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    Acknowledgement 2

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    singhayushkumar2423
    The document discusses photoresistors, also known as light dependent resistors (LDRs). [1] LDRs are passive components whose resistance decreases with increasing light intensity. [2] They are made from semiconductor materials like cadmium sulfide that allow their resistance to change when exposed to light. [3] The document outlines the working principle of LDRs, their types (intrinsic and extrinsic), diagrams, advantages, disadvantages and applications in devices like light sensors, night lights, and infrared astronomy equipment.

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    Acknowledgement 2

    Uploaded by

    singhayushkumar2423
    15 views12 pages
    The document discusses photoresistors, also known as light dependent resistors (LDRs). [1] LDRs are passive components whose resistance decreases with increasing light intensity. [2] They are made from semiconductor materials like cadmium sulfide that allow their resistance to change when exposed to light. [3] The document outlines the working principle of LDRs, their types (intrinsic and extrinsic), diagrams, advantages, disadvantages and applications in devices like light sensors, night lights, and infrared astronomy equipment.

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    The document discusses photoresistors, also known as light dependent resistors (LDRs). [1] LDRs are passive components whose resistance decreases with increasing light intensity. [2] They are made from semiconductor materials like cadmium sulfide that allow their resistance to change when exposed to light. [3] The document outlines the working principle of LDRs, their types (intrinsic and extrinsic), diagrams, advantages, disadvantages and applications in devices like light sensors, night lights, and infrared astronomy equipment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views12 pages

    Acknowledgement 2

    Uploaded by

    singhayushkumar2423
    The document discusses photoresistors, also known as light dependent resistors (LDRs). [1] LDRs are passive components whose resistance decreases with increasing light intensity. [2] They are made from semiconductor materials like cadmium sulfide that allow their resistance to change when exposed to light. [3] The document outlines the working principle of LDRs, their types (intrinsic and extrinsic), diagrams, advantages, disadvantages and applications in devices like light sensors, night lights, and infrared astronomy equipment.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 12

    Index

    Sr Content Page
    No. No.

    1. AIM 1
    2. Introduction 2
    3. Working Principle 3-5
    4. Diagram 6-7
    5. Advantages & 8
    Disadvantages
    6. Applications 9
    7. Bibliography 10
    AIM
    Photoresistor and its
    applications.

    1
    Introduction
    A photoresistor or light dependent resistor is a
    component that is sensitive to light. When light
    falls upon it then the resistance changes. Values
    of the resistance of the LDR may change over
    many orders of magnitude the value of the
    resistance falling as the level of light increases .It
    is not uncommon for the values of resistance of an
    LDR or photoresistor to be several megohms in
    darkness and then to fall to a few hundred ohms in
    bright light. With such a wide variation in
    resistance, LDRs are easy to use and there are
    many LDR circuits available. The sensitivity of light
    dependent resistors or photoresistors also varies
    with the wavelength of the incident light. LDRs are
    made from semiconductor materials to enable
    them to have their light sensitive properties. Many
    materials can be used, but one popular material
    for these photoresistors is cadmium sulphide, Cds.

    2
    Working principle
    The photoresistor doesn’t have a P-N junction like
    photodiodes. It is a passive component. These are
    made up of high resistance semiconductor
    materials.

    When light is incident on the photoresistor, photons


    get absorbed by the semiconductor material. The
    energy from the photon gets absorbed by the
    electrons. When these electrons acquire sufficient
    energy to break the bond, they jump into the
    conduction band. Due to this, the resistance of the
    photoresistor decreases. With the decrease in
    resistance, conductivity increases.

    Depending upon the type of semiconductor material


    used for photoresistor, their resistance range and
    sensitivity differs. In the absence of light, the
    photoresistor can have resistance values in
    megaohms. And during the presence of light, its
    resistance can decrease to a few hundred ohms.

    Types of Photoresistors
    Depending on the properties of semiconductor
    material used for designing a Photoresistor, these
    are classified into two types

    3
    – Extrinsic and Intrinsic photoresistors. These
    semiconductors react differently under different
    wavelength conditions.

    Intrinsic photoresistor:

    Intrinsic photoresistors are designed using Intrinsic


    semiconductor material. These intrinsic
    semiconductors have their own charge carriers. No
    free electrons are present in their conduction band.
    They contain holes in the valence band.

    So, to excite electrons present in an intrinsic


    semiconductor, from the valence band to
    conduction band, sufficient energy should be
    provided so that they can cross the entire bandgap.
    Hence we require higher energy photons to trigger
    the device. Hence, Intrinsic photoresistors are
    designed for higher frequency light detection.

    Extrinsic photoresistor :

    Extrinsic semiconductors are formed by doping


    intrinsic semiconductors with impurities. These
    impurities provide free electrons or holes for
    conduction. These free conductors lie in the energy
    band closer to the conduction band.

    4
    Thus, a little amount of energy can trigger them to
    jump into the conduction band. Extrinsic
    photoresistors are used for detecting the longer
    wavelength and lower frequency light.

    Higher the light intensity, larger the resistance drop


    of the photoresistor. The sensitivity of
    photoresistors varies with the wavelength of the
    light applied. When there is no sufficient
    wavelength, enough trigger the device, the device
    doesn’t react to the light. Extrinsic photoresistors
    can react to infrared waves. Intrinsic photoresistors
    can detect higher frequency light waves

    5
    Diagram

    6
    Photoresistor symbol

    7
    Advantages
    1)Small in size
    2)Low cost
    3)It is easy to carry from one place to another
    place.

    Disadvantages
    1)The accuracy of photoresistor is very low.

    8
    Applications
    The resistance of photoresistor is a nonlinear
    function of light intensity. Photoresistors are
    not as sensitive to light as photodiodes or
    phototransistors. Some of the applications of
    photoresistors are as follows-
    • These are used as light sensors.
    • These are used to measure the intensity
    of light.
    • Night light and photography light meters
    use photoresistors.
    • Their latency property is used in audio
    compressors and outside sensing.
    • Photoresistors can also be found in Alarm
    clocks, outdoor clocks, solar street lamps,
    etc.
    • Infrared astronomy and Infrared
    Spectroscopy also use photoresistors for
    measuring mid-infrared spectral region.

    9
    Bibli0graply
    1) www.technologystudent.com/elec1/
    ldr 1.htm
    2) www.electrical4u.com/light-dependent-resistor-
    ldr -working-principle-of-ldr
    3)https://www.electronicsnotes.com/articles/electronic_
    components/resistors/light-dependent-resistor-ldr.php

    10

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