e. for
the group of sections). Analysis by Project
supports the analysis of New Sections and
diverted traffic.
See Section 7.13.
6 In the Currencies group, select an output Currency from the drop-down
list.
7 Edit the other information on the General tab-page as necessary. You
can now work through the next tab-page to select Section and assign a
traffic growth.
When you have finished working with the Project, click Save before closing
the window. If you do not click Save, your changes will be lost.
The new Project is added to the Workspace window. To view it, see Section
7.5.
In step 1 above, if the Projects folder or any existing Project is selected in the
Workspace window, the Project item will be automatically selected in the
New HDM-4 Item dialog box, and you will only need to click OK.

7.4 Creating Projects based on existing Projects

If you want to create a Project that is similar to an existing one, you can copy
the existing Project and edit the copy as necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, select the Project that you wish to copy.
2 To copy the selected Project, do one of the following:
❏ Click Copy
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Copy from the
Workspace menu
3 The Copy Project dialog box is displayed.
4 The name of the Project you wish to copy is shown. In the To edit box,
enter the name of the new Project. This name must be unique.
5 Click OK.
The new Project is added to the Workspace window.
To view the new copy, see Section 7.5 below.

7.5 Viewing / editing Projects

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Projects folder.
2 To open a Project, do one of the following:
❏ Select a Project and click Open
❏ Select a Project. With the Workspace window active, select Open
from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click a Project
The Project window is displayed. The Define Project Details workflow
button is selected and the General tab-page is active.

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 When you have finished working with the Project, click OK to save any
changes.
In steps 1 and 2 above, you can alternatively, double-click the Project in the
Workspace window.

7.6 Deleting Projects

1 In the Workspace window, select the Project that you wish to delete.
2 To delete the selected Project, do one of the following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the
Project, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the deleted Project is no longer displayed in the
Workspace window.
When you delete a Project, associated alternatives, sensitivity, multi-
criteria analysis, and run settings are also deleted.
You cannot reverse a deletion.

7.7 Renaming Projects

1 In the Workspace window, select the Project that you wish to rename.
2 To rename the selected Project, do one of the following:
❏ Click Rename
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Rename from the
Workspace menu
The Rename Project dialog box is displayed.
3 The current name of the Project you wish to rename is shown. In the To
edit box, enter the new name for the Project. The new name must be
unique.
4 Click OK.
The renamed Project is displayed in the Workspace window.

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 To work with the renamed Project, see Section 7.5.

7.8 Exporting Projects

When you export Project data from HDM-4, a Microsoft Access *.mdb file is
created. If you are using the export facility to exchange data with other HDM-
4 users, you supply this file to import.
In the Workspace window, expand the Projects folder and select a Project.
1 Click Export.
The Export Project As dialog box is displayed.

2 Select the folder in which the export file is to be stored, and enter a name
for the file.
3 Click Save.

You can only export one Project at a time. If you want to export a number of
Projects one after the other, choose a different filename for each Project.

7.9 Importing Projects

You can import Project data that was originally exported from HDM-4. This
enables data exchange to take place between HDM-4 users.
1 With the Workspace window active, do one of the following
❏ select Import from the Workspace menu.
❏ click on the Import button
The HDM-4 Import Wizard dialog box is displayed.

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 2 Click on Browse

3 Double-click the folder that contains the file to be imported.

4 Select the file to be imported and click Open.
5 Click on Next to move to the next step in the wizard.
The import routine detects the file type.

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 6 Enter the name for the item being imported.
7 Click Next to import the Project.
When you import a Project, other items that are used by the Project should be
imported before importing the Project (for example, Road Network, Vehicle
Fleet and Maintenance Standards).

7.10 Selecting Sections for a Project

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Project.
The Project window is displayed. The Define Project Details workflow
button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
2 Click the Study Sections tab.
In a new Project, all Sections in the Road Network are initially listed, but
none are selected for the Project.

3 Click the buttons in the Include in Study column to select/de-select

Sections. Selected Section possibilities are described below:

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 Definition of the Section Selection Possibilities
Include in… Meaning
Stud Analys
y is
The section is selected for the study and
will be included in the analysis.
The section is selected for the study, but
will not be included in the analysis.
The section is not selected for the study

You can choose to display or hide un-selected Sections by ticking or

clearing the Show unselected Sections check box.
You can also select Sections by specifying selection criteria (see below).
You can edit/view detailed Section information. Click Edit/View Section
to access the Section dialog box.
You can edit/view detailed Road Network information. Click Edit/View
Network to access the Road Network window.
You can edit/view detailed Vehicle Fleet information associated with the
Road Network. Click Edit/View Fleet to access the Vehicle Fleet
window.

7.10.1 Temporary exclusion of Section from Analysis

When a section is selected for a study you can define alternatives for that
section and assign maintenance and improvement standards to it. If you do not
want to analyse this section, but do not wish to lose all of this data you can
temporarily exclude the section from the analysis.
To temporarily exclude a section from an analysis do the following.
1 In the Workspace window, open a Project.
The Project window is displayed. The Define Project Details workflow
button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
2 Click the Study Sections tab.

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 3 Click the buttons in the Include in Analysis column to select/de-select
Sections.
You will be warned that deselecting the section will exclude it from an
analysis. Click Yes to accept.

7.10.2 Specifying selection criteria

You can select Sections for an analysis by specifying search criteria. The
Sections that match the search criteria are selected for analysis. This is
particularly useful if the Road Network you are using contains a large number
of Sections.
1 In the Select Sections tab-page click Select by Criteria.
The Network Section Selection dialog box is displayed.

2 Specify pavement, speed flow, traffic and geometry selection criteria.

3 Click the Add to currently selected option button, or the Replace
currently selected option button.
4 Click Select.
The Selected Sections dialog box is displayed. The Sections that match
the selection criteria are listed.

5 Do one of the following.

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 ❏ Click OK to include the selected Sections in the analysis. The
Sections are entered in the spreadsheet and marked with a to show
they are included in the study and analysis.
❏ If you want to repeat the selection cycle, click Continue Selection.
To select all the sections in a Road Network select All in all list selections
and leave the geometry parameters blank.

7.11 Defining Traffic Growths

Define the normal traffic growth for each Section you have selected for the
Project.
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Project.
The Project window is displayed. The Define Project Details workflow
button is selected and the General tab-page is active
2 Click the Study Sections tab.

3 Click in the Traffic Growth column in Section row and do one of the
following:
❏ Click on the right mouse button to display the context-menu and
select Assign Growth Set…

❏ Click on the Assign Growth Set button

The Assign Traffic Growth Set dialog will be displayed.

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 4 Select a Traffic Growth Set from the list and click on Assign.
The selected Traffic Growth Set will be assigned to the section and the
display updated.
You can only assign Traffic Growth Sets to sections that are included in
the study.
The Traffic Growth Sets that are available to be assigned are from the
Vehicle Fleet which is associated with the selected Road Network.
You can assign the same Traffic Growth Set to more than one sections at
a time by highlighting the required sections in the grid of selected
sections.
You can copy a section’s traffic growth set from one Section to another.
Click the Section row with the traffic growth set you want to copy. Click
Copy Growth Set. Click the Section row where you want to paste the
traffic growth set. Click Paste Growth Set.

7.12 Analysis by Section

The purpose of analysing a Project by Section is to determine the most cost
effective scheme of works for each Section included in the Project. The
scheme of works is called an alternative and will typically consist of a number
of Maintenance and Improvement Standards. Part of the Project definition is,
therefore, to define alternatives for each Section, and assign Maintenance and
Improvement Standards to each Section/alternative combination.

7.12.1 Alternatives – Overview

The tab-page which is displayed when a user selects Analysis by Section is
shown below.

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 [A] [B]
[C]
The alternatives tab-page is split into two. [A] is the navigation pane and is
used to select the item which is currently viewed and modified in the detailed
view [B]. By moving the slider [C] you can adjust the size of these panes as
required.
The contents of the detailed pane, and the operations that you can perform, are
dependent upon the item that is selected in navigation pane. The options are
listed below.
Item Selected – Root [Analysis by Section]

❏ Detailed View: displays list of Sections selected for the study, and
the number of alternatives defined for each
❏ Operations: Copy all of the alternatives defined for a given section,
and paste them to any other sections.
Item Selected: Section

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 ❏ Detailed View: displays list of alternatives defined for the selected
section, and some information about that alternative’s assignments.
❏ Operations: Add an alternative, rename an alternative, delete an
alternative, and copy the details of an alternative and paste them to
any other alternative.

Item Selected: Section Alternative

❏ Detailed View: displays maintenance and improvement standard

assignments. For an improvement standard it gives access to
associated generated traffic and social and exogenous benefits and
costs.
❏ Operations: Assign maintenance standards, assign improvement
standards and associated post-improvement maintenance standard,
generated traffic and social and exogenous benefits and costs. You
can also copy the assignment details of the alternative or paste
previously copied assignments to the selected alternative.

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 Item Selected: Maintenance or Improvement Standard

❏ Detailed View: displays summary information for the selected

standard.
❏ Operations: View summary information for the selected standard.

7.12.2 Defining alternatives

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Project.
2 The Project window is displayed. The Define Project Details workflow
button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
3 Click the Analyse by Section option button.
4 Click the Specify Alternatives workflow button.
The Sections that you selected for the Project are listed. You can now
define alternatives for each Section.

5 Select the Section for which you want to define alternatives by either:
Clicking on the section in the navigation pane, or
Double clicking on the section’s row header in the detailed grid
view

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 The details view will change to display the alternatives currently defined
for the section. A base alternative is automatically created for each
Section that has been added to the Project. No maintenance or
Improvement Standards are initially assigned to it.

6 To add a new alternative either:

Click Add Alternative button,
Click Add new alternative row in the details grid view, or
Right-click with the mouse pointer over the details pane and click
Add Alternative on the context sensitive popup menu.
The New Section Alternative dialog box is displayed.

7 Enter the name of the new alternative and click OK.

The new alternative is added to the list. To assign Maintenance and
Improvement Standards, see Section 7.12.3 and Section 7.12.4.

You can edit an alternative name by clicking within the Alternative

Name column for the alternative you wish to rename, and enter a new
name.
You can delete an alternative by highlighting it and clicking Delete
Alternative. The alternative no longer appears in the list.

7.12.3 Assigning Maintenance Standards

1 In the navigation pane, select the alternative that you want to assign
Maintenance Standards to.
2 To assign a maintenance standard either:
Click Add new maintenance assignment in the maintenance
standards grid, or
Right-click with the mouse pointer over the details pane and click
New maintenance assignment.
The Assign Maintenance Standard dialog box is displayed.

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 3 Enter the year from which the Maintenance Standard will be considered
for implementation, select a Maintenance Standard, and click OK.
The dialog box is closed and the details are displayed in the details pane.

To change the Effective Year, or assigned maintenance standard,

double-click on the cell containing the assignment you want to change
and the Assign Maintenance Standard dialog will be displayed. Make
the changes as required and click OK.

7.12.4 Assigning Improvement Standards

1 In the navigation pane, select the alternative that you want to assign
Improvement Standard to.
2 To assign a Improvement Standard either:
Click Add new improvement assignment in the improvement
standards grid, or
Right-click with the mouse pointer over the details pane and click
New improvement assignment.
The Assign Improvement Standard dialog box is displayed.

8 Enter the year from which the Improvement Standard will be considered
for implementation, and select an Improvement Standard.
Road improvements may have associated benefits, costs, and traffic
effects. To specify exogenous benefits and costs for an Improvement
Standard, see Section 7.12.5. To define generated traffic for an
Improvement Standard, see 7.12.6.
9 Click OK.
The dialog box is closed and the details are displayed in the details pane

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 To change the Effective Year, or assigned improvement standard,
double-click on the cell containing the assignment you want to change
and the Assign Improvement Standard dialog will be displayed. Make the
changes as required and click
You can remove an improvement standard assignment. Highlight the
assignment, and click Remove Improvement.
You can copy standard assignments from one Section Alternative to
another. Select the Section Alternative that you want to copy from on the
navigation pane and click Copy Assignments. Select the Section
Alternative that you want to copy to, and click Paste Assignments.

7.12.5 Specifying Social and exogenous benefits and costs

To define Social and exogenous benefits and costs for an Improvement
Standard, perform the steps listed below:
1 In the navigation pane, select the alternative that you want to assign
Social and exogenous benefits and costs to .
2 Either
Tick the Ex Bens & Costs check box button in the Social and
Exogenous Benefits & Costs column. Click the Edit button in the
Social and Exogenous Benefits & Costs column of the improvement
you wish to define the benefits and costs for.
or
Double click the Improvement Standard you wish to wish to define
the benefits and costs for.
The Assign Improvement Standard dialog box will be shown.
Tick the Ex Bens & Costs check box and click Ex Bens & Costs.
The Exogenous Benefits and Costs dialog box is displayed.

3 Enter a description and the number of years from the start of the
improvement work until benefits and costs will start.
4 Click Append Benefit and Append Cost to add benefit and cost rows to
the spreadsheet.
5 Click Add Period to add a growth period column to the spreadsheet.
Add the necessary number of growth periods to reflect the growth rate of
the benefits and costs. You must define a growth period for the second
year of benefits and costs.

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 6 Enter initial amounts and growth rates for the benefits and costs you have
added.
You can make changes to the growth period definition by clicking
anywhere in the period column and clicking Edit Period.
You can delete periods by clicking anywhere in the period column and
clicking Delete Period.
You can delete benefits and costs by clicking anywhere in the benefit or
cost row and clicking Delete Ben/Cost.

7.12.6 Specifying generated traffic

Generated traffic is used to model the new trips generated by a road
improvement.
1 In the navigation pane, select the alternative that you want to assign
generated traffic to.
2 Either
Tick the Generated Traffic check box button in the Generated
Traffic column. Click the Edit button in the Generated Traffic
column of the improvement you wish to define the generated traffic
for.
or
Double click the Improvement Standard you wish to wish to define
the generated traffic for.
The Assign Improvement Standard dialog box is displayed.
Tick the Generated Traffic check box.
Click Generated Traffic.
The Generated Traffic dialog box is displayed. The Vehicle Types that
you selected for the Project are listed in a spreadsheet.

3 Enter a description and the number of years from the start of the
improvement until generated traffic begins.
4 Click Append Period.
The Generated Traffic Growth Period dialog box is displayed. Add the
necessary number of growth periods to reflect the growth of the
generated traffic. You must define a growth period for the first year of
generated traffic.

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 5 Enter a start year for the period, select a growth type and click OK.
A traffic growth period column is added to the spreadsheet.
6 Enter appropriate traffic growth values for the Vehicle Types and click
OK.
If you do not click OK before closing the dialog box, any changes you have
made will be lost.
You can make changes to the traffic growth period definition. Click
anywhere in the period column and click Edit Period.
You can delete traffic growth periods. Click anywhere in the period
column and click Delete Period.

7.13 Analysis by Project

The purpose of analysing by Project is to determine the optimum scheme of
works for the analysis sections as a whole. Each scheme of works is called an
alternative and consists of a number of Maintenance and Improvement
Standards, and new Section constructions if required. Part of the Project
definition is, therefore, to define alternatives for each set of Section, to assign
Maintenance and Improvement Standards to each alternative/Section
combination, and to assign a new Section construction to an alternative if
required.

7.13.1 Alternatives – Overview

The tab-page which is displayed when a user selects Analysis by Project is
shown below.

[A] [B]
[C]

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 The alternatives tab-page is split into two. [A] is the navigation pane and is
used to select the item which is currently viewed and modified in the detailed
view [B]. By moving the slider [C] you can adjust the size of these panes as
required.
The contents of the detailed pane, and the operations that you can perform, are
dependent upon the item that is selected in navigation pane. The options are
listed below.
Item Selected – Root [Analysis by Project]

❏ Detailed View: displays list of Project Alternatives defined for the

study, and displays information regarding the number of new
sections assigned to each and indicates if diverted traffic has been
defined.
❏ Operations: Add/Delete/Rename Project Alternatives. Add new
sections to a Project Alternative. Define diverted traffic for a Project
Alternative. Copy all of the Project Alternative’s details (New
section assignments, section alternative assignments, & diverted
traffic), and paste them to any other Project Alternative.
Item Selected: Project Alternative

❏ Detailed View: displays list of sections defined for the selected

Project Alternative (including New Sections), and some information
about that section’s assignments.

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 ❏ Operations: Add new sections to a Project Alternative. Define
diverted traffic for a Project Alternative. Copy a section alternative’s
assignment details (maintenance and improvement standards), and
paste them to any other Section Alternative.
Item Selected: Section Alternative

❏ Detailed View: displays maintenance and improvement standard

assignments. For an improvement standard it gives access to
associated generated traffic and social and exogenous benefits and
costs.
❏ Operations: Assign maintenance standards, assign improvement
standards and associated post-improvement maintenance standard,
generated traffic and social and exogenous benefits and costs. You
can also copy the assignment details of the alternative or paste
previously copied assignments to the selected alternative.
Item Selected: Maintenance or Improvement Standard

❏ Detailed View: displays summary information for the selected

standard.
❏ Operations: View summary information for the selected standard.

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7.13.2 Defining alternatives
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Project.
The Project window is displayed. The Define Project Details workflow
button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
2 Click the Analyse by Project option button.
3 Click the Specify Alternatives workflow button.

4 Click Add New Alternative.

The New Alternative dialog box is displayed.

5 Enter a name and click OK.

The new alternative is added to the list. The project alternative contains
the set of selected section (where as analysis by Section an alternative is
defined for an individual section – see Analysis by Section above), and
each of these section alternatives should be defined. To define
Maintenance and Improvement Standards for alternative/Section
combinations, see Section 7.13.3 and Section 7.13.4.
You can copy all of the details of an alternative (assignments to all the
sections, new sections, etc) by selecting it and clicking Copy
Alternative. To copy these details to another alternative, highlight the
alternative in the list in the details pane and click on Paste Alternative.
You can delete an alternative by selecting it and clicking Delete
Alternative. The alternative no longer appears in the list.
To rename an alternative double-click in the Alternative Name cell of
the alternative you wish to rename and change the text as required. The
name will be saved when you leave the cell.

7.13.3 Assigning Maintenance Standards

1 In the navigation pane, select the section that you want to assign
Maintenance Standards to.

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 2 To assign a maintenance standard either:
Click Add new maintenance assignment in the maintenance
standards grid, or
Right-click with the mouse pointer over the details pane and click
New maintenance assignment.
The Assign Maintenance Standard dialog box is displayed.

3 Enter the year from which the Maintenance Standard will be considered
for implementation, select a Maintenance Standard, and click OK.
The dialog box is closed and the details are displayed in the details pane.

To change the Effective Year, or assigned maintenance standard,

double-click on the cell containing the assignment you want to change
and the Assign Maintenance Standard dialog will be displayed. Make
the changes as required and click OK.

7.13.4 Assigning Improvement Standards

1 In the navigation pane, select the alternative that you want to assign
Improvement Standard to.
2 To assign a Improvement Standard either:
Click Add new improvement assignment in the improvement
standards grid, or
Right-click with the mouse pointer over the details pane and click
New improvement assignment.
The Assign Improvement Standard dialog box is displayed.

3 Enter the year from which the Improvement Standard will be considered
for implementation, and select an Improvement Standard.

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 Road improvements may have associated benefits, costs, and traffic
effects. To specify exogenous benefits and costs for an Improvement
Standard, see Section 7.12.5. To define generated traffic for an
Improvement Standard, see 7.12.6.
4 Click OK.
The dialog box is closed and the details are displayed in the details pane
To change the Effective Year, or assigned improvement standard,
double-click on the cell containing the assignment you want to change
and the Assign Improvement Standard dialog will be displayed. Make the
changes as required and click
You can remove an improvement standard assignment. Highlight the
assignment, and click Remove Improvement.
You can copy standard assignments from one Section Alternative to
another. Select the Section Alternative that you want to copy from on the
navigation pane and click Copy Assignments. Select the Section
Alternative that you want to copy to, and click Paste Assignment.

7.13.5 Assigning Post-Improvement Maintenance Standards

A post-improvement Maintenance Standard can be defined for an
improvement standard assignment.
1 In the navigation pane select the required Section Alternative which
contains the improvement standard that you wish to assign a Post-
improvement Maintenance Standard to.
The section alternative’s assignments will be displayed on the detailed
pane.

2 On the grid displaying the Improvement Standards assigned to this

section alternative click on the Add button in the Post Imp Maint Std
column.
The Assign Maintenance Standard dialog will be displayed.

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 3 Select a maintenance standard from the list and click OK.
The dialog box is closed and the details are displayed in the details pane.

To change the assigned maintenance standard, double-click on the cell

containing the post-improvement maintenance Stannard assignment you
want to change and the Assign Maintenance Standard dialog will be
displayed. Make the changes as required and click OK.
To remove the post-improvement maintenance Stannard assignment,
highlight the cell containing the post-improvement maintenance Stannard
assignment you wish to remove. Right-click on the right mouse button to
popup the context sensitive menu, and click on Remove Post-
Improvement Maintenance Assignment.

7.13.6 Defining diverted traffic

You can define diverted traffic for each Project alternative when you use the
Analyse by Project analysis mode. The traffic diversion facility is used to
model traffic diversions resulting from a Project alternative.
1 To define diverted traffic either:
Click Analysis by Project in the navigation pane, and click Edit…
button in the Diverted Traffic column for the Project Alternative you
wish to define diverted traffic for.
Or
Click on the Project Alternative you wish to define diverted traffic
for in the navigation pane, and click Edit Diverted Traffic button.
The Traffic Diversion for Alternative dialog box is displayed. The
Sections that you selected for the Project are listed in a spreadsheet. The
spreadsheet also shows the AADT values that you specified when
defining normal traffic for the Project.

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 2 Click Add Diversion Period.
The Traffic Diversion Period dialog box is displayed.

3 Enter a description and period start year. The start year cannot be before
the second year of analysis.
4 Click OK to return to the Traffic Diversion for Alternative dialog box.
A column is added to the spreadsheet for the new diversion period.
5 Click a Section row in the diversion period column.
6 Click Edit Diversion Details.
The Traffic Diversion Details dialog box is displayed. The Vehicle
Types that you selected for the Project are listed. Motorised and non-
motorised Vehicle Types are separated onto two tab-pages.

7 Select the growth type and enter the initial traffic compositions and
growth.
8 Click OK.
9 Repeat steps 5 to 8 for each Section that you want to define diverted
traffic for.

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 10 When you have finished defining diverted traffic, click OK in the Traffic
Diversion for Alternative dialog box to save the changes.
In step 2 above, you can make alterations to a diversion period. Click in
the diversion period column and click Edit Diversion Period.
In step 2 above, you can delete a diversion period. Click in the diversion
period column and click Delete Diversion Period.

7.13.7 Defining new Sections

If you are using the Analyse by Project analysis mode, you can define new
Sections for one or more Project alternatives. This allows you to compare
Project alternatives with and without a new Section.
1 To include a new section either:
Click Analysis by Project in the navigation pane, and click Edit…
button in the New Sections column for the Project Alternative you
wish to include a New Section for.
Or
Click on the Project Alternative you wish to include a New Section
for in the navigation pane, and click Add New Section.
The New Construction Section dialog box is displayed.

2 Select a New Construction Section from the list of those available for the
Project, enter the construction start year, and select a traffic growth set.
3 Click OK to save the changes and return to the Alternative Details view.
The new Section is added to the list. The icon that is used for a Section
added in this way is slightly different to the icon used for Sections
already included in the Project.
You can make alterations to a New Construction Section assignment.
Select the New Construction Section in the navigation pane and the
construction start year and traffic growth set can be changed..
To remove a New Construction Section from the Project Alternative,
select the Project Alternative in the navigation pane, highlight the New
Construction Section in the detailed pane; and right-click to display the
context sensitive menu and click Remove New Section.

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7.14 Customising the analysis run
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Project.
The Project window is displayed. The Define Project Details workflow
button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
2 Click the Analyse Projects workflow button.
The Setup Run tab-page is active.

3 The check boxes on this tab-page allow you to include / exclude the
following models from the analysis:
❏ Economic analysis
❏ Accident costs
❏ Asset Valuation
❏ Energy balance
❏ Emissions
❏ Acceleration effects
Deciding which of these models to include / exclude will depend upon
the requirements of the particular Project. Typically, you should only
include those models that you require, as each additional model will
reduce the speed of the analysis run.
The acceleration effects model is different from the others listed here in
the sense that the others merely affect the types of outputs that are
produced. If a particular model isn’t included then the respective results
will not be calculated. Acceleration effects on the other hand will always
be calculated. The setting of the Acceleration effects control determines
the method of calculation and therefore the actual results. If selected,
then the acceleration effects indicators are calculated using the current
congested speed and acceleration noise; if not, then a fixed default is
used regardless of the values for speed and acceleration noise.
The results of the analysis are exported in Access *.mdb formatted
database. The location of this run data export file is defined by the Run
Data Export Directory entry. This can be defined by entering a valid
directory in the text box or by clicking on the Browse.. button and using
the dialog to select a directory.

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 A significant part of the run-time is spent exporting run-data. If you are
not interested in the very detailed results, you can instruct HDM-4 not to
export them. This detailed data is the annual road user effects by vehicle,
and the annual road user effects by vehicle and by flow period. If this
data is not required then select the appropriate options in the Run Data
Export Detail section. If you exclude this detailed data you will not be
able to generate reports that require this data.

The setting of the Write Log File check-box determines whether a log
file is produced for the analysis run. The log file is a detailed trace of all
the individual calculations performed during the course of the analysis.
The log file is written to the filename hdm4log.txt in the HDM-4
installation folder. The log file is intended for use by modellers and
testers.
The content of the log file is very detailed. As a result, the file can
become very large even for a relatively small Project (e.g. 12MB is not
uncommon). This has a detrimental effect on analysis speed. If analysis
speed is important, and you do not need the detailed calculation results,
then the log file should be disabled.
For further discussion of methods of improving analysis performance
please see Section 12.2.

7.15 Defining Sensitivity Analysis

A Sensitivity Analysis can be performed on any Project Analysis. The project
data are entered first and before running the analysis the sensitivity scenarios
are defined. All projects have a Base Sensitivity Scenario which has all the
attribute factors initialized to 1 and cannot be changed. Any number of other
sensitivity scenarios can be added.
The sensitivity factors are divided into three groups
• Traffic – factors which allow the user to modify the traffic volumes and
vehicle growth rates.
• Vehicle Use – factors which allow the user to modify the physical
characteristics of a vehicle and its use.
• Net Benefits – factors which allow the user to modify the cost
components (Works Effects, Road User, and Exogenous costs).

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7.15.1 Conducting a Sensitivity Analysis
1 Click on the “Analyse Projects” work flow button, and then click on the
Sensitivity tab.
The display will show the sensitivity scenarios defined for the project
and whether the user has selected to conduct a sensitivity analysis.
2 Click on Conduct Sensitivity Analysis to include/exclude sensitivity
analysis.
The project analysis will be run once for each of the defined sensitivity
scenarios with the factors applied to the appropriate attributes.
The reports generated will show the results of the analysis sorted by
sensitivity scenario.

7.15.2 Adding a Sensitivity Scenario

1 Click on the “Analyse Projects” work flow button, and then click on the
Sensitivity tab.
The display will show the sensitivity scenarios defined for the project
and whether the user has selected to conduct a sensitivity analysis.
Ensure Conduct Sensitivity Analysis is ticked.
2 Click Add New Scenario button
A new row will be added to the table showing the existing sensitivity
scenarios, and will have a default description. This should be modified to
identify the scenario in reports.

3 Modify the sensitivity factors directly in the spreadsheet view as

required.

7.15.3 Deleting a Sensitivity Scenario

1 Click on the “Analyse Projects” work flow button, and then click on the
Sensitivity tab.
The display will show the sensitivity scenarios defined for the project
and whether the user has selected to conduct a sensitivity analysis.

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 Ensure Conduct Sensitivity Analysis is ticked.
2 Select the Sensitivity Scenario you wish to delete by clicking anywhere
on its row.
3 Click Delete Scenario button
A warning will be issued. Click OK to delete the scenario.

You cannot delete the Base Sensitivity Scenario.

7.16 Running the analysis

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Project.
The Project window is displayed. The Define Project Details workflow
button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
Before attempting to run an analysis, you must define Project details and
specify alternatives.
2 Click the Analyse Projects workflow button.
3 Click the Run Analysis tab.

4 Click Start.
As the Project is analysed, messages are displayed in the list box and the
status of the analysis is shown below the list box.
If vital information has not been supplied, you are warned and the
analysis run stops. The message tells you which information is missing.
Supply the information and start the run again.
If non-vital information has not been supplied, you are warned, but the
run continues.
At the end of the analysis, you can view a complete warning message.
Select the message in the list box and click View.
You can abort an analysis at any time by clicking Abort.

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7.17 Performing a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)
7.17.1 Key Concepts
A Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) can be performed on any Project Analysis.
The project data are entered first and before running the MCA, the criteria are
defined and the relative weightings assigned.

The criteria used for the MCA are as follows:

• Road User Costs (RUC)
• Net Present Value (NPV)
• Accident Analysis
• Comfort
• Congestion
• Air Pollution
• Energy Efficiency
• Social Benefits, and
• Political
The user must select one of these to be the base criterion against which the
relative importance of the other selected criteria are judged. The base
criterion must be the least favoured criterion to be used in the MCA. The
relative importance of each of the selected criteria is stated using one of the
following ranked options:
• 1 – Equally preferred
• 2 – Equally to moderately preferred
• 3 – Moderately preferred
• 4 – Moderately to strongly preferred
• 5 – Strongly preferred
• 6 – Strongly to very strongly preferred

If Social Benefits or Political criteria are selected, it is also necessary to

delineate the relative performance for each section alternative defined
according to the following scale:
• 1 – Major dissatisfaction
• 2 – Minor dissatisfaction
• 3 – Indifference
• 4 – Minor satisfaction
• 5 – Major satisfaction

If the Air Pollution criterion is selected, it is necessary to define the limiting

values for the environmental emissions modelled in HDM-4 Version 2.0

Performing MCA will rank the project alternatives or section alternatives,

depending upon the mode of analysis selected for the project, according to the
selected criteria, relative importance, and performance index. The

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 performance indices for the criterion are obtained from the results of the
analysis except in the case of Social Benefits and Political criteria, where the
performance of each section alternative is ranked manually. The highest rank,
or score, indicates the most favoured alternative, given the input data.
If a sensitivity analysis has also been performed, the MCA will only be
performed on the base sensitivity scenario.

7.17.2 Defining and Running a Multi-Criteria Analysis

1 Click on Multi-Criteria Analysis work flow button. The MCA Setup tab
will be active.
The following screen will be displayed:

2 From the drop down list select the Base Criterion.

3 From the main list select all the other criteria to be included in the
analysis.
The Air Pollution criterion can only be selected if the project
analysis was performed with the Emissions model included (see
Setup Run screen).
4 Click on View/Edit Performance Indices to define the required
performance indices.
The button will only be enabled if the user has selected Air
Pollution, Social Benefits, or Political indices.
The number of tab-pages displayed will depend upon the indices that
have been selected by the user.
❏ The following screen will be shown for Social Benefit indices:

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 For each of the section alternatives used, select from the drop down list a
performance index or accept the defaults.
❏ The following screen will be shown for Air Pollution indices:

Define a limiting value for each of the listed environmental factors or

accept the defaults.
❏ The following screen will be shown for the Political indices:

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 For each section alternative, select from the drop down list a performance
index or accept the defaults.
Click OK when all changes have been made.
5 Click on the Start button to begin the analysis.
The progress of the analysis will be indicated on the progress bar, and
when complete the following screen will be displayed:

❏ If Analysis by Project was performed:

The blue cell highlights the highest ranked project alternative
❏ If Analysis by Section was performed:
The blue cell in each row indicates the highest ranked alternative for
each section.
After reviewing the results a report can be produced by clicking on
Generate Reports and expanding the reports section Multi-Criteria
Analysis
You can only go to the Multi Criteria Analysis screen after you have
performed a project analysis run successfully.

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7.18 Generating reports
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Project.
The Project window is displayed. The Define Project Details workflow
button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
Before attempting to generate reports, you must complete an analysis
run.
2 Click the Generate Reports workflow button.
The Select Reports tab-page is displayed.
3 Expand a folder and select a report.

4 Click Generate Report.

The report is displayed.

For more information about reports, see Section 10.

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8 Programme analysis
8.1 Key concepts
An HDM-4 Programme Analysis allows you to generate a short to medium
term programme of works for a selected set of Sections which maximises the
economic return subject to budgetary constraints. The investment alternatives
defined depend on the mode of analysis selected; Multi-year Forward
Programming or Life Cycle Analysis. Each method allows the user to define a
combination of maintenance and/or improvement standards for a Section. In
the case of Life Cycle Analysis, several investment alternatives can be
defined. Multi-year Forward Programming allows you to enter one set of
standards and analyse the benefit of performing the work when required or
delaying the work until the end of the analysis period.

8.2 Software overview

A key feature of the Programme window (shown below) is the five workflow
buttons on the left-hand side.

The following table shows how the workflow buttons guide you through the
process of defining and running a Programme analysis.

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 Workflow Tab-page Procedure
button

1 Specify the Road Network that contains the Sections to be

analysed.

2 Specify general Programme information such as the start

year, duration, output Currency, and discount rate.

3 Specify the analysis mode. There are two modes of analysis:

General Life Cycle Analysis
Define Project
Details Determines the best investment from a set of
alternatives.
Multi-year Forward Programming
Determines whether the work should be performed
during this budget period, or delayed.

Study Sections 4 Select specific Sections for analysis and assign a traffic
growth to them.

Specify Standards Alternatives (for a The steps depend on the analysis mode you are using:
Assignments Life Cycle 5 For a Life Cycle Analysis, define the set of alternatives to be
Analysis) analysed.

Work Programming For a Multi-year Forward Programme, define the

(for a Multi-year 6 Maintenance Standards and Improvements for each Section.
Forward
Programme)

Generate Perform Run 7 Customise the run setup.

Programme For a Life Cycle Analysis, specify the base alternative.
For a Multi-year Forward Programme, specify whether an
economic analysis should be performed. An unconstrained
Programme is generated if economic analysis is not selected.

8 Run the analysis. If vital information is missing, you are

informed. You must supply the necessary information so
that HDM-4 can complete the run. The time required to
perform the analysis depends on the complexity of the
specified Programme.

Perform Budget Work Programming 9 The generated work programme is displayed. If you want to
Optimisation (for a Multi-year perform a budget optimisation, you can manually select
Forward works that you do not want to be considered for
Programme) optimisation.

Work Programme 10 Define budget periods and values (Life Cycle Analysis
Define Budget only).

11 Define the optimisation parameters.

12 Run the budget optimisation.

13 The optimised work programme is displayed.

Work Programme

Generate Reports Select Reports 14 Generate reports and examine the results of the run

HDM-4 places no restriction on the number of Programmes that can be

created. The only constraint is the amount of free disk space on your PC.

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8.3 Creating Programmes
1 Do one of the following:
❏ Click New in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select New from the
Workspace menu
The New HDM-4 Item dialog box is displayed.

2 Select Programme and click OK.

The New Programme dialog box is displayed.

3 Enter a name for the new Programme, and select a Road Network.
4 Click OK.
The Programme window is displayed. The Define Programme Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active.

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 5 Enter a description for the Programme.
6 Select the analysis mode:
Life-cycle: This option allows you to compare
two or more alternatives comprising
different works for the selected
sections.
See Section 8.12.
Multi-year forward This option is a simplification of the
Programme: lifecycle method. It compares the
benefit of performing capital works
when triggered, and postponing the
capital works to the first year after the
budget period.
See Section 8.14.
7 In the Currencies group, select an output Currency from the drop-down
list.
8 Edit the other information on the General tab-page as necessary. You
can now work through the tab-pages to select Sections and assign a
traffic growth.
When you have finished working with the Programme, click Save before
closing the window. If you do not click Save, your changes will be lost.
The new Programme is added to the Workspace window. To view it, see
Section 8.4.
In step 1 above, if the Programmes folder or any existing Programme is
selected in the Workspace window, the Programme item will be
automatically selected in the New HDM-4 Item dialog box, and you will only
need to click OK.

8.4 Creating Programmes based on existing Programmes

If you want to create a Programme that is similar to an existing one, you can
copy the existing Programme and edit the copy as necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, select the Programme that you wish to copy.
2 To copy the selected Programme, do one of the following:
❏ Click Copy
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Copy from the
Workspace menu
The Copy Programme dialog box is displayed.
3 The name of the Programme you wish to copy is shown. In the To edit
box, enter the name of the new Programme. This name must be unique.
4 Click OK.
The new Programme is added to the Workspace window.
To view the new copy, see Section 8.5 below.

8.5 Viewing / editing Programmes

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Programmes folder.

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 2 To open a Programme, do one of the following:
❏ Select a Programme and click Open
❏ Select a Programme. With the Workspace window active, select
Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click a Programme
The Programme window is displayed. The Define Programme Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active.

3 When you have finished working with the Programme, click Save to
save any changes.

8.6 Deleting Programmes

1 In the Workspace window, select the Programme that you wish to
delete.
2 To delete the selected Programme, do one of the following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the
Programme, or No to cancel the delete action.
The deleted Programme is no longer displayed in the Workspace
window.
When you delete a Programme, associated alternatives, traffic and run
settings are also deleted.
You cannot undo a deletion.

8.7 Renaming Programmes

1 In the Workspace window, select the Programme that you wish to
rename.
2 To rename the selected Programme, do one of the following:
❏ Click Rename
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Rename from the
Workspace menu
The Rename Programme dialog box is displayed.

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 3 The current name of the Programme you wish to rename is shown. In the
To edit box, enter the new name for the Programme. The new name must
be unique.
4 Click OK.
The renamed Programme is displayed in the Workspace window.
To work with the renamed Programme, see Section 8.4.

8.8 Exporting Programmes

When you export Programme data from HDM-4, a Microsoft Access *.mdb
file is created. If you are using the export facility to exchange data with other
HDM-4 users, you supply this file to import.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Programmes folder and select a
Programme.
2 Click Export.
The Export Programme As dialog box is displayed.

3 Select the folder in which the export file is to be stored, enter a name for
the file.
4 Click Save.
You can only export one Programme at a time. If you want to export a number
of Programmes one after the other, select a different folder for each
Programme.

8.9 Importing Programmes

You can import Programme data that was originally exported from HDM-4.
This enables data exchange to take place between HDM-4 users.
1 With the Workspace window active, do one of the following
❏ select Import from the Workspace menu.
❏ click on the Import button
The HDM-4 Import Wizard dialog box is displayed.

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 2 Click on Browse

3 Double-click the folder that contains the file to be imported.

4 Select the file to be imported and click Open.
5 Click on Next to move to the next step in the wizard.
The import routine detects the file type.

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 6 Enter the name for the item being imported.
7 Click Next to import the Programme.
When you import a Programme, other items that are used by the Programme
should be imported before importing the Programme (for example, Road
Network, Vehicle Fleet and Maintenance Standards).

8.10 Selecting Sections for a Programme

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Programme.
The Programme window is displayed. The Define Programme Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
2 Click the Study Sections tab.
In a new Programme, all Sections in the Road Network are initially
listed, but none are selected for the Programme.

Click the button in the Include in Study column to select/de-select

Sections.
You can choose to display or hide un-selected Sections by ticking or
clearing the Show unselected Sections check box.

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 You can select Sections by specifying selection criteria (see Section
7.10.2).
You can edit/view detailed Section information. Click Edit/View Section
to access the Section dialog box.
You can edit/view detailed Road Network information. Click Edit/View
Network to access the Road Network window.
When you have finished working with the Programme, click Save before
closing the window. If you do not click Save, your changes will be lost.

8.10.1 Grouping Sections

Sections can be assigned to groups which are then considered together when
performing budget optimisation.
1 In the Programme window Select Sections tab-page, click Groups.
The Network Section Groups dialog box is displayed.

2 Click Add New and enter a name and description for the group.

3 Add Sections to the group using one of the following methods:

❏ Click the buttons in the Include column to select/ de-select Sections.
Selected Sections are marked with a

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 ❏ Click Select by criteria and specify selection criteria (see Section
7.10.2)
4 Click Finished.
The group is added to the list.
You can choose to display or hide unselected Sections by ticking or
clearing the Show unselected sections check box.
You can make changes to a group. Select the group and click Edit.
You can delete a group. Select the group and click Delete.

8.11 Defining Traffic Growths

Define the normal traffic growth for each Section you have selected for the
Programme.
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Programme.
The Programme window is displayed. The Define Programme Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active
2 Click the Study Sections tab.

3 Click in the Traffic Growth column in Section row and do one of the
following:
❏ Click on the right mouse button to display the context-menu and
select Assign Growth Set…

❏ Click on the Assign Growth Set button

The Assign Traffic Growth Set dialog will be displayed.

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 4 Select a Traffic Growth Set from the list and click on Assign.
The selected Traffic Growth Set will be assigned to the section and the
display updated.
You can only assign Traffic Growth Sets to sections that are included in
the study.
The Traffic Growth Sets that are available to be assigned are from the
Vehicle Fleet which is associated with the selected Road Network.
You can assign the same Traffic Growth Set to more than one section at a
time by highlighting the required sections in the grid of selected sections.
You can copy a section’s traffic growth set from one Section to another.
Click the Section row with the traffic growth set you want to copy. Click
Copy Growth Set. Click the Section row where you want to paste the
traffic growth set. Click Paste Growth Set.

8.12 Life-cycle analysis

8.12.1 Defining alternatives
If you want to analyse data using the life-cycle method, you must define a
base alternative and at least one other.
The alternatives and their maintenance and improvement standard
assignments are carried out in exactly the same way as in a Project Analysis
with the Analysis By Section method selected.

8.13 To define the alternatives and the assignments for a

Programme Analysis see section 7.12 (Project Analysis - Analysis by
Section).Analysis by Section

8.14 Multi-year forward Programme analysis

8.14.1 Assigning Work Standards
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Programme.
The Programme window is displayed. The Define Programme Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active.

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 2 Click the Multi-year forward Programme option button.
3 Click the Specify Standards Assignments workflow button.
The Work Programming tab-page is displayed. The Sections you chose
for the Programme are listed in the spreadsheet.

4 Click the Maintenance column for the first Section.

5 Click Assign standard.
The Assign Standard dialog box is displayed.

6 Select a standard and click Select.

The Maintenance Standard is displayed into the spreadsheet.
7 Repeat this procedure as required for the Improvement column, the
Maintenance After Improvement column, and for each of the listed
Sections.

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 When you have finished working with the Programme, click Save before
closing the window. If you do not click Save, your changes will be lost.
In step 4, you can select more than one Section if you want to assign the same
standard to each.

8.15 Customising the analysis run and Generating a work

programme
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Programme.
The Programme window is displayed. The Define Programme Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
Before attempting to generate a work programme. you must define
Programme details and assign Work Standards.
2 Click the Generate Programme workflow button.
3 Click Run Setup.
The Run Setup dialog box is displayed.

4 Complete the fields according to the type of analysis you are doing:
❏ Life-cycle analysis
Choose a base alternative from the drop-down list.
❏ Multi-year forward programming—unconstrained
Select the option button Perform run without economic analysis.
If you choose this option no economic indicators will be calculated,
and you will not be able to perform a budget optimisation after
running the analysis.
❏ Multi-year forward programming—constrained
Select the option button Perform run with economic analysis. If
you choose this option, you will be able to perform a budget
optimisation after running the analysis (see Section 8.16).
5 Tick the check boxes for the additional options you want to run. The
options are:

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 ❏ Accident costs
❏ Energy balance
❏ Emissions
❏ Acceleration effects
❏ Asset Valuation
Deciding which of these models to include / exclude will depend upon
the requirements of the particular Programme. Typically, you should
only include those models that you require, as each additional model will
reduce the speed of the analysis run.
The acceleration effects model is different from the others listed here in
the sense that the others merely affect the types of outputs that are
produced. If a particular model isn’t included then the respective results
will not be calculated. Acceleration effects on the other hand will always
be calculated. The setting of the Acceleration effects control determines
the method of calculation and therefore the actual results. If selected,
then the acceleration effects indicators are calculated for the current
congested speed and acceleration noise; if not, then a fixed default is
used regardless of the values for speed and acceleration noise.
The results of the analysis are exported in Access *.mdb formatted
database. The location of this run data export file is defined by the Run
Data Export Directory entry. This can be defined by entering a valid
directory in the text box or by clicking on the Browse.. button and using
the dialog to select a directory.
A significant part of the run-time is spent exporting run-data. If you are
not interested in the very detailed results, you can instruct HDM-4 not to
export them. This detailed data is the annual road user effects by vehicle,
and the annual road user effects by vehicle and by flow period. If this
data is not required then select the appropriate options in the Run Data
Export Detail section. If you exclude this detailed data you will not be
able to generate reports that require this data.
The setting of the Write Log File check-box determines whether a log
file is produced for the analysis run. The log file is a detailed trace of all
the individual calculations performed during the course of the analysis.
The log file is written to the filename hdm4log.txt in the HDM-4
installation folder. The log file is intended for use by modellers and
testers.
The content of the log file is very detailed. As a result, the file can
become very large even for a relatively small Programme (e.g. 12MB is
not uncommon). This has a detrimental effect on analysis speed. If
analysis speed is important, and you do not need the detailed calculation
results, then the log file should be disabled.
For further discussion of methods of improving analysis performance
please see Section 12.2.
6 Click OK.
7 Click Start.
As the Programme is analysed, messages are displayed in the list box and
the status of the analysis is shown below the list box.
8 Click the Work Programme tab.
The work programme is displayed. The unconstrained programme
maximises the Net Present Value irrespective of budget constraints.

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 9 If you are performing a life-cycle analysis or a constrained multi-year
forward Programme, you can select the work programme for a Section
and exclude it from budget optimisation. Click the Section row and click
Manual Assignment. The row is shown in italics.
If vital information has not been supplied, you are warned and the
analysis run stops. The message tells you which information is missing.
Supply the information and start the run again.
If non-vital information has not been supplied, you are warned, but the
run continues.
At the end of the Programme analysis, you can view a complete warning
message. Select the message in the list box and click View.
You can abort a Programme analysis at any time by clicking Abort.

8.16 Optimisation using budget scenario analysis

8.16.1 Key Concepts
A Budget Scenario Analysis can be performed using Programme and Strategy
Analysis. Budget Scenario Analysis allows you to define many budget
scenarios, each with a unique name, and to perform the budget optimization of
them all at the same time.

8.16.2 Defining a Budget Scenario - Overview

1 Click on Perform Budget Optimisation work flow button. Click on
Define Budget tab button.
The following screen will be displayed:

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 2 The list of currently defined budget scenarios is displayed in the
spreadsheet. The user can add, edit, copy, or delete these budget
scenarios.

8.16.3 Adding a new Budget Scenario

1 Click on Add Budget Scenario button.
The Budget Scenario Details screen will be displayed.

2 Enter a unique name to identify the Budget Scenario in reports, and a

description if required.
3 Using the Insert period button (to insert a period at the current
highlighted position in the list of budget details) and Append period
button (to add a period to the end of the list) buttons, define the budget
periods required.

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 The Start of year and End of year values are entered as relative years
with respect to the start year of the analysis. Therefore if you change the
start year of the analysis you do not have to update the budget periods as
well.
Budget periods must be defined to cover the whole of the analysis period.

4 Click OK button to add the budget scenario to the programme/strategy

analysis.
A summary of the budget scenario will be displayed in the spreadsheet
display, and the budget scenario will be marked as selected to be
included in a budget scenario analysis.

8.16.4 Editing a Budget Scenario

1 Highlight the Budget Scenario that requires editing
2 Click on Edit Budget Scenario button.
The Budget Scenario Details screen will be displayed as shown below.

3 Make the changes to the budget scenario as required.

4 Click on OK button to accept the changes.
The spreadsheet display will be updated as required. To reflect the
changes in the results, the budget scenario analysis must be performed
again.

8.16.5 Performing a Budget Scenario Analysis and Viewing the Results

1 Select the budget scenarios that are to be included in the analysis,
indicated by a tick in the spreadsheet view of the list of budget scenario.
2 Click on Perform Budget Optimisation button.
The budget optimisation will be performed for each of the selected
budget scenarios.
3 Click on Optimised Programme tab button to view the resulting
programme of works for the selected budget scenarios.
The works programme is displayed in a spreadsheet view as shown in the
following screen.

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 By clicking on the Budget Scenario dropdown list the user can select to
view the results of each of the analysed budget scenarios, as well as the
unconstrained programme.
The results spreadsheet is colour coded to highlight the works that are
programmed for the same year. A change of colour indicated that the
works are programmed for a different year.
4 Click on Generate Reports and expand the reports section Programme
& Strategy Analysis
5 Select the Programme & Strategy Analysis report you wish to display
and click on Generate Report.
If appropriate, the report will be generated and will show the results of
the analysis sorted by budget scenario.

8.17 Generating reports

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Programme.
The Programme window is displayed. The Define Programme Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
Before attempting to generate reports, you must complete an analysis
run.
2 Click the Generate Reports workflow button.
The Select Reports tab-page is displayed.
3 Expand a folder and select a report.

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 4 Click Generate Report.
The report is displayed.
For more information about reports, see Section 10.

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9 Strategy analysis
9.1 Key concepts
An HDM-4 Strategy Analysis allows you to generate a medium to long term
investment strategy for a selected set of Sections. For each Strategy Analysis,
you define optimisation criterion and budget constraints. Three optimisation
methods are available: Maximise NPV, Maximise dIRI, and Minimise Cost
for Target IRI. The investment alternative is a combination of Maintenance
and Improvement Standards that are applied to a Section.
When defining a Strategy Analysis you can either select Sections from a
predefined Road Network, or you can define a Network Matrix within the
Strategy. The Network Matrix option allows you to define a number of
representative Sections using aggregate parameters to represent the Road
Network being analysed.

9.2 Software overview

A key feature of the Strategy window (shown below) is the five workflow
buttons on the left-hand side.

The following table shows how the workflow buttons guide you through the
process of defining and running a Strategy analysis.

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 Workflow Tab-page Procedure
button

Define Strategy General 1 Specify the Road Network that contains the Sections to be
Details analysed.

2 Specify general Strategy information such as the start year,

duration, output currency, and discount rate.

3 Specify one of three available optimisation methods:

Maximise NPV
Maximise dIRI
Minimise Cost for Target IRI

Select Sections 4 Select specific Sections for analysis, and assign a traffic
growth.

Specify Standards Alternatives 5 Define the alternatives to be analysed. Some alternatives may
Assignments include diverted and/or generated traffic, exogenous benefits
and costs.

Generate Strategy Perform Run 6 Customise the run setup.

7 Run the analysis. If vital information is missing, you are

informed, and must supply the necessary information so that
HDM-4 can complete the run. The time required to perform
the analysis depends on the complexity of the Strategy.

Work Programme 8 The generated work programme is displayed. If you want to

perform a budget optimisation, you can manually select works
that you do not want to be considered for optimisation.

Perform Budget Define Budget 9 Define budget scenarios.

Optimisation
10 Define the optimisation parameters.

11 Run the budget scenario optimisations

Work Programme 12 The optimised work programme is displayed.

Generate Reports Select Reports 13 Generate reports and examine the results of the run.

HDM-4 places no restriction on the number of Strategies that can be created.

The only constraint is the amount of free disk space on your PC.

9.3 Creating Strategy analyses

1 Do one of the following:
❏ Click New in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select New from the
Workspace menu
The New HDM-4 Item dialog box is displayed.

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 2 Select Strategy and click OK.
The New Strategy Analysis dialog box is displayed.

3 Enter a name and select a Vehicle Fleet. Select one of the option buttons:
❏ Create new network matrix—allows you to create representative
Sections for the Strategy analysis.
❏ Use existing network—allows you to choose Sections from an
existing Road Network. Select the Road Network that you want to
use from the drop-down list.
4 Click OK.
The Strategy window is displayed. The Define Strategy Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
If you chose to select Sections from an existing Road Network, the
Select Sections tab-page is displayed (see Section 9.11).
If you chose to create a network matrix, the Network tab-page is
displayed (see Section 9.10).
5 Enter a description for the Strategy analysis.
6 Select an optimisation method:
Maximise NPV: Maximises the Net Present Value
when performing a budget
optimisation.

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 Maximise dIRI: Maximises the change in roughness
when performing a budget
optimisation.
Minimise cost for target IRI: Maximises the cost for a target
roughness when performing a budget
optimisation.
7 In the Currencies group, select an output Currency from the drop-down
list.
8 Edit the other information on the General tab-page as necessary. You
can now work through the tab-pages to select or create Sections and
define the traffic growths.

When you have finished working with the Strategy analysis, click Save
before closing the window. If you do not click Save, your changes will be
lost.
The new Strategy analysis is added to the Workspace window. To view it,
see Section 9.5.
In step 1 above, if the Strategies folder or any existing Strategy analysis is
selected in the Workspace window, the Strategy item will be automatically
selected in the New HDM-4 Item dialog box, and you will only need to click
OK.

9.4 Creating Strategy analyses based on existing Strategy

analyses
If you want to create a Strategy analysis that is similar to an existing one, you
can copy the existing analysis and edit the copy as necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, select the Strategy analysis that you wish to
copy.
2 To copy the selected Strategy analysis, do one of the following:
❏ Click Copy
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Copy from the
Workspace menu
The Copy Strategy dialog box is displayed.
3 The name of the Strategy analysis you wish to copy is shown. In the To
edit box, enter the name of the new Strategy analysis. This name must be
unique.
4 Click OK.
The new Strategy analysis is added to the Workspace window.
To work with the new copy, see Section 9.5 below

9.5 Viewing / editing Strategies

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Strategies folder.
2 To open a Strategy analysis, do one of the following:
❏ Select a Strategy analysis and click Open
❏ Select a Strategy analysis. With the Workspace window active,
select Open from the Workspace menu.

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 ❏ Double-click a Strategy analysis
The Strategy window is displayed. The Define Strategy Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active.

3 When you have finished working with the Strategy analysis, click OK to
save any changes.
In steps 1 and 2 above, you can double-click the Strategy analysis in the
Workspace window.

9.6 Deleting Strategies

1 In the Workspace window, select the Strategy analysis that you wish to
delete.
2 To delete the selected Strategy analysis, do one of the following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the
Strategy analysis, or No to cancel the delete action.
The deleted Strategy analysis is no longer displayed in the Workspace
window.

When you delete a Strategy analysis, associated network matrices,

alternatives, traffic and run settings are also deleted.
You cannot undo a deletion.

9.7 Renaming Strategies

1 In the Workspace window, select the Strategy analysis that you wish to
rename.
2 To rename the selected Strategy analysis, do one of the following:
❏ Click Rename
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Rename from the
Workspace menu
The Rename Strategy dialog box is displayed.

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 3 The current name of the Strategy analysis you wish to rename is shown.
In the To edit box, enter the new name for the Strategy analysis. The new
name must be unique.
4 Click OK.
The renamed Strategy analysis is displayed in the Workspace window.
To work with the renamed Strategy analysis, see Section 9.5.

9.8 Importing Strategy analyses

You can import Strategy data that was originally exported from HDM-4. This
enables data exchange to take place between HDM-4 users.
1 With the Workspace window active, do one of the following
❏ select Import from the Workspace menu.
❏ click on the Import button
The HDM-4 Import Wizard dialog box is displayed.

2 Click on Browse

3 Double-click the folder that contains the file to be imported.

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 4 Select the file to be imported and click Open.
5 Click on Next to move to the next step in the wizard.
The import routine detects the file type.

6 Enter the name for the item being imported.

7 Click Next to import the Strategy.
When you import a Strategy, other items that are used by the Strategy should
be imported before importing the Strategy (for example, Road Network,
Vehicle Fleet and Maintenance Standards).

9.9 Exporting Strategy analyses

When you export Strategy data from HDM-4, a Microsoft Access *.mdb file
is created. If you are using the export facility to exchange data with other
HDM-4 users, you supply this file to import.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Strategies folder and select a
Strategy.
2 Click Export.
The Export Strategy As dialog box is displayed.

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 3 Select the folder in which the export file is to be stored, enter a name for
the file.
4 Click Save.
You can only export one Strategy at a time. If you want to export a number of
Strategies one after the other, select a different file name for each Strategy.

9.10 Creating a network matrix

You can create representative Sections in a network matrix only if you
selected the Create new network matrix option button when creating this
Strategy analysis.
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Strategy analysis.
The Strategy window is displayed. The Define Strategy Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
2 Click the Network tab.

3 Click Add new Section.

If the network matrix does not contain any sections the New Section
from Aggregate Data dialog box is displayed.

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 If the network matrix contains 1 or more sections clicking on Add
New Section button will display the New Section dialog box.

Do one of the following:

❏ to create a new Section select the based on aggregate data
option button and click OK.
The New Section from Aggregate Data dialog box is
displayed (as above).
❏ to create a Section that is similar to an existing one select the
based on existing Section option button. In the drop-down list,
select the existing Section that you wish to copy and click OK.
The Section dialog box is displayed. The data for the new
Section is a copy of the data in the existing Section.

The network matrix is saved along with the Strategy and cannot be used
in other studies.
The Strategy’s network matrix can only be edited by opening the
Strategy it was created in.

9.11 Selecting Sections for a Strategy analysis

You can select Sections only if you selected the Use existing network option
button when creating this Strategy analysis.
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Strategy analysis.

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 The Strategy window is displayed. The Define Strategy Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
2 Click the Select Sections tab.
In a new Strategy analysis, all Sections in the Road Network are initially
listed, but none are selected for the Strategy analysis.

3 Click the buttons in the Include column to select / de-select Sections.

Selected Sections are marked with a .
You can choose to display or hide unselected Sections by ticking or
clearing the Show unselected Sections check box.
Click Unselect All to exclude all Sections from the Strategy analysis.
The is removed from all the Section lines.
You can also select Sections by specifying selection criteria (see Section
7.10.2).
Click View/Edit Section to display the Section dialog box.
Click View/Edit Network to display the Road Network window.

9.12 Defining Traffic Growths

Define the normal traffic growth for each Section you have selected for the
Strategy.
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Strategy.
The Strategy window is displayed. The Define Strategy Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active
2 Click the Study Sections tab.

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 3 Click in the Traffic Growth column in Section row and do one of the
following:
❏ Click on the right mouse button to display the context-menu and
select Assign Growth Set…

❏ Click on the Assign Growth Set button

The Assign Traffic Growth Set dialog will be displayed.

4 Select a Traffic Growth Set from the list and click on Assign.
The selected Traffic Growth Set will be assigned to the section and the
display updated.
You can only assign Traffic Growth Sets to sections that are included in
the study.
The Traffic Growth Sets that are available to be assigned are from the
Vehicle Fleet which is associated with the selected Road Network.
You can assign the same Traffic Growth Set to more than one section at a
time by highlighting the required sections in the grid of selected sections.

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 You can copy a section’s traffic growth set from one Section to another.
Click the Section row with the traffic growth set you want to copy. Click
Copy Growth Set. Click the Section row where you want to paste the
traffic growth set. Click Paste Growth Set.

9.13 Defining alternatives for a Strategy analysis

If you want to analyse data you must define a base alternative and at least one
other for each section.
The alternatives and their maintenance and improvement standard
assignments are carried out in exactly the same was as in a Project Analysis
with the Analysis By Section method selected.

9.14 To define the alternatives and the assignments for a Strategy

Analysis see section 7.12 (Project Analysis - Analysis by Section).Analysis
by Section

9.15 Customising the analysis run and Generating a Work

Programme
1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Strategy.
The Strategy window is displayed. The Define Strategy Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
Before attempting to generate a work programme, you must define
Strategy details and specify alternatives.
2 Click the Generate Strategy workflow button.
3 Click Run Setup.
The Run Setup dialog box is displayed.

4 Tick the check boxes for the additional options you want to run. The
options are:
❏ Accident costs

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 ❏ Energy balance
❏ Emissions
❏ Acceleration effects
❏ Asset Valuation
Deciding which of these models to include / exclude will depend upon
the requirements of the particular Strategy. Typically, you should only
include those models that you require, as each additional model will
reduce the speed of the analysis run.
The acceleration effects model is different from the others listed here in
the sense that the others merely affect the types of outputs that are
produced. If a particular model isn’t included then the respective results
will not be calculated. Acceleration effects on the other hand will always
be calculated. The setting of the Acceleration effects control determines
the method of calculation and therefore the actual results. If selected,
then the acceleration effects indicators are calculated for the current
congested speed and acceleration noise; if not, then a fixed default is
used regardless of the values for speed and acceleration noise.
The results of the analysis are exported in Access *.mdb formatted
database. The location of this run data export file is defined by the Run
Data Export Directory entry. This can be defined by entering a valid
directory in the text box or by clicking on the Browse.. button and using
the dialog to select a directory.
A significant part of the run-time is spent exporting run-data. If you are
not interested in the very detailed results, you can instruct HDM-4 not to
export them. This detailed data is the annual road user effects by vehicle,
and the annual road user effects by vehicle and by flow period. If this
data is not required then select the appropriate options in the Run Data
Export Detail section. If you exclude this detailed data you will not be
able to generate reports that require this data.
The setting of the Write Log File check-box determines whether a log
file is produced for the analysis run. The log file is a detailed trace of all
the individual calculations performed during the course of the analysis.
The log file is written to the filename hdm4log.txt in the HDM-4
installation folder. The log file is intended for use by modellers and
testers.
The content of the log file is very detailed. As a result, the file can
become very large even for a relatively small Strategy (e.g. 12MB is not
uncommon). This has a detrimental effect on analysis speed. If analysis
speed is important, and you do not need the detailed calculation results,
then the log file should be disabled.
For further discussion of methods of improving analysis performance
please see Section 12.2.
5 Click OK.
6 Click Start.
As the Strategy is analysed, messages are displayed in the list box and
the status of the analysis is shown below the list box.
7 Click the Unconstrained Programme tab.
The work programme is displayed.

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 8 You can select the work programme for a Section and exclude it from
budget optimisation. Click the Section row and click Manual
Assignment. The row is shown in italics.
If vital information has not been supplied, you are warned and the
analysis run stops. The message tells you which information is missing.
Supply the information and start the run again.
If non-vital information has not been supplied, you are warned, but the
run continues.
At the end of the Strategy analysis, you can view a complete warning
message. Select the message in the list box and click View.
You can abort a Strategy analysis at any time by clicking Abort.

9.16 Optimisation using budget scenario analysis

9.16.1 Key Concepts
A Budget Scenario Analysis can be performed using Programme and Strategy
Analysis. Budget Scenario Analysis allows you to define many budget
scenarios, each with a unique name, and to perform the budget optimization of
them all at the same time.

9.16.2 Defining a Budget Scenario - Overview

1 Click on Perform Budget Optimisation work flow button. Click on
Define Budget tab button.
The following screen will be displayed:

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 2 The list of currently defined budget scenarios is displayed in the
spreadsheet. The user can add, edit, copy, or delete these budget
scenarios.

9.16.3 Adding a new Budget Scenario

1 Click on Add Budget Scenario button.
The Budget Scenario Details screen will be displayed.

2 Enter a unique name to identify the Budget Scenario in reports, and a

description if required.
3 Using the Insert period button (to insert a period at the current
highlighted position in the list of budget details) and Append period
button (to add a period to the end of the list) buttons, define the budget
periods required.

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 The Start of year and End of year values are entered as relative years
with respect to the start year of the analysis. Therefore if you change the
start year of the analysis you do not have to update the budget periods as
well.
Budget periods must be defined to cover the whole of the analysis period.

4 Click OK button to add the budget scenario to the programme/strategy

analysis.
A summary of the budget scenario will be displayed in the spreadsheet
display, and the budget scenario will be marked as selected to be
included in a budget scenario analysis.

9.16.4 Editing a Budget Scenario

1 Highlight the Budget Scenario that requires editing
2 Click on Edit Budget Scenario button.
The Budget Scenario Details screen will be displayed as shown below.

3 Make the changes to the budget scenario as required.

4 Click on OK button to accept the changes.
The spreadsheet display will be updated as required. To reflect the
changes in the results, the budget scenario analysis must be performed
again.

9.16.5 Performing a Budget Scenario Analysis and Viewing the Results

1 Select the budget scenarios that are to be included in the analysis,
indicated by a tick in the spreadsheet view of the list of budget scenario.
2 Click on Perform Budget Optimisation button.
The budget optimisation will be performed for each of the selected
budget scenarios.
3 Click on Optimised Programme tab button to view the resulting
programme of works for the selected budget scenarios.
The works programme is displayed in a spreadsheet view as shown in the
following screen.

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 By clicking on the Budget Scenario dropdown list the user can select to
view the results of each of the analysed budget scenarios, as well as the
unconstrained programme.
The results spreadsheet is colour coded to highlight the works that are
programmed for the same year. A change of colour indicated that the
works are programmed for a different year.
4 Click on Generate Reports and expand the reports section Programme
& Strategy Analysis
5 Select the Programme & Strategy Analysis report you wish to display
and click on Generate Report.
If appropriate, the report will be generated and will show the results of
the analysis sorted by budget scenario.

9.17 Generating reports

1 In the Workspace window, create or open a Strategy analysis.
The Strategy window is displayed. The Define Strategy Details
workflow button is selected and the General tab-page is active.
Before attempting to generate reports, you must complete an analysis
run.
2 Click the Generate Reports workflow button.
The Select Reports tab-page is displayed.
3 Expand a folder and select a report.

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 4 Click Generate Report.
The report is displayed.
For more information about reports, see Section 10 below.

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10 Working with reports
10.1 Key concepts
HDM-4 provides sophisticated reporting facilities for the viewing of input and
output data. The reporting facilities were developed using Seagate Crystal
Reports. A number of default report templates are provided. These can be
added to by downloading new templates from the HDM-4 web-site
(www.hdmglobal.com). Alternatively, if you have access to the Crystal
Reports Designer you can create your own report templates and add them to
HDM-4 (see Section 10.4).
Previous sections of this guide have dealt with how to display reports:
Generating reports for Projects - Section 7.18
Generating reports for Programmes - Section 8.17
Generating reports for Strategy analyses - Section 9.17
This section deals with making the most of reports once they have been
generated. Every HDM-4 report is displayed in a separate report window, an
example of which is shown below:

Typically, an HDM-4 report will be larger than the window in which it is

displayed. To move about the report you can use the scroll bars or use the
zoom drop-down. Alternatively you can resize the window so that more of the
report is displayed by dragging the resize box in the bottom right-hand corner
of the window.
In addition, you can use the navigation controls which appear on the toolbar.
These operate as follows:
Go to the first page of the report

Go to the previous page of the report

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 Go to the next page of the report

Go to the last page of the report

Stop – some reports may take a long time to generate due to

their complexity and/or the volume of output data resulting
from the last run. Click this button to abort the generation of
the report.
The other controls that appear on the toolbar operate as follows:
Print the report

Export the report to a file

Change the size of the report to the selected setting

The Print and Export controls are explained in the following sections.

10.2 Printing reports

At the end of a Project, Programme or Strategy analysis, you can generate a
report, which is displayed on the screen. To print the report, perform the
following steps:
1 Click to print the report.
The Print dialog box is displayed.

2 Specify whether you want to print all the pages in the report, or a range.
You can print several copies of the report and have them collated.
3 Click OK.

10.3 Exporting report data to other applications

You can save generated reports to disk to print later or to export to another
software application.
1 When you have generated a report, click to export it to a file.
The Export dialog box is displayed.

2 Select a format and destination for the export file.

If you intend to print the report file later, select one of the following
formats:
❏ Paginated text

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 ❏ Rich text format
❏ Text
❏ Word for Windows document
If you intend to import the report file into another software application,
select one of the following formats:
❏ Character separated values
❏ Comma separated values (CSV)
❏ Excel
❏ Lotus
❏ Tab separated text
❏ Tab separated values
3 You are prompted to enter information, depending on the format that you
selected in step 2. The final step is to specify a name and destination for
the export file.

The default destination folder is c:\Windows\Temp, but you can select

any folder. HDM-4 also enters a default file name, but, again, you can
specify any name.
4 Click Save.
The report file is saved and can be printed or imported into other
software applications.
When you export a report to a file format other than Seagate Crystal Reports
format (.RPT), you may lose some or all of the formatting that appears in your
report. However, the program attempts to preserve as much formatting as the
export format allows.

10.4 Report Management – Overview

The report management functions are available on the “Reports” tab page of
the study user interface. By default the function buttons are not displayed as
the organisation of reports is not a common task. To display/hide the buttons
click on the “Show report management functions” checkbox.

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10.4.1 Adding user defined reports
You can define additional reports for HDM-4 using Crystal Reports (version 7
and above). Save the report template in the folder c:\Program Files\HDM-
4\Reports. (If you changed the default folder at installation, store the report
template in the reports subfolder of the HDM-4 installation folder). To make
the report available from within HDM-4, perform the following steps:
1 In the Workspace window, open any Project, Programme or Strategy
analysis.
2 Run an analysis and click the Generate Reports workflow button (You
cannot click the Generate Reports workflow button until you have run
an analysis).
The Select Reports tab-page is displayed.
3 Click Add Report.
The Add Report dialog box is displayed.

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 4 Select the report template that you want to add, and the folder in which
you would like it to appear. Enter a name for the report.
5 Click OK.
To remove a user-defined report, select it and click Remove Report.

10.4.2 Organising Reports

The reports can be organised into any number of categories/folders.
1 To add a new Report Folder click on the New Folder button.
The Add Category dialog will be displayed.

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 2 Define a name for the new category/folder.
3 Select an existing category/folder under which the new category/folder
will be organised.
4 Click OK when complete.
Reports can be added to more than one report category/folder.
Reports can be moved between categories/folders:
(c) Click on the Report that you wish to move.
(d) Click on Move Report button.
(e) The Move Report dialog will be displayed.

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 Select the new category/folder and click on OK.
You can use drag & drop functionality to move reports between
categories/folders.

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11 Configuring HDM-4
11.1 Traffic Flow Patterns
11.1.1 Key concepts
Traffic Flow Patterns are used to represent the varying traffic intensities that
occur on roads throughout the day. Different road Sections exhibit different
traffic flow patterns according to their use. Examples of Traffic Flow Patterns
are:
Commuter
Seasonal
Inter-city
Traffic Flow Patterns are defined as a set of flow periods. A flow period
represents the hours of the day (over the course of a year) with the same
traffic flow.
For each flow period p you should specify:
Total hours per year (HRYRp) that the period occupies, and
The amount of yearly traffic occurring during the flow period, as either:
❏ The proportion of AADT (HVp) that occurs during each hour of the
flow period, or
❏ The percentage of AADT (PCNADTp) that occurs during each flow
period

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 A number of default road uses are defined in HDM-4. Each has an associated
set of flow period data. Changing the selection of road use for a Traffic Flow
Pattern causes the corresponding flow period to be adopted. To reset the flow
period data to the default values for the currently selected road use, click
Defaults.
A graph is shown to reflect the flow distribution data entered. As the data is
changed the graph is updated accordingly. The graph is intended to improve
understanding of the effects of the traffic flow distribution data.

11.1.2 Creating Traffic Flow Patterns

1 Do one of the following:
❏ Click New in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select New from the
Workspace menu
The New HDM-4 Item dialog box is displayed.

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 2 Select Traffic Flow Pattern and click OK.
The Traffic Flow Pattern dialog box is displayed.

3 Enter a name for the new Traffic Flow Pattern.

4 Add flow periods which define the Traffic Flow Pattern. Click Add New
Period to add flow periods, and enter flow distribution data for each.
5 Click OK to save the Traffic Flow Pattern and close the window.
The new Traffic Flow Pattern is added to the Workspace window. To
view it, see Section 11.1.4.
In step 1 above, if the Traffic Flow Patterns folder or any existing
Traffic Flow Pattern is selected in the Workspace window, the Traffic
Flow Pattern item will be automatically selected in the New HDM-4 Item
dialog box, and you will only need to click OK.

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 Using more flow periods improves accuracy but slows down analysis
time.

11.1.3 Creating Traffic Flow Patterns based on existing Traffic Flow Patterns
If you want to create a Traffic Flow Pattern that is similar to an existing one,
you can copy the existing pattern and edit the copy as necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Traffic Flow Patterns folder.
3 Select the Traffic Flow Pattern that you wish to copy.
4 To copy the selected Traffic Flow Pattern, do one of the following:
❏ Click Copy in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Copy from the
Workspace menu
The Traffic Flow Pattern dialog box is displayed.
5 Enter a name for the copied Traffic Flow Pattern. This name must be
unique.
6 Click OK.
The new Traffic Flow Pattern is added to the Workspace window.
To view the new copy, see Section 11.1.4 below.

11.1.4 Viewing / editing Traffic Flow Patterns

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Traffic Flow Patterns folder.
3 To open a Traffic Flow Pattern, do one of the following:
❏ Select a Traffic Flow Pattern and click Open
❏ Select a Traffic Flow Pattern. With the Workspace window active,
select Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click a Traffic Flow Pattern

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 The Traffic Flow Pattern dialog box is displayed.

4 Edit the flow distribution data as necessary.

5 When you have finished working with the Traffic Flow Pattern, click OK
to save any changes and close the window.

11.1.5 Deleting Traffic Flow Patterns

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Traffic Flow Patterns folder.
3 Select the Traffic Flow Pattern that you wish to delete.
4 To delete the selected Traffic Flow Pattern, do one of the following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the Traffic
Flow Pattern, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the deleted Traffic Flow Pattern is no longer displayed
in the Workspace window.
When you delete a Traffic Flow Pattern, all corresponding data are also
deleted.
There may be Sections which use the Traffic Flow Pattern to be deleted.
These Sections will be affected by the deletion.
You cannot reverse a deletion.

11.1.6 Renaming Traffic Flow Patterns

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.

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 2 Expand the Traffic Flow Patterns folder.
3 Select the Traffic Flow Pattern that you wish to rename.
4 To rename the selected Traffic Flow Pattern, do one of the following:
❏ Click Rename
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Rename from the
Workspace menu
The Rename Traffic Flow Pattern dialog box is displayed.
5 The current name of the Traffic Flow Pattern you wish to rename is
shown. In the To edit box, enter the new name for the Traffic Flow
Pattern. The new name must be unique.
6 Click OK.
The renamed Traffic Flow Pattern is displayed in the Workspace
window.
To work with the renamed Traffic Flow Pattern, see Section 11.1.4.

11.1.7 Importing Traffic Flow Patterns

You can import Traffic Flow Patterns that were originally exported from
HDM-4. This enables data exchange to take place between HDM-4 users.
1 With the Workspace window active, do one of the following
❏ select Import from the Workspace menu.
❏ click on the Import button
The HDM-4 Import Wizard dialog box is displayed.

2 Click on Browse

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 3 Double-click the folder that contains the file to be imported.
4 Select the file to be imported and click Open.
5 Click on Next to move to the next step in the wizard.
The import routine detects the file type.

6 Click Next to import the Traffic Flow Patterns.

In step 6, all the Traffic Flow Patterns are imported that are present in the
import file.
In step 6, above, you are informed if a Traffic Flow Pattern of the same
name already exists. You are prompted to rename, overwrite, or cancel
the Traffic Flow Pattern that is being imported.

11.1.8 Exporting Traffic Flow Patterns

When you export Traffic Flow Patterns from HDM-4, a Microsoft Access
*.mdb file is created. If you are using the export facility to exchange data with
other HDM-4 users, you supply this file to import.
1 In the Workspace window, select Traffic Flow Patterns or any of the
folder contents.
2 Click Export.
The Export Traffic Flow Pattern As dialog box is displayed.

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 3 Select the folder in which the export file is to be stored and enter a file
name.
4 Click OK.

All the Traffic Flow Patterns are exported irrespective of the item that you
select in the Traffic Flow Patterns folder.

11.2 Speed Flow Types

11.2.1 Key concepts
The primary function of HDM-4 Speed Flow Types is to represent the
capacity characteristics of different road types. Examples of Speed Flow
Types are:
Single Lane Road
Intermediate Road
Two Lane Road
Four Lane Road
Capacity characteristics are defined in terms of the various parameters (such
as ultimate capacity and free flow capacity) that constitute the HDM-4 speed
flow curve model.

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 HDM-4 includes a set of default Road Types. Each Road Type has associated
default values for the speed flow parameters. Selecting a Road Type from the
drop-down list causes the speed flow parameters to be overwritten with the
appropriate defaults. To reset the speed flow parameters to the defaults for the
currently selected Road Type, click Defaults.
Speed Flow Types also define speed model calibration factors for the road
types they represent.
An explanatory graph is displayed to explain the relationship between the
capacity characteristic parameters. This graph does not change in response to
the user inputs, but serves to indicate the relationship between he parameters
input by the user (displayed in red on the graph).

11.2.2 Creating Speed Flow Types

1 Do one of the following:
❏ Click New in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select New from the
Workspace menu
The New HDM-4 Item dialog box is displayed.

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 2 Select Speed Flow Type and click OK.
The Speed Flow Type dialog box is displayed.

3 Enter a name for the new Speed Flow Type.

4 Enter capacity data, and speed factors as required.
5 Click OK to save the Speed Flow Type and close the dialog box.
The new Speed Flow Type is added to the Workspace window. To view
it, see Section 11.2.4.
In step 1 above, if the Speed Flow Types folder or any existing Speed Flow
Type is selected in the Workspace window, the Speed Flow Type item will
be automatically selected in the New HDM-4 Item dialog box, and you will
only need to click OK.

11.2.3 Creating Speed Flow Types based on existing Speed Flow Types
If you want to create a Speed Flow Type that is similar to an existing one, you
can copy the existing type and edit the copy as necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Speed Flow Types folder.

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 3 Select the Speed Flow Type that you wish to copy.
4 To copy the selected Speed Flow Type, do one of the following:
❏ Click Copy in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Copy from the
Workspace menu
The Speed Flow Type dialog box is displayed.
5 Enter a name for the copied Speed Flow Type. This name must be
unique.
6 Click OK.
The new Speed Flow Type is added to the Workspace window.

To view the new copy, see Section 11.2.4 below.

11.2.4 Viewing / editing Speed Flow Types

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Speed Flow Types folder.
3 To open a Speed Flow Type, do one of the following:
❏ Select a Speed Flow Type and click Open
❏ Select a Speed Flow Type. With the Workspace window active,
select Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click a Speed Flow Type
The Speed Flow Type dialog box is displayed.

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 4 Edit the fields as necessary.
5 When you have finished working with the Speed Flow Type, click OK to
save any changes and close the dialog box.

11.2.5 Deleting Speed Flow Types

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Speed Flow Types folder.
3 Select the Speed Flow Type that you wish to delete.
4 To delete the selected Speed Flow Type, do one of the following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the Speed
Flow Type, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the deleted Speed Flow Type is no longer displayed in
the Workspace window.
When you delete a Speed Flow Type, all corresponding data are also
deleted.
There may be Sections which use the Speed Flow Type to be deleted.
These Sections will be affected by the deletion.
You cannot reverse a deletion.

11.2.6 Renaming Speed Flow Types

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Speed Flow Types folder.
3 Select the Speed Flow Type that you wish to rename.
4 To rename the selected Speed Flow Type, do one of the following:
❏ Click Rename
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Rename from the
Workspace menu
The Rename Speed Flow Type dialog box is displayed.
5 The current name of the Speed Flow Type you wish to rename is shown.
In the To edit box, enter the new name for the Speed Flow Type. The
new name must be unique.
6 Click OK.
The renamed Speed Flow Type is displayed in the Workspace window.
To work with the renamed Speed Flow Type, see Section 11.2.4.

11.2.7 Importing Speed Flow Types

You can import Speed Flow Types that were originally exported from
HDM-4. This enables data exchange to take place between HDM-4 users.
1 With the Workspace window active, do one of the following
❏ select Import from the Workspace menu.
❏ click on the Import button

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 The HDM-4 Import Wizard dialog box is displayed.

2 Click on Browse

3 Double-click the folder that contains the file to be imported.

4 Select the file to be imported and click Open.
5 Click on Next to move to the next step in the wizard.
The import routine detects the file type.

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 6 Click Next to import the Speed Flow Types.
You are informed if a Speed Flow Type of the same name already exists.
You must then decide whether to overwrite the existing Speed Flow
Type, or to rename the Speed Flow Type that is being imported, or to
cancel the import operation.

11.2.8 Exporting Speed Flow Types

You can export Speed Flow Types as a Microsoft Access *.mdb. If you are
using the export facility to exchange data with other HDM-4 users, you
supply this file to import.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder and click
Speed Flow Types.
2 Click Export.
The Export Speed Flow Type As dialog box is displayed.

3 Double-click the folder in which the export file is to be stored.

4 Enter a file name for the export file.
5 Click Save.

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11.3 Accident Classes
11.3.1 Key Concepts
The primary function of HDM-4 Accident Class is to represent the accident
rate characteristics of different roads.
Accident rate characteristics are defined in terms of the accident rates per 100
million vehicle-km. They can either be specified by accident components, or a
single rate for all accident types.

Accident classes are viewed by expanding the Accident Classes branch in the
Configuration branch of a workspace.

11.3.2 Creating Accident Classes

1 Do one of the following:
❏ Click New in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select New from the
Workspace menu
The New HDM-4 Item dialog box is displayed.

2 Select Accident Class and click OK.

The Accident Class dialog box is displayed.

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 3 Enter a name for the new Accident Class.
4 Click OK to save the Accident Class and close the dialog box.
The new Accident Class is added to the Workspace window. To view it,
see Section 11.3.4.
In step 1 above, if the Accident Class folder or any existing Accident Class
is selected in the Workspace window, the Accident Class item will be
automatically selected in the New HDM-4 Item dialog box, and you will only
need to click OK.

11.3.3 Creating Accident Classes based on existing Accident Classes

If you want to create a Accident Class that is similar to an existing one, you
can copy the existing Accident Class and edit the copy as necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Accident Classes folder.
3 Select the Accident Class that you wish to copy.
4 To copy the selected Accident Class, do one of the following:
❏ Click Copy in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Copy from the
Workspace menu
The Accident Class dialog box is displayed.
5 Enter the name of the copied Accident Class. This name must be unique.
6 Click OK.
The new Accident Class is added to the Workspace window.

To view the new copy, see Section 11.3.4 below.

11.3.4 Viewing / editing Accident Classes

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Accident Classes folder.
3 To open a Accident Class, do one of the following:
❏ Select a Accident Class and click Open
❏ Select a Accident Class. With the Workspace window active, select
Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click a Accident Class
The Accident Class dialog box is displayed.

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 4 Edit the fields as necessary.
5 When you have finished working with the Accident Class, click OK to
save any changes and close the dialog box.
In steps 2 and 3 above, you can alternatively, double-click the Accident Class
in the Workspace window.

11.3.5 Deleting Accident Class

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Accident Classes folder.
3 Select the Accident Class that you wish to delete.
4 To delete the selected Accident Class, do one of the following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the
Accident Class, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the deleted Accident Class is no longer displayed in the
Workspace window.
When you delete a Accident Class, all corresponding data are also
deleted.
There may be Sections which use the Accident Class to be deleted. These
Sections will be affected by the deletion.
You cannot reverse a deletion.

11.3.6 Renaming Accident Classes

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Accident Classes folder.
3 Select the Accident Class that you wish to rename.
4 To rename the selected Accident Class, do one of the following:
❏ Click Rename
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Rename from the
Workspace menu
The Rename Accident Class dialog box is displayed.

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 5 The current name of the Accident Class you wish to rename is shown. In
the To edit box, enter the new name for the Accident Class. The new
name must be unique.
6 Click OK.
The renamed Accident Class is displayed in the Workspace window.
To work with the renamed Accident Class, see Section 11.4.4.

11.3.7 Importing Accident Classes

You can import Accident Classes that were originally exported from HDM-4.
This enables data exchange to take place between HDM-4 users.
1 With the Workspace window active, do one of the following
❏ select Import from the Workspace menu.
❏ click on the Import button
The HDM-4 Import Wizard dialog box is displayed.

2 Click on Browse

3 Double-click the folder that contains the file to be imported.

4 Select the file to be imported and click Open.
5 Click on Next to move to the next step in the wizard.
The import routine detects the file type.

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 6 Click Next to import the Accident Classes.
You are informed if a Accident Class of the same name already exists.
You must then decide whether to overwrite the existing Accident Class,
or to rename the Accident Class that is being imported, or to cancel the
import operation.

11.3.8 Exporting Accident Classes

You can export Accident Classes as a Microsoft Access *.mdb file which can
then be imported by other HDM-4 users.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder and click
Climate Zones.
2 Click Export.
The Export Accident Classes As dialog box is displayed.

3 Double-click the folder in which the export file is to be stored.

4 Enter a file name for the export file.
5 Click Save.

11.4 Climate Zones

11.4.1 Key concepts
Climate Zones are used to represent the climatic conditions found in different
parts of a Road Network. The data items that represent these climatic

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 conditions affect pavement deterioration. Climate Zone data are divided into
two categories:
Moisture
Temperature

For each of the two categories, aggregate level parameters are provided.
These are Temperature Classification and Moisture Classification. HDM-4
supports a fixed set of Temperature Classifications, each of which has an
associated set of defaults for the temperature parameters. Changing the
Temperature Classification selected for a Climate Zone causes the
corresponding set of temperature data to be adopted.
Similarly, HDM-4 supports a fixed set of Moisture Classifications, each of
which has an associated set of defaults for the moisture parameters. Changing
the Moisture Classification currently selected for a Climate Zone causes the
corresponding set of moisture defaults to be adopted.
To reset the default values for Temperature and Moisture Classifications,
click Defaults.

11.4.2 Creating Climate Zones

1 Do one of the following:
❏ Click New in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select New from the
Workspace menu
The New HDM-4 Item dialog box is displayed.

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 2 Select Climate Zone and click OK.
The Climate Zone dialog box is displayed.

3 Enter a name for the new Climate Zone.

4 Click OK to save the Climate Zone and close the dialog box.
The new Climate Zone is added to the Workspace window. To view it,
see Section 11.4.4.
In step 1 above, if the Climate Zones folder or any existing Climate Zone is
selected in the Workspace window, the Climate Zone item will be
automatically selected in the New HDM-4 Item dialog box, and you will only
need to click OK.

11.4.3 Creating Climate Zones based on existing Climate Zones

If you want to create a Climate Zone that is similar to an existing one, you can
copy the existing Climate Zone and edit the copy as necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Climate Zones folder.
3 Select the Climate Zone that you wish to copy.
4 To copy the selected Climate Zone, do one of the following:
❏ Click Copy in the Workspace window

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 ❏ With the Workspace window active, select Copy from the
Workspace menu
The Climate Zone dialog box is displayed.
5 Enter the name of the copied Climate Zone. This name must be unique.
6 Click OK.
The new Climate Zone is added to the Workspace window.

To view the new copy, see Section 11.4.4 below.

11.4.4 Viewing / editing Climate Zones

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Climate Zones folder.
3 To open a Climate Zone, do one of the following:
❏ Select a Climate Zone and click Open
❏ Select a Climate Zone. With the Workspace window active, select
Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click a Climate Zone
The Climate Zone dialog box is displayed.

4 Edit the fields as necessary.

5 When you have finished working with the Climate Zone, click OK to
save any changes and close the dialog box.
In steps 2 and 3 above, you can alternatively, double-click the Climate Zone
in the Workspace window.

11.4.5 Deleting Climate Zones

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Climate Zones folder.
3 Select the Climate Zone that you wish to delete.

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 4 To delete the selected Climate Zone, do one of the following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the
Climate Zone, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the deleted Climate Zone is no longer displayed in the
Workspace window.
When you delete a Climate Zone, all corresponding data are also deleted.
There may be Sections which use the Climate Zone to be deleted. These
Sections will be affected by the deletion.
You cannot reverse a deletion.

11.4.6 Renaming Climate Zones

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the Climate Zones folder.
3 Select the Climate Zone that you wish to rename.
4 To rename the selected Climate Zone, do one of the following:
❏ Click Rename
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Rename from the
Workspace menu
The Rename Climate Zone dialog box is displayed.
5 The current name of the Climate Zone you wish to rename is shown. In
the To edit box, enter the new name for the Climate Zone. The new name
must be unique.
6 Click OK.
The renamed Climate Zone is displayed in the Workspace window.
To work with the renamed Climate Zone, see Section 11.4.4.

11.4.7 Importing Climate Zones

You can import Climate Zones that were originally exported from HDM-4.
This enables data exchange to take place between HDM-4 users.
1 With the Workspace window active, do one of the following
❏ select Import from the Workspace menu.
❏ click on the Import button
The HDM-4 Import Wizard dialog box is displayed.

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 2 Click on Browse

3 Double-click the folder that contains the file to be imported.

4 Select the file to be imported and click Open.
5 Click on Next to move to the next step in the wizard.
The import routine detects the file type.

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 6 Click Next to import the Climate Zones.
You are informed if a Climate Zone of the same name already exists.
You must then decide whether to overwrite the existing Climate Zone, or
to rename the Climate Zone that is being imported, or to cancel the
import operation.

11.4.8 Exporting Climate Zones

You can export Climate Zones as a Microsoft Access *.mdb file which can
then be imported by other HDM-4 users.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder and click
Climate Zones.
2 Click Export.
The Export Climate Zone As dialog box is displayed.

3 Double-click the folder in which the export file is to be stored.

4 Enter a file name for the export file.
5 Click Save.

11.5 Currencies
11.5.1 Key concepts
HDM-4 maintains a list of Currencies. These are used to specify the
following:
Vehicle Fleet unit costs
Default works unit costs
Road Network Asset Values
Project analysis output
Programme analysis output
Strategy analysis output
You can add and delete Currencies.

11.5.2 Adding a Currency

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 To access the Currency details, do one of the following:
❏ Select Currencies and click Open
❏ Select Currencies. With the Workspace window active, select Open
from the Workspace menu

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 ❏ Double-click Currencies
The Currencies dialog box is displayed.

3 Click Add.
A row is added to the table.
4 Enter a description and symbol for the Currency. Select a symbol
position from the drop-down list.
5 Click OK to save the Currency definition and close the dialog box.

11.5.3 Deleting a Currency

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 To access the Currency details, do one of the following:
❏ Select Currencies and click Open
❏ Select Currencies. With the Workspace window active, select Open
from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click Currencies
The Currencies dialog box is displayed.
3 Select the Currency you wish to delete.
4 Click Delete.
One of the following will happen:
❏ If the Currency has not yet been saved, it is deleted immediately
❏ If the Currency has been saved and is not being used elsewhere in
the system, you are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to
delete the Currency, or No to cancel the delete action.
❏ If the Currency is being used elsewhere in the system, you are
informed of the places it is being used and the consequences of
deleting it. You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to
delete the Currency, or No to cancel the delete action.
5 Click OK to save any changes and close the dialog box.
If you delete a Currency that is in use, the system sets the respective Currency
field(s) to <none> or <undefined>. You must specify another Currency before
continuing with the analysis. The system informs you that the Currency is
missing if you try to perform an analysis without specifying a Currency.

11.5.4 Importing Currencies

You can import Currencies that were originally exported from HDM-4. This
enables data exchange to take place between HDM-4 users.
1 With the Workspace window active, do one of the following

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 ❏ select Import from the Worksp ace menu.
rkspace
❏ click on the Import button
The HDM-4 Import Wizard dialog box is displayed.

2 Click on Browse

3 Double-click the folder that contains the file to be imported.

4 Select the file to be imported and click Open.
5 Click on Next to move to the next step in the wizard.
The import routine detects the file type.

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 6 Click Next to import the Currencies.
You are informed if a Currency of the same name already exists. You
must then decide whether to overwrite the existing Currency, or to
rename the Currency that is being imported, or to cancel the import
operation.

11.5.5 Exporting Currencies

You can export Currencies as a Microsoft Access *.mdb file which can then
be imported by other HDM-4 users.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder and click
Currencies.
2 Click Export.
The Export Currency As dialog box is displayed.

3 Double-click the folder in which the export file is to be stored.

4 Enter a file name for the export file.
5 Click Save.

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11.6 Section aggregate data and tables and Calibration Parameters
11.6.1 Key concepts
Variables for the following parameters (from the New Section from
Aggregate Data dialog box) are defined in Section Aggregate Data in the
Configuration folder:
Traffic volume
Road class
Geometry class
Construction quality
Structural adequacy
Ride quality
Surface condition
Surface texture
The variables that you define (for example good, fair, bad) correspond to
detailed values in the Section Aggregate Tables in the Configuration
folder.
Each HDM-4 system can, therefore, have a different definition of what
constitutes good, bad or fair to suit the local conditions.
When you select a variable in the New Section from Aggregate Data dialog
box, the corresponding detailed values from the Section Aggregate Tables
are used when you run an analysis.
A number of model calibration parameters are defined at the Workspace level,
that is, they apply to all sections that are analysed within the current
Workspace. These calibration parameters are related to the Road Deterioration
and Work Effects models.

11.6.2 Viewing / editing the Calibration Parameters

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 To open a Calibration Parameters, do one of the following:
❏ Select Calibration Parameters and click Open
❏ Select the Calibration Parameters item. With the Workspace
window active, select Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click the Calibration Parameters item.

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 The Calibration Parameters dialog box is displayed.

3 Edit the data as necessary.

4 When you have finished working with the Calibration Parameters, click
OK to save any changes and close the window.

11.6.3 Adding variables for an aggregate parameter

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 To access the Section Aggregate Data, do one of the following:
❏ Select Section Aggregate Data and click Open
❏ Select Section Aggregate Data. With the Workspace window
active, select Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click Section Aggregate Data
The Road Network Aggregate Parameters dialog box is displayed.

3 Click one of the Aggregate Parameter option buttons.

The variables for that parameter are displayed in the list box.

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 4 Click Add.
<New HDM-4 Item> is displayed in the list box.
5 Overwrite <New HDM-4 Item> with the name of the new variable.
6 Click Edit Related Tables to access the Section Aggregate Tables,
where you can define detailed values for the selected aggregate
parameter.

To save the changes you have made, click OK in both windows.

You can also delete a variable. Select the variable and click Delete.
You can rename a variable. Select the variable and click Rename.
You can also access the Section Aggregate Tables by expanding the
Configuration folder and double-clicking Section Aggregate Tables.
All the tables are displayed in tab-pages in the resulting dialog box. The
Bituminous layers table can only be accessed in this way.

11.6.4 Importing Section Aggregate and Calibration Parameters

You can import Section Aggregate and Calibration Parameters that were
originally exported from HDM-4. This enables data exchange to take place
between HDM-4 users.
1 With the Workspace window active, do one of the following
❏ select Import from the Workspace menu.
❏ click on the Import button
The HDM-4 Import Wizard dialog box is displayed.

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 2 Click on Browse

3 Double-click the folder that contains the file to be imported.

4 Select the file to be imported and click Open.
5 Click on Next to move to the next step in the wizard.
The import routine detects the file type.

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 6 Click Next to import the Section aggregate and calibration parameters.

11.6.5 Exporting Section Aggregate Data and tables

When you export Section Aggregate Data from HDM-4 the details are written
to a Microsoft Access *.mdb formatted file. You can use this file to exchange
data with other HDM-4 users.
1 In the Workspace window, select Section Aggregate Data or Section
Aggregate Tables.
2 Click Export.
The Export Section Configuration Data As dialog box is displayed.

3 Select the folder in which the export file is to be stored.

4 Enter a file name
5 Click OK.
In step 1, both the Section Aggregate Data, the Section Aggregate Tables, and
the calibration parameters are exported irrespective of which you select.

11.7 Road Deterioration Calibration Sets

11.7.1 Key concepts
Road Deterioration Calibration Sets allow sets of section calibration
coefficients to be defined for the range of pavement types commonly found on
the road network being analysed. Sections that have the same characteristics
are able to use the same calibration item.
When a Road Network is created a Calibration Set is selected. A calibration
Set contains a number of Calibration Items for Bituminous, Concrete, and
Unsealed pavement types. Each Calibration Item has a unique name and
defines a user-defined set of calibration coefficients. When defining a section
a calibration item is selected to define all the calibration coefficients.
Calibration sets are displayed by expanding the Configuration branch in a
workspace.

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 To add a new calibration set to the workspace click on Add. Select
Calibration Set from the options and click on OK. A new calibration set will
be created and displayed in a window. Initially the calibration set will not
have any calibration items for any of the surface classes, and it is the user’s
responsibility to add those that are required.

11.7.2 Creating Road Deterioration Calibration Sets

1 Do one of the following:
❏ Click New in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select New from the
Workspace menu
The New HDM-4 Item dialog box is displayed.

2 Select RD Calibration Set and click OK.

The RD Calibration Set dialog box is displayed.

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 3 Enter a name for the new Calibration Set.
4 Click OK to save the Calibration Set and close the dialog box.
The new Calibration Set is added to the Workspace window. To view it,
see Section 11.7.4.
In step 1 above, if the RD Calibration Set folder or any existing Calibration
Set is selected in the Workspace window, the RD Calibration Set item will be
automatically selected in the New HDM-4 Item dialog box, and you will only
need to click OK.

11.7.3 Creating RD Calibration Sets based on existing RD Calibration Sets

If you want to create a RD Calibration Set that is similar to an existing one,
you can copy the existing RD Calibration Set and edit the copy as necessary.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the RD Calibration Sets folder.
3 Select the RD Calibration Set that you wish to copy.
4 To copy the selected RD Calibration Set, do one of the following:
❏ Click Copy in the Workspace window
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Copy from the
Workspace menu
The RD Calibration Set dialog box is displayed.
5 Enter the name of the copied RD Calibration Set. This name must be
unique.
6 Click OK.
The new RD Calibration Set is added to the Workspace window.

To view the new copy, see Section 11.7.4 below.

11.7.4 Viewing / editing Road Deterioration Calibration Sets

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the RD Calibration Sets folder.
3 To open a RD Calibration Set, do one of the following:

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 ❏ Select a RD Calibration Set and click Open
❏ Select a RD Calibration Set. With the Workspace window active,
select Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click a RD Calibration Set
The RD Calibration Set dialog box is displayed.

4 Edit/add/delete the calibration items as necessary.

5 When you have finished working with the RD Calibration Set, click OK
to save any changes and close the dialog box.
In steps 2 and 3 above, you can alternatively, double-click the RD
Calibration Set in the Workspace window.
The Model Library (DLL) selection is reserved for future
developments.

11.7.5 Adding a Calibration Item to a Calibration Set

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the RD Calibration Sets folder.
3 To open a RD Calibration Set, do one of the following:
❏ Select a RD Calibration Set and click Open
❏ Select a RD Calibration Set. With the Workspace window active,
select Open from the Workspace menu
❏ Double-click a RD Calibration Set
The RD Calibration Set dialog box is displayed.

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 4 Select the surface class of the calibration Item you wish to add by
clicking on Bituminous, Concrete, or Unsealed tab-pages.
The tab-page for the selected surface class will be displayed together
with the existing Calibration Items defined.
5 Click on New Item
A new calibration item with a default name and default parameters will
be added to the grid.
6 Modify the default name and review the attribute values.

To copy an existing Calibration Item, highlight the Calibration Item you

wish to copy and click Copy Item button.
To delete an existing Calibration Item, highlight the Calibration Item you
wish to delete and click Delete Item button. Any section that uses the
Calibration Item will be affected.
To sort the Calibration Items click on any column header. The arrow in
the column header indicates the sort column and the sort direction.

11.7.6 Deleting Road Deterioration Calibration Sets

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the RD Calibration Sets folder.
3 Select the RD Calibration Set that you wish to delete.
4 To delete the selected RD Calibration Set, do one of the following:
❏ Click Delete
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Delete from the
Workspace menu
You are prompted to confirm the deletion. Click Yes to delete the RD
Calibration Set, or No to cancel the delete action.
If you click Yes, the deleted RD Calibration Set is no longer displayed in
the Workspace window.
When you delete a RD Calibration Set, all corresponding data are also
deleted.

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 There may be Road Networks/Strategy Matrices which use the RD
Calibration Set to be deleted. These items will be affected by the
deletion. You will be warned which items will be affected.
You cannot reverse a deletion.

11.7.7 Renaming Road Deterioration Calibration Sets

1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder.
2 Expand the RD Calibration Sets folder.
3 Select the RD Calibration Set that you wish to rename.
4 To rename the selected RD Calibration Set, do one of the following:
❏ Click Rename
❏ With the Workspace window active, select Rename from the
Workspace menu
The Rename RD Calibration Set dialog box is displayed.
5 The current name of the RD Calibration Set you wish to rename is
shown. In the To edit box, enter the new name for the RD Calibration
Set. The new name must be unique.
6 Click OK.
The renamed RD Calibration Set is displayed in the Workspace window.
To work with the renamed RD Calibration Set, see Section 11.7.4.

11.7.8 Importing Road Deterioration Calibration Sets

You can import RD Calibration Sets that were originally exported from
HDM-4. This enables data exchange to take place between HDM-4 users.
1 With the Workspace window active, do one of the following
❏ select Import from the Workspace menu.
❏ click on the Import button
The HDM-4 Import Wizard dialog box is displayed.

2 Click on Browse

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 3 Double-click the folder that contains the file to be imported.
4 Select the file to be imported and click Open.
5 Click on Next to move to the next step in the wizard.
The import routine detects the file type.

6 Enter the name for the item being imported.

7 Click Next to import the RD Calibration Set.
You are informed if a RD Calibration Set of the same name already
exists.

11.7.9 Exporting Road Deterioration Calibration Sets

You can export Calibration Sets as a Microsoft Access *.mdb file which can
then be imported by other HDM-4 users.
1 In the Workspace window, expand the Configuration folder and click
RD Calibration Sets.
2 Select the RD Calibration Set you wish to export.
3 Click Export.
The Export Calibration Set As dialog box is displayed.

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 4 Double-click the folder in which the export file is to be stored.
5 Enter a file name for the export file.
6 Click Save.

12 Managing your HDM-4 installation

12.1 Working with multiple databases
By default, all HDM-4 input data items (e.g. Road Networks, Projects, Work
Standards, etc.) are stored in a single database which is set-up during
installation. The database is physically stored as a number of files in the
following sub-directories of the HDM-4 installation directory:
hdmdbase - contains the files objects.dat and objects.idx in which the
actual data is stored. These files are called repository files.
hdmdict - contains the files _objects.dat and _objects.idx which describe
the database structure. These files are called dictionary files.
You cannot view the contents of these files unless you have the necessary
software development tools.
HDM-4 allows you to create multiple databases, and to partition your data
accordingly. A typical scenario might involve a consultant who works on a
number of projects and who prefers to separate his data by using separate
databases. HDM-4 supports this functionality by supporting multiple
Workspaces. A Workspace can be regarded as a separate work-area. Each
Workspace is associated with its own separate database. Each separate
database consists of a separate set of repository files (objects.dat and
objects.idx – as described above). The single set of dictionary files in the
\hdmdict sub-directory are shared between all separate databases. Functions
are provided to allow the user to:
Open an existing Workspace
Create a new / blank Workspace
Create a copy of an existing Workspace
Delete a Workspace
These options are listed on the Workspace menu. Note that only one
Workspace (and thus database) may be active at any time. Therefore when
you open an existing Workspace, the Workspace that is currently active is
closed.

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 Workspaces are intended to be self-contained. I is not possible to directly
move/copy one HDM-4 data object (e.g. a Vehicle Fleet) from one
Workspace to another. This can only be achieved by the use of the
import/export facilities (see relevant Sections).

12.2 Backing up your HDM-4 data

It is good practice to regularly back up any data you create in HDM-4. This
will protect you from problems such as file corruption, accidental deletion,
hardware failure, etc. To be sure of retaining all your data there are three sets
of files you should backup:
Dictionary files – the HDM-4 dictionary files are stored in the \hdmdict
sub-directory of the installation directory. These two files (_objects.dat
and _objects.idx) store information about the structure of the HDM-4
input data stored in repository files (see below). If you are using a new
version of HDM-4 or an upgrade, you do not need to backup your
dictionary files as you will be able to retrieve them from your CD.
However, if you are currently using an update (for which you may not
have a CD) you should backup the dictionary files following installation.
Databases – these store the HDM-4 input data. At any one time you
may have several of these in use (see Section 12.1 above). You should
backup all databases that you need to retain. Each database consists of
two repository files objects.dat and objects.idx, and two directories
(eventlog and recovery). To backup the data the two files
(objects.dat & objects.idx) should be copied, together with the
contents of the two directories eventlog and recovery.
Run-data files – these are stored at the end of each HDM-4 analysis run
in a user specified directory. Each set of run-data consists of a Microsoft
Access compatible file (with the extensions ‘.mdb’). As the total size of
the file can range from around 10MB for a Project analysis to over
100MB for a Programme or Strategy analysis, you will probably only
want to backup those run-data sets which you need to keep.
From the above it can be seen that in the process of using HDM-4
(particularly if you create several databases and retain several sets of run-
data), you may use a significant amount of hard disk space. To reduce this
overhead, you should regularly review your storage and remove any obsolete
databases and/or run-data.
When the files are placed on another PC, or the backup retrieved, the same
directory structure should be preserved.
After coping or retrieving the database files the read-only flag should not be
set otherwise HDM-4 will be unable to open the database.

12.3 Improving analysis performance

When running larger analyses you may find that the run-time increases
significantly. This is understandable if you consider the complexity of the
analysis that is being performed: the level of detail of the various models; the
number of sections, vehicles, alternatives, and years, etc. being analysed.
There are a number of things you can do to improve the analysis speed –
particularly if you are willing to reduce the accuracy of the results. The
following is a list of changes that can be made to the software / analysis
configuration in order to improve analysis speed:

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 close other applications – before starting the analysis run, close down
any other Windows applications. Each additional application uses
Windows resources, reducing the resources available to HDM-4, and
therefore increasing the analysis time.
improve specification of PC – since the problem is one of limited
resources, increase the power of your hardware. Use a PC with more
RAM, a faster processor, and more free disk space.
disable log file – make sure that the log-file is disabled by de-selecting
the option on the Run Setup tab-page. The log-file is very detailed. It is
primarily intended for modellers and testers, and may not be useful for
your purposes. It is not unusual for the log-file to exceed 12MB, so you
can imagine the time required to generate it. Take a look at the log-file
and you will appreciate the amount of work involved.
disable unnecessary models – turn off those models which you don’t
need in your analysis. The controls on the Run Setup tab-page allow you
to disable the calculation of emissions, energy balance, acceleration
effects, and economic indicators.
reduce run-data export size – a significant part of run-time is spent
saving run-data to the hard-disk. If you are not interested in the very
detailed results, you can instruct HDM-4 not to save them. This detailed
data is the annual road user effects by vehicle, and the annual road user
effects by vehicle and by flow period. These are stored in the tables in
the rundata export file. If this data is not required then select the
appropriate options in the Run Data Export Detail section of the Run
Setup tab-page.
reduce number of flow periods – check the Traffic Flow Patterns that
you are using. The defaults have five flow periods each. Is it possible to
reduce the number of flow periods? Doing so may affect the accuracy of
your results, but will increase analysis speed.
reduce size of study – this is probably the most drastic way of
improving analysis speed. Re-examine your study. Do you need quite so
many Vehicle Types? Could the fleet mix you are modelling be
represented using fewer Vehicle Types? How about the number of
Sections? Could you replace your two hundred sections with eight or so
representative sections (in the fashion of strategy analysis)? Also
consider the number of years, and the number of options. Obviously
changing these aspects of your study will affect the accuracy of the
results. However, you may be in the early stages of putting together your
study, and initially, detailed results may not be required.

12.4 Adding an HDM-4 shortcut to your desktop

To access HDM-4 more quickly, add a shortcut to your desktop.
1 Right-click the Windows desktop.
2 From the menu select New & Shortcut as shown below:

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 3 The Create a Shortcut dialog box is displayed.
4 Enter HDM-4.EXE and the full path of where the software is installed.
For example:
c:\Program Files\HDM-4 Version 2\hdm4.exe
5 Click Next, and then enter HDM-4 as the name for the shortcut.
6 Click Finish.
The HDM-4 icon is added to your Windows desktop. In future, to run HDM-4
you can simply double-click the HDM-4 desktop icon.

12.5 HDM-4 Version 2.0 Options Tool

The HDM-4 Version 2.0 Options Tool allows the user to change and view
certain default directories and settings that are used by HDM-4.
The HDM-4 Version 2.0 Options Tool is found in the windows HDM-4
Version 2/Tools programme group.
The main screen is shown below.

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 Interface Language: This allows you to change the default interface
language for HDM-4. This is only enabled if other interface language
options are available and have been installed.
Reports Directory: This allows you to define the location of the report
template definition files. This allows you to select custom report template
definition files, or report definition files of different languages if
available.
Import/Export Directory: This allows you to define the default location
for import/export operations.
Workspace Directory: This allows you to define the default location for
Workspace operations.
User Interface Configuration: This allows you to set some interface
options.
To change one of the default directories, either enter the new directory path
into the appropriate edit slot, or click on the required Browse button. This
will display Browse for Folder.

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 Click on OK when the required folder has been selected.
Clicking on About will display details about the components that are installed
along with HDM-4 Version 2.0 as shown in the dialog below.

12.6 HDM-4 Version 2.0 Database Tool

The HDM-4 Version 2.0 Database tool enables the user to perform certain
operations on a database/workspace and to obtain information about the data
stored in the selected workspace.
Update the database: This option will used to update the database from
previous version 2.0 workspaces to a new version when released. (Note
– support for previous Version 1.x workspaces is not supported using this
tool, the Database Migration Tool must be used for this purpose).
Reorganise the database: This option recovers unused storage space in
the workspace and can help to reduce the storage space required for the
workspace.
Database Information: This provides some basic information about the
workspace, such as its location, date created, and storage requirements.

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 The HDM-4 Version 2.0 Database Tool is found in the windows HDM-4
Version 2/Tools programme group.
To use the HDM-4 Version 2.0 Database Tool first select the database, and
then select the operation required. To perform the selected operation click on
Start button. The results of the operation will be displayed in the list box.

13 Using Existing Data with HDM-4 Version 2.0

13.1 Overview
There have been extensive changes in the handling and organisation of data,
as well as the introduction of new functionality within HDM-4 Version 2.0. It
is therefore not possible to directly use existing HDM-4 Version 1.x data. It is
realised that the existing data stored in Version 1.x is valuable to an
organisation and therefore a tool has been developed to aid the migration of
this data into a format that can be used in Version 2.0.
The HDM-4 Data Migration Tool aims to take an existing HDM-4 Version
1.3 workspace and re-organise and reformat the data to conform to that
required by HDM-4 Version 2.0. After running the HDM-4 Data Migration
Tool the user should review the data to ensure its integrity prior to running an
analysis and publishing the results. Due to the model changes that are
included in HDM-4 Version 2.0 the user should pay particular attention to the
calibration of the deterioration models and the works trigger conditions and
effects.

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13.2 Running the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool
To run the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool:
1 Click the Windows Start menu.
2 Select the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool application item from the HDM-
4 Version 2.0 program group.
3 The HDM-4 Data Migration Tool is displayed.

The HDM-4 Data Migration Tool main window displays:

❏ The location of the HDM-4 Version 1.3 workspace to migrate
❏ The location of the HDM-4 Version 2.0 workspace to be created
❏ A list of status messages to be used when the data are being
processed

13.3 Migrating Existing Data to HDM-4 Version 2.0

To migrate an existing workspace for use in HDM-4 Version 2.0:
1 Run the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool.
2 Define the location of the HDM-4 Version 1.3 workspace. Do one of the
following:
❏ Type the folder name of the HDM-4 Version 1.3 workspace
Or
❏ Click on the Browse button.
The Select a HDM-4 ver 1.3 Workspace dialog is displayed.

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 Use the windows navigation controls to select the required
workspace’s object.dat file. Click on Select.
The selected workspace must not be open in HDM-4 Version 1.3
otherwise the HDM-4 Migration Tool will not be able to open the files to
migrate the data.
3 Define the location of the HDM-4 Version 2.0 workspace. Do one of the
following:
❏ Type the required folder name of the HDM-4 Version 2.0 workspace
Or
❏ Click on the Browse button.
The Select a folder to store the HDM-4 ver 2.0 Workspace dialog is
displayed.

Use the windows navigation controls to select or create the required

workspace location. Click on Select.
4 Click on Convert to start the process.
If a workspace or previous data created as part of this process exists in
the selected directory the user will be asked whether they wish to
overwrite the existing data.
The Specify association with road network and analysis window will
be displayed along with explanatory text.

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 5 For each of the listed Road Networks the user should select the source of
the traffic data for HDM-4 Version 2.0. This is required because in
HDM-4 Version 2.0 the traffic data are associated with a section and
therefore the migration tool gives the user the choice of obtaining the
default traffic data from an existing analysis
If the user selects an analysis that does not include all of the road
network’s sections selected, then the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool will
not be able to define default traffic for the unselected sections, and the
AADT for those sections will default to 0.
The road network will be associated with the selected vehicle fleet for the
associated analysis. If the traffic data source selected is a Vehicle Fleet,
all the road network’s sections will not inherit any pre-defined traffic
data and their AADTs will be 0.
6 Click on OK to start the process.
The following display will be seen with the list of items being processed
and their progress indicated.

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 When all the items have been successfully processed, the window will
automatically close, the HDM-4 Version 2.0 application will start, and
the HDM-4 Automated Import will be displayed. This window displays
the process of taking the files created by the migration tool and importing
them into a HDM-4 Version 2.0 workspace.

When the process of importing the data has been completed the HDM-4
Version 2.0 application will automatically start and open the newly
created workspace, as shown below.

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13.4 Limitations of the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool
13.4.1 Overview
Due to the differences between the organisation of data in HDM-4 Version
1.3 and Version 2.0, it is not possible to achieve a migrated workspace that
obtains the same results. It is therefore essential that before an analysis is
performed the data used are reviewed, and the results inspected. There are
three main areas which the user must consider:
Traffic Data
Road Deterioration Calibration Data
Work Effects triggering and operations

13.4.2 Traffic Data

In Version 1.3 the traffic volumes and traffic growth rates were defined at the
analysis stage. In Version 2.0 the traffic volumes are defined at the Road
Network stage, and the traffic growths at the Vehicle Fleet stage.
It is possible for a Road Network to be used in more than one analysis, and
therefore it is possible for a section’s traffic to be defined more than once. To
overcome this potential problem the Data Migration Tool prompts the user to
select the source of the traffic volume definitions for a road network. The
traffic defined for the sections selected will be initialised to the volumes
defined in the analysis selected. If the selected analysis has unselected
sections then these sections will not have any traffic defined in the analysis.
Therefore these sections will have uninitialised traffic volumes and the user
will need to enter these manually. Therefore the choice of which analysis to
obtain the traffic data from should be made carefully as this will determine
how much of the traffic data is automatically obtained.
For each of the Vehicle Fleets present in the Version 1.3 workspace, the
migration tool determines in which analyses it is used, and automatically
creates a growth item within the Vehicle Fleet. The traffic growth items are
named according to the following convention:
<analysis type>::<analysis name>::<section ID>::<section description>
When viewing the traffic growth sets from within a Vehicle Fleet it is
therefore possible to see from where the data have been obtained.

13.4.3 Road Deterioration Calibration Data

For each Road Network a Calibration Set will be created with the same name,
and assigned to the Road Network. For each section within the Road Network
a calibration item will be created with the same name as the section, and
assigned to the section. The values for each calibration item will be obtained
from its associated section where possible. The improvements to the Road
Deterioration models include new calibration attributes and these will be
given default values. It is necessary to review these attribute values to
determine if the default value is appropriate for each section.

13.4.4 Works Effects Triggering and Operations

The way that the condition that triggers work items (maintenance and
improvements) has been improved. The responsive trigger conditions and
scheduled options are migrated from HDM-4 Version 1.3. However, the
limits are not migrated as it was found that the majority of users did not use
the limit attributes (for instance, last year, maximum roughness, etc) to restrict

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 the triggering of work items, and to include them unnecessarily would have
resulted in overly complex triggering expressions. Therefore the work items
trigger conditions should be reviewed if use of the limit attributes in Version
1.3 was utilised.
There have been some changes to the Works Effects models of Bituminous
and Unsealed pavements.
Bituminous Works Effects – Patching
The effects of patching have been updated in HDM-4 Version 2.0. The screen
showing the definition of patching in HDM-4 Version 1.3 is shown below,
and it can be seen that the user has four choices for the distress to be patched,
and the percentage of that distress to patch.

The choices have been modified in HDM-4 Version 2.0, and some of the
options require further data to be defined. The HDM-4 Version 2.0 screen is
shown below. It can be seen that the option to patch “Severely damaged
area” has been removed, and that the option to patch “Transverse thermal
cracking only” has been added.

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 The definition of patching “Potholing only” has changed such that the user
must also define the time lapse to patching. In HDM-4 Version 1.3 this
attribute was defined for each section, and has been moved to improve the
relation to the work item it is associated with. As Maintenance Standards can
be re-used with many sections, it will be necessary to review the time lapse to
patching attribute to ensure it is desirable for each of the section alternatives
the containing Maintenance Standard is assigned to.
Bituminous Works Effects – Calibration
HDM-4 Version 2 includes improved calibration of the works effects. The
following screen shows the calibration attributes that are now included. It can
be seen that levels for triggers and the percentage that is repaired can be set
for certain operations. Also the preparatory works performed are configurable
for overlays and resealing operations. By default the values will be the same
as those previously used internally within HDM-4 Version 1.3 and therefore
the user should only modify these if they desire different works effects from
those defaults.

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 Unsealed Works Effects – Grading
HDM-4 Version 2 introduces three types of grading types, as shown in the
screen below. All grading work items will default to the equivalent “Light
motorised grading” option.

Unsealed Works Effects – Calibration

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 HDM-4 Version 2 includes improved calibration of the unsealed works
effects. The following screen shows the calibration attributes that are now
included. It can be seen that a calibration factor for the effects of the three
grading options is included. The default value for these is such that Light
Motorised Grading has the same effect as the single grading option in Version
1.3. The user should modify these if they desire different works effects from
these defaults.

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A4 back covers 10/12/99 4:48 pm Page 3

Volume one: Overview of HDM-4

volume three
A short executive summary describing the HDM-4 system. It is intended to be used by all readers new to HDM-4,
particularly high-level management within a road organisation.
ISBN: 2-284060-183-4

Volume two: Applications Guide

A task oriented guide describing typical examples of different types of analyses. It is to be used by the frequent user
who wishes to know how to perform a task or create a study.
ISBN: 2-284060-184-2

Volume three: Software User Guide

Describes the HDM-4 software. It is a general purpose document which provides an understanding of the software
user interface.
ISBN: 2-284060-185-0

Volume four: Analytical Framework and Model Descriptions

Describes the analytical framework and the technical relationships of objects within the HDM-4 model. It contains Association
very comprehensive reference material describing, in detail, the characteristics of the modelling and strategy mondiale
incorporated in HDM-4. It is to be used by specialists or experts whose task is to carry out a detailed study for a de la Route
road management organisation.
ISBN: 2-284060-189-9
Volume five: A Guide to Calibration and Adaptation
Suggests methods for calibrating and adapting HDM models (as used in HDM-III and HDM-4), to allow for local
conditions existing in different countries. It discusses how to calibrate HDM-4 through its various calibration factors.
It is intended to be used by experienced practitioners who wish to understand the detailed framework and models
built into the HDM-4 system. Wo r l d R o a d
ISBN: 2-84060-063-3 Association

Volume six: Modelling Road Deterioration and Works Effects

This volume describes the technical background of theory, observation, knowledge and international practice in
which the HDM-4 models for road deterioration and works effects have been developed.
ISBN-2-84060-102-8

Volume seven: Modelling Road User and Environmental Effects

This volume describes the technical background of theory, observation, knowledge and international practice in
which the HDM-4 models for road user and environmental effects have been developed.
ISBN-2-84060-103-6

Highway Development and Management Series

The Highway Development and Management system (HDM-4) provides a harmonised systems approach
to road management, with adaptable and user-friendly software tools. It is a powerful tool for conducting
project appraisals and analyses of road management and investment alternatives.

PIARC, Registered in France These HDM-4 products have been produced by the International Study of Highway
Development and Management Tools (ISOHDM), sponsored by The World Bank, the
Registered Office Asian Development Bank, the Department for International Development (UK), the
Association mondiale de la Route/World Swedish National Road Administration, and other sponsors. HDM-4 is jointly published
Road Association (AIPCR/PIARC) by The World Road Association (PIARC), Paris, and The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
La Grande Arche
Paroi Nord - Niveau 5 PIARC endeavours to ensure that the information in this document is correct and fairly
92055 La Défense Cédex - France stated but does not accept liability for any error or omission.

Tel: +33 (0)1 47 96 81 21 The development of PIARC products and services is continuous and published
Fax: +33 (0)1 49 00 02 02 information may not be up to date. It is important to check the current position with
Email: [email protected] PIARC. This document is not part of a contract or licence save insofar as may be
Web: http://www.piarc.org expressly agreed.

Highway Development and Management Series

Series Collection ISBN: 2-84060-058-7
Copyright © 2006 The World Road Association (PIARC) on behalf of the ISOHDM sponsors All rights reserved English edition