Enhancing The Heating Properties of Agri

Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies Issue 32, January-June 2018
ISSN 1583-1078 p. 77-92
Engineering, Environment
Enhancing the heating properties of agricultural waste briquettes
Olatunde Ajani OYELARAN*1, Bayode Julius OLORUNFEMI1, Olawale Monsur SANUSI1,

Adeyinka Oke FAGBEMIGUN 2, Olusegun Abiodun BALOGUN3
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University Technology, Akure, Nigeria
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
E-mail(s): [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected] ; [email protected]; [email protected]
*
Corresponding author, phone: +2348028253912
Received: February 07, 2018 / Accepted: May 23, 2018 / Published: June 30, 2018
Abstract
The amount of energy available for consumption is a criterion for economic
development of any nation. The necessity to develop alternative energy sources for
fossil fuel is evident due to its scarcity, increase in price and non-renewability. The
development of energy from biomass is one area among the various energy alternatives
that has considerable promise and is receiving attention. The study investigated the
effect ultimate and combustion characteristic of homogenous and composite briquettes
produced from three agricultural residues in the ratio of 50:50. The results obtained
shows that carbon and hydrogen content of composite briquettes are higher than their
corresponding homogenous briquettes. The increased in the carbon and hydrogen
content led to increase in calorific value of composite briquettes which ranges between
18.77 and 19.28 MJ/kg while for homogenous briquettes is between 17.71 and 19.09
MJ/kg. A graph of calorific value against total hydrogen and carbon contents shows
that the calorific values of the briquettes is not linearly related to their total hydrogen
contents but directly related to their total carbon content. The coefficient R 2, which
represent the correlation between calorific values and total carbon and hydrogen
contents were calculated as 0.9858 and 0.0365 respectively. The combustion
characteristics also shows considerable advantage of composting agricultural waste with
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http://lejpt.academicdirect.org
Olatunde Ajani OYELARAN, Bayode Julius OLORUNFEMI, Olawale.Monsur SANUSI, Adeyinka Oke
FAGBEMIGUN, Olusegun Abiodun BALOGUN
thermal efficiency and combustion rate of composite briquettes ranging between 25.25
and 31.69% and 1.63 and 1.71 g/min respectively while that of homogenous briquettes
ranges between 19.67 and 23.67% and 0.189 to 0.225 g/min respectively. It could be
concluded that production of composite briquette of agricultural waste should be
encouraged.
Keywords
Biomass, Composite; Homogenous; Ultimate analysis; Combustion; Solid Fuel
Introduction
Billions of tons of agricultural residue are generated globally every year. This massive
quantity of biodegradable wastes can be converted to a large sum of energy and raw materials.
As raw materials, biomass wastes have attractive potentials for large-scale industries, cottage
enterprises and household utilization Biomass is an attractive energetic source, since it is cheap,
renewable and available in most parts of the world. Biomass in all its forms currently provides
about 1250 million tonnes of oil equivalent of primary energy which is about 14% of the world’s
annual energy consumption [1]. Demirbas [2], wrote that an average majority of biomass energy
is produced from wood and wood wastes (64%), followed by solid waste (24%), agricultural
waste (5%) and landfill gases (5%). Biomass is the only renewable resource with the potential
to produce power, fuels, and chemicals. It is our hope that, with time biomass can replace fossil
fuels. Among renewable resources for energy generation, biomass is the least cost alternative.
The utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for energy usage has considerably increased. Due to
the varied natures of biomass materials, their properties usually range and show different
behaviours in thermal processes. The key properties that offer information about a fuel are
heating values, proximate (determination of moisture, ash, volatile and fixed carbon content),
ultimate analysis (C, H, N, S and O composition) and ash composition, The information on
biomass properties enables the forecast of environmental effects and technical parts related to
thermal processes. Hence, thermal decomposition behaviour is an outcome of the biomass
physicochemical characteristic, which gives valuable information concerning features of the
complex reactions that occur throughout the pyrolysis of the biomass. Chirchir et al., [3] wrote
that the determination of the calorific values and percentage of C, H, N, S and O of biofuels are
important in considering their suitability as environmentally safe energy sources and their
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ISSN 1583-1078 p. UUU-VVV
potential to produce a particular bio-energy that can be used for industrial and domestic process
heat. They also concluded that the estimation of high heating value from the elemental
composition of fuel is also important in performance modelling calculations on thermal system.
Composite agricultural waste briquettes may exhibit variation in composition and fuel
characteristics, when compared with homogenous agricultural waste briquettes. Therefore the
knowledge of their ultimate analysis and heating values has become vital. Briquetting is
presently a common practice in developing countries. Briquetting is one of several compaction
technologies to form a product of higher bulk density, lower moisture content, and uniform size
shape, and material properties [4]. Tabare et al., [2000] also noted that the use of agricultural
and forest wastes as well as industrial by-products for production of briquettes are increasing.
Some authors worked on the production of briquettes without binder from groundnut shell and
waste paper admixture [6], cotton stalks [7] and straws of colza, [8]. Tripathi et al., [9] wrote
that briquetting of raw agricultural residues without binder is now a common practice in India.
The value of the proximate and ultimate analysis is used to evaluate the fuel value of the raw
biomass material, which provides an approximation of the ash handling requirement which
describes the burning characteristics.
International Energy Agency, in her report estimated total energy consumption in
Nigeria in 2009 was approximated to about 4.6 EJ or 111MTOE [10]. Traditional biomass
(wood fuel and charcoal) accounted for 85% of total energy consumption which has contributed
to desertification, deforestation and erosion in the country. This high percentage share of
biomass represents its use to meet off-grid heating and cooking, mainly in rural areas and by
the urban poor. It has been estimated that about 80% of Nigerian households living in the rural
and urban areas use wood fuel and charcoal for cooking and heating [11]. The use of wood fuels
and other environmental degrading forms of energy in developing countries like Nigeria is
aggravated by unaffordability and inaccessibility of conventional forms of energy like
electricity by both urban and rural dwellers. This over dependence on wood for both cooking is
putting the nation’s dwindling forest under undue stress which is resulting into serious
deforestation and desertification. The effect of this could translate subsequently to serious
impact on the ecosystem like climate change, agriculture and water resources, if no serious
action is taken.
The physicochemical characteristics of biomass are responsible for its attractiveness as
a source to harnessed energy [12]. Disposal of biomass wastes, produced in different agro-
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industrial activities, is normally an environmental problem. A key for such condition is the
utilization of these residues for the production of energetic solid bio-fuel by increasing their
proximate and ultimate properties of biomass. A lot of studies in different countries have being
conducted for the assessment of availability of residual biomass. Scarlat et al. [13] assessed the
availability of residual biomass of agricultural and forest crops suitable for bioenergy
production in Romania. Crop yield, variation multi-annual yield, environmental and economic
constraints and competitive uses were taken into account to estimate agricultural residues. A
similar study was developed by Shonhiwa, [14] who explored the magnitude of biomass
available for energy production using thermochemical conversion technologies in Zimbabwe.
On the other hand, Iye et al., [15] studied the availability of agricultural residues in Nigeria,
Oyelaran et al., [16] examined characterization of briquettes produced from groundnut shell
and waste paper admixture. In Nigeria, several studies were undertaken to characterize residues
from agriculture, animal, forestry and municipal solid waste in order to assess its energy
potential [17]. As a result of its location in the tropics, Nigeria has comparative advantages in
the production of agricultural and forest biomass and its availability are sufficient to satisfy the
energy demands of the country.
The main objective of this research work is to investigate the effect ultimate and
combustion characteristic of homogenous and composite briquettes produced from three
agricultural residues in the ratio of 50:50 with the aim of discovering if there are considerable
effects on them, when compared with homogenous agricultural waste briquettes.
Material and method
Sampling of biomass materials
Three (3) selected agricultural residues (Corn cob, groundnut shell and banana leaves)
locally produced in Nigeria’s farmlands were collected from farmlands and local community
around Kano and Ikole-Ekiti in Nigeria. They were kept under room temperature and used in
this experimental work without any pre-treatment so as to represent the actual situation
(condition) by which they are used as fuel.
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Preparation of the briquette samples
The preparation of the briquette samples was carried out using the steps shown in Figure
1.
Raw biomass (banana leave, Corn cob

and groundnut shell)
Drying
Crushing and grinding and

sieving of individual
biomass
Weighing and proper mixing Weighing and proper mixing

of individual biomass with of two types of biomass with
binder and water binder and water (composites)
Briquetting
Drying (Sun dry for 15

days)
Testing of briquettes
Figure 2. The basic flow process for briquettes production
The briquettes were produced using a manually operated hydraulic briquetting machine.
Briquettes of the various compositions were shaped with a precise amount of starch based on
the whole mass of the blend was used as the briquette binder as shown in Table 1. Throughout
the production, specific quantity of water was added to the blend to attain homogeneity and the
pressure was maintained at 5MPa throughout the production time, after the production of these
briquettes it was sun dried for 15 days before study.
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Table 1. The briquette produced with the ratio of their percentage compositions
Sample Composition of briquette studied
B 100% banana leave
C 100% corn cob
G 100% groundnut shell
CG 50% corn cob and 50% groundnut shell
CB 50% corn cob and 50% banana leave
GB 50% groundnut shell and 50% banana leave
Determination of ultimate analyses of the individual and composite

agricultural waste briquette
The ultimate analyses of the individual and composite agricultural waste briquettes were
determined (which include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur content). The
determination of their percentage compositions were carried out using standard methods. The
percentage oxygen content of the individual composite agricultural waste briquette was
determined by difference while the heating value was determined using Gallenkamp Ballistic
Bomb Calorimeter.
Determination of ash content (AC)
About 2g of finely ground oven dried sample was placed in a porcelain crucible and
weighed, W1, before it was transferred into a preheated muffle furnace set at temperature of
900°C. The furnace was left on for about an hour after which the crucible with the content was
transferred to the desiccators and allowed to cool. The crucible with its content was reweighed,
Wf and the weight of the empty crucible was Wc, the ash content (% dry basis), was given as
Eq. (1):
Ash 100 (1)
Where: Wf - final weight of crucible with sample after heating, Wc - weight of empty crucible
and W1 - initial weight of crucible with sample before heating.
Determination of carbon and hydrogen contents
Carbon and hydrogen contents biomass feedstock were determined simultaneously by
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Leibig – Pregl method. 1g of sample flour was placed in a quartz test tube and burned off
through the absorbents magnesium percolate to absorb water and sodium hydroxide to absorb
carbon dioxide. The amounts of water and carbon dioxide were determined from the difference
between the two weightings, one before the other after the absorption of water and carbon
dioxide. The percentage of Carbon (%C) and hydrogen (%H) were evaluated thus Eq. (2-3):
%C= × 100% (2)
%H= ×100% (3)
Where: a - quantity of CO2, b - quantity of H2O
Determination of nitrogen contents
Nitrogen content of biomass feedstock was determined by Dumas – Pregl method. A

0.2g of the sample flour was mixed with powder of copper oxide in the ignition tube. Air was
displaced from the tube by passing through a stream of CO2 until minute bubble appeared in
the Nitrogen flow meter filled with about 50% solution of potassium hydrogen. The weighed
sample was burned off at between 700°C and 750°C in a gas burner and later burned in an
atmosphere of CO2 with the gas cylinder shut off. After ignition, the combustion product was
displaced with carbon dioxide into the nitrogen flow meter. The percentage Nitrogen (%N)
content was determined by the Eq. (4):
%N = × 100% (4)
Where: V - volume of Nitrogen in the Nitrogen flow meter, 1.097 = mass of 1 ml of Nitrogen
at the test tube.
Determination of sulphur content
A 1g of biomass feedstock sample flour was wrapped in a filter paper free from ash and
it was secured in the platinum wire seal into a glass rod held fast to the stopper of a flask filled
with Oxygen. The weighed sample was ignited in filter and inserted in the flask immediately,
and the flask was plugged with the stopper. The product was absorbed with a mixture of water
and Hydrogen peroxide to oxidize the combustion product immediately. The combustion
product was titrated with a solution of Barium percolate in the presence of the indicator Toron
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with a PH value of 4.5. The percentage of sulfur was found by the Eq. (5):
%S = ×100% (5)
Where: T - titre of Ba (CO4)2 solution, V - volume of Ba (CO4)2 solution.
Determination of oxygen content
The percentage oxygen content was determined as follows, Eq. (6) [18]:
% Oxygen = 100 – (C+H+N+S) (6)
Where: C - % carbon content in the biomass fuel, H - % hydrogen content in the biomass fuel,
N - % nitrogen content in the biomass fuel, S - % sulphur content in the biomass fuel.
Determination of combustion properties of individual and composite

agricultural waste briquette
In this study, combustion analysis was conducted to understand the combustion

characteristics of the briquette fuel, flame propagation rate, afterglow time and water boiling
test was carried out to replicate cooking conditions when briquette fuel is utilized. The
combustion performance of each briquette produced was recorded. Tables for the combustion
parameters were made to ascertain the combustion performance of each of the briquette.
Determination of calorific value of the briquettes produced
Calorific value of the sample was determined using Gallenkamp Ballistic Bomb
Calorimeter according to ASTM E711-87 [19].
Determination of ignition time of the briquettes produced
Ignition time was determined according to Onuegbu et al., [20]. Each briquette was
ignited by placing a Bunsenn burner on a platform 4 cm directly beneath. Bunsen burner was
used to ensure that the whole of the bottom surface of the briquette was ignited simultaneously
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after adjusting it to blue flame. Caution was taken to avoid flame spread in the transverse
directions. The burner was left in until the briquette was well ignited and had entered into its
steady state burn phase.
Determination of combustion rate of the briquettes produced
Burning time was obtained by observing the mass changes recorded on mechanical
balance and also by using stop watch. It is the time for the biomass combustion to be completed.
With known amount of total burnt briquette and burning time, average combustion rate can be
calculated using the following Eq. (7) [21].
CR = (7)
Determination of thermal fuel efficiency of the briquettes produced
Thermal fuel efficiency ( of the energy was calculated according to Oladeji, Eq. (8)
[22]:
(8)
The numerator gives the net heat supplied to the water, while the denominator gives the
net heat liberated by the fuel.
Where: PHU - percentage heat utilized (%); P - power output (KW); SFC - specific fuel
consumption (kg of fuel/kg of water); B.R - burning rate (kg/s); mw - mass of water in the pot
(kg); T0 - initial temperature of water (K); T1 - boiling temperature of the water (K); mc - mass
of water evaporated (kg); L - latent heat of evaporation (KJ/kgmol); mf - mass of fuel burnt
(kg); Ef - calorific value of the fuel (KJ/kg); t - time taken to burn fuel (s).
Results and discussion
The results of the ultimate analysis of the individual and composite
The results of the ultimate analysis of the individual and composite briquettes are shown
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in Table 2.
Table 2. Ultimate analysis and the heating values of briquettes
Sample C% H% N% S% O% Ash% CV (MJ/kg)
C 46.32 3.44 0.36 0.88 49.00 5.12 17.71
G 47.43 4.52 1.31 0.13 46.61 5.47 18.53
B 44.28 6.23 0.80 0.21 48.48 10.16 19.09
CG 48.23 7.13 0.51 0.30 43.23 5.51 19.28
CB 47.11 6.98 0.38 0.83 44.70 8.66 18.77
GB 47.62 7.11 0.81 0.21 44.25 9.17 19.14
It can be seen from the table 2 that, the carbon and hydrogen content of composite corn
cob and groundnut shell briquettes are higher than that of composite corn cob and banana leave
briquettes and composite banana leave and groundnut shell briquettes. However, comparing the
carbon and hydrogen content of homogenous agricultural waste briquette with those of the
composite briquettes those of the composite are higher than their corresponding individual
briquette. As shown in Table 2, the trend in the percentage nitrogen content of the briquettes
have no define pattern but can be concluded that the composite briquettes achieved some
reduction in the nitrogen content except for groundnut shell and banana leave composite
briquette that has small increase in the nitrogen content. The low content of nitrogen in the
briquettes whether homogeneous or composite result in low emission of NOx. The nitrogen
which comes with air for combustion of agricultural waste does not oxide since they oxides at
a temperature of about 1500 0C (Nag, 2001) and the combustion temperature of agricultural
waste briquette are usually less than 1500 0C. The percentage sulphur content in the
homogenous and composite agricultural waste briquettes are low as shown in Table 2. There
are no significant increases when the sulphur content of the homogenous and composite
briquettes is compared. This means that, the low sulphur content in the briquettes will result in
low emission of its oxides when the briquettes are burnt. The oxygen content of the composite
briquettes is less than that of homogenous briquettes as seen in Table 2. Han, [23] wrote that
higher amount of oxygen may lead to increase in NOX and SOX emission. Accordingly, less
emissions of the oxide of nitrogen and sulphur from composite briquette is expected, compare
to those from homogenous briquettes. The ash content of composite corn cob and banana leave
and that groundnut shell and banana leave briquettes were found to be higher than that of
homogenous corn cob and groundnut shell briquettes. While that of composite corn cob and
groundnut shell briquette is in an average range of the ash content of homogenous groundnut
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shell briquette and a little higher than that of homogenous corn cob briquette as shown in Table
2. Demibras, [24] noted that high ash content reduces ignitibility of the fuel briquettes.
Relationship between calorific value (CV) and total hydrogen/carbon contents

(%wt) of the samples
The calorific value is measured directly with bomb calorimeter. A graph of calorific
value against total hydrogen and carbon contents is plotted. From the data shown in Tables 2
the trend of data plotted in Figure 1 and 2, it is apparent that the calorific values of the briquettes
is not linearly related to their total hydrogen contents but directly related to their total carbon
content, i.e. the higher the carbon content of biomass, the higher the heat energy to do a useful
work.
Figure 1. Calorific value against carbon contents
19,4
19,2
Calorific value (MJ/kg
19
y = 0,0713x + 18,331
18,8 R² = 0,0365
18,6
18,4
18,2
18
17,8
17,6
3 4 5 6 7 8
Hydrogen content (%)
Figure 2. Calorific value against total hydrogen contents
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The coefficient R2, which represent the correlation between calorific values and total
carbon and hydrogen contents were calculated as 0.9858 and 0.0365 respectively. These
calculated values show that the relationship between calorific values and total carbon contents
is positive/and directly while for hydrogen content there is no correlation. These results are in
good agreement with the theoretical equations derived by Parikh [24] that the high heating value
of biomass materials is a very strong function of its fixed carbon content. The fixed carbon
content represents the amount of combustible material present in the char residue after loss of
moisture and volatile matter. This proved that the gross calorific value is most influenced by
the composition of briquette The calorific value of the briquettes studied compares well with
that reported by RETSASIA, [25] 19,534 kJ/kg for briquettes from a mixture of palm kernel
cake (PKC) and sawdust and 18,936 kJ/kg for sawdust of some hardwood species [26]. This
value is also compares with the heating values of briquettes produced from corncob, groundnut
shell, melon shell, cassava and yam peels and were found to be 20,890, 18,634.34, 21,887,
12,765, and 17,348 kJ/kg, respectively Oladeji [27]. These energy values obtained for the whole
samples are sufficient enough to produce heat required for household cooking and small scale
industrial cottage applications. The calorific value of the briquettes is within the acceptable
range for commercial briquette fulfilling the minimum requirement of calorific value for
making commercial briquette (>17500 J/g), as stated by DIN 51731[26, 28].
The carbon and oxygen content is important in biomass energy analysis. High Oxygen
content tends to lower the calorific value while high carbon content tends to form high grade
biomass fuel. It is evident from Table 2 and 3 that high carbon contents contributes to the
calorific value positively and high oxygen content is contributes negatively. It is therefore
important in biomass conversion routes to deoxidize the biomass in order to increase the heating
value. This was achieved by composite application. The measured percentage H, N and S
contents are generally much lower to that of hydrocarbon fuels and oxygen content is high to
that of hydrocarbon. The total nitrogen varies in the range 0.36 -1.31(wt %) and the total sulphur
content ranges between 0.13 - 0.91 (wt %). Both nitrogen and sulfur content are not important
in biomass combustion. They tend to increase the release of toxic gases that are either irritants
(NOx, SO2, aldehydes and acrolein) or asphyxiants (HCN) which may cause adverse effect to
living organisms.
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The results of the Combustion Characteristic of the individual and composite
A low ignition time briquette indicates safety concerns during storage, the risk of
ignition and fire is increased in briquettes with low ignition time. Thus, caution must be taken
to keep briquettes free from sparks and extreme heat. The ignition time is a function of the
volatile matter and particle size. The higher the volatile matter the higher the ignition time since
more time is taken to burn off the volatiles before combustion. Also the larger the particle sizes
the higher the ignition time. The ignition time ranges between 64.43 and 88.54 minutes. The
recorded lowest ignition time recorded for corn cob and banana leave composite briquettes
could be attributed to high porosity exhibited between inter- and intra-particles which enable
easy percolation of oxygen and outflow of combustion briquettes due to low bonding force.
The obtained result for thermal fuel efficiency of briquettes ranges between 19.67 –
31.69% as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Results of combustion properties of briquettes
Sample Ignition Time Combustion rate
(min) (g/min)
B 19.67 88.54 0.225
C 21.79 67.23 0.201
G 23.67 72.54 0.189
CG 25.25 68.37 0.171
CB 31.25 64.43 0.169
GB 31.69 87.14 0.163
The results reveal that composite briquettes have higher thermal efficiency than their
corresponding homogeneous briquettes. This shows that the groundnut shell-banana leave
briquette would be the best fuel for domestic cooking. This briquette would require the lowest
quantity in kilograms to bring an amount of water to boil and evaporate.
Combustion rate is one of the important characteristics to confirm the quality of
briquettes, it is the amount of a material that undergoes combustion at a period of time [21].
The result of the combustion rate of briquettes is shown in Table 3. The lowest combustion rate
of 0.163 g/min was recorded in groundnut shell and banana leave composite briquette, with
homogenous banana leave briquette recording the highest of 0.225 g/min. Combustion rate has
a significant effect on briquette application. A briquette with high combustion rate implies that
more briquettes will be required in combustion as they burn off readily. The combustion rate in
this study which ranges between 0.163 and 0.225 g/min is comparable with that reported by
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Oyelaran et al, [21] for tannery solid waste briquette which ranges between 0.171 and 0.217
g/min and lower than that reported by Islam et al. (2014) of briquette from Coir Dust and Rice
Husk Blend which varies between 0.789-0.945 kg/hour and 0.43 g/min reported by Nasrin et
al, [29] for palm briquette.
Conclusions
Composite solid fuel was produced from three homogenous agricultural waste in a ratio
of 50:50 and processed through briquetting method using cassava starch as binder. The
produced briquettes were subjected ultimate analysis and combustion test with a view of
assessing their combustion quality and suitability. The results obtained shows that composite
briquettes have enhanced Carbon and Hydrogen contents as well as heating value, compared to
their individual homogenous briquettes as evident in this research work. The produced
briquettes were found to meet the requirement for household cooking, heating and for used in
cottage industries.
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92

Enhancing The Heating Properties of Agri

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Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies Issue 32, January-June 2018

ISSN 1583-1078 p. 77-92

Enhancing the heating properties of agricultural waste briquettes

Olatunde Ajani OYELARAN*1, Bayode Julius OLORUNFEMI1, Olawale Monsur SANUSI1,

Material and method

Sampling of biomass materials

Raw biomass (banana leave, Corn cob

Crushing and grinding and

Weighing and proper mixing Weighing and proper mixing

Drying (Sun dry for 15

Determination of ultimate analyses of the individual and composite

Determination of ash content (AC)

Ash 100 (1)

Determination of carbon and hydrogen contents

Carbon and hydrogen contents biomass feedstock were determined simultaneously by

%H= ×100% (3)

Where: a - quantity of CO2, b - quantity of H2O

Determination of nitrogen contents

Nitrogen content of biomass feedstock was determined by Dumas – Pregl method. A

Determination of sulphur content

Where: T - titre of Ba (CO4)2 solution, V - volume of Ba (CO4)2 solution.

Determination of oxygen content

Determination of combustion properties of individual and composite

In this study, combustion analysis was conducted to understand the combustion

Determination of calorific value of the briquettes produced

Determination of ignition time of the briquettes produced

Determination of combustion rate of the briquettes produced

Determination of thermal fuel efficiency of the briquettes produced

Results and discussion

The results of the ultimate analysis of the individual and composite

Relationship between calorific value (CV) and total hydrogen/carbon contents

Figure 1. Calorific value against carbon contents

Figure 2. Calorific value against total hydrogen contents

(3), p. 122-128 doi: 10.7454/mst.v21i3.3091.

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