MAHARASHTRA STATE

BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Harsh Pawar (137)

Mr. Soham Gharge (138)

Mr. Arnav Karangutkar (139)

Mr. Gaurav Rupnavar (140)

Of 1st semester of Diploma in Information Technology of institute of

NAVJEEVAN POLYTECHNIC (Code: 0144) has completed the Micro
Project satisfactorily in

Subject: Basic Electronics (22225) for the academic year 2022-2023 as

prescribe in the curriculum.

Place: - Bhandup Date: - ………………

Subject Teacher Head of Department Principal

 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

NAVJEEVAN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

POLYTECHNIC

Micro-Project
Academic year: 2023-2024

TITLE OF MICRO- PROJECT

Topics name: SMPS

Program : Information Technology

Program code :
Course : Computer peripherals &
hardware maintenance
Course code : 22013
 GROUP DETAILS

Sr.No Name of group Roll. Enrollment Seat No

members No. No.
1 Harsh Pawar 137 2201440099
2 Soham Gharge 138 2201440100
3 Arnav 139 2201440123
Karangutkar
4 Gaurav Rupnavar 140 2201440101

Helped and Guided By

Mr. Prasad parab
Introduction:
All electronic systems and equipment regardless of their size or
function have one thing in common: they all need a power supply
unit (PSU) that converts input voltage into a voltage or voltages
suitable for their circuits. The most common type of today's PSU is
the switch mode power supply (SMPS). A switched-mode power
supply (SMPS) is an electronic circuit that converts power using
switching devices that are turned on and off at high frequencies,
and storage components such as inductors or capacitors to supply
power when the switching device is in its non-conduction state.

Aim of the Micro-Project:

SMPS is to efficiently convert electrical power from one form another
while providing a stable and regulated DC output voltage using
semiconductor switches that are cycled on and off at high frequency.

Resource required:
Our most project supporter were WORD EXCEL (medium of
information provider) Website like google chrome (source for
chapter) Inbuilt software like WhatsApp (To communicate and share
the point)
Course outcome:
In this course outcomes we aim to provide meaningful, observable
and measurable knowledge on micro project topic by interpreting the
working of SMPS. An SMPS adjusts output voltage and current
between different electrical configurations by switching the basics of
typically lossless storage such as capacitors and inductors. From their
working till application.

Practical outcome:

It is used for obtaining a controlled DC supply (To convert

unregulated DC supply into regulated DC supply.). Like other power
supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a DC or AC source (often
mains power), to DC loads, such as a personal computer, while
converting voltage and current characteristics.
Brief introduction:

What is SMPS?

A Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is an electronic power

supply that uses switching regulators to convert electrical power
efficiently from one voltage level to another voltage level. It is an
essential component of modern electronic devices that require a
stable and efficient power supply. This paper will provide a
thorough analysis of SMPS, including its working principle,
different types, advantages, and disadvantages.
Working Principle of SMPS:

SMPS works by converting AC voltage to DC voltage by first

rectifying the AC voltage and then filtering it. After filtering, the DC
voltage is passed through a switching regulator, which is responsible
for controlling the output voltage. The switching regulator operates
by rapidly switching the input voltage on and off at a high frequency,
typically in the range of 20 kHz to 1 MHz

The switching regulator uses a series of components, including a

power switch, a diode, an inductor, and a capacitor, to regulate the
output voltage. The power switch is typically a MOSFET or a bipolar
transistor that is used to switch the input voltage on and off. The
diode is used to direct the current flow, while the inductor is used to
store energy in the magnetic field.

 Are there different types of SMPS?

YES, there are several types of SMPS available in the market,
including:

1. Buck Converter: The buck converter is a step-down SMPS

that reduces the input voltage to a lower output voltage.
2. Boost Converter: The boost converter is a step-up SMPS that
increases the input voltage to a higher output voltage
3. Buck-Boost Converter: The buck-boost converter is an SMPS
that can either increase or decrease the input voltage to a
desired output voltage.
4. Flyback Converter: The flyback converter is an SMPS that
uses a transformer to isolate the input and output voltages.
5. Forward Converter: The forward converter is an SMPS that
uses a transformer to step down the input voltage to a lower
output voltage.

Techopedia Explains Switched-Mode Power Supply:

Switched-mode power supplies are classified according to the type of
input and output voltages. The four major categories are:

 AC to DC
 DC to DC
 DC to AC
 AC to AC
A basic isolated AC to DC switched-mode power supply consists of:

 Input rectifier and filter

 Inverter consisting of switching devices such as MOSFETs
 Transformer
 Output rectifier and filter
 Feedback and control circuit

The input DC supply from a rectifier or battery is fed to the inverter

where it is turned on and off at high frequencies of between 20 KHz
and 200 KHz by the switching MOSFET or power transistors. The
high-frequency voltage pulses from the inverter are fed to the
transformer primary winding, and the secondary AC output is
rectified and smoothed to produce the required DC voltages. A
feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and instructs the control
circuit to adjust the duty cycle to maintain the output at the desired
level.

There are different circuit configurations known as topologies, each

having unique characteristics, advantages and modes of operation,
which determines how the input power is transferred to the output.
Most of the commonly used topologies such as flyback, push-pull,
half bridge and full bridge, consist of a transformer to provide
isolation, voltage scaling, and multiple output voltages. The non-
isolated configurations do not have a transformer and the power
conversion is provided by the inductive energy transfer.
These are some of the well-known and most commonly used
Switched Mode Power Supply for end customers.

1) DC-DC Converter:
The power received from AC mains is rectified and filtered as a high-
voltage DC. This high DC voltage is then switched and fed to the
step-down transformer at the primary side. At the secondary side of
the step-down transformer, the rectified and filtered output is
collected which is ultimately sent as the output to the power supply.

2) Forward Converter:
Irrespective of if the transistor is conducting or not the choke carries
the current in the forward converter. The diode inside the transistor
carries the current during the OFF period to support the energy flow
through the load. During the on period, the choke stores the energy
and also passes a part of the energy to the output load.

3) Flyback Converter:
In a Flyback converter, during the on period of the switch magnetic
field of the inductor stores energy. When the switch is in the open
state the energy is emptied into the output voltage circuit. The Duty
cycle in the Flyback converter is determined by the output voltage.
4) Self-oscillating Flyback Converter:
It is based on the Flyback principle. During conduction, a current
through the transformer primary starts to ramp up linearly with the
slope Vin/Lp. Due to the voltage induced in the feedback winding and
the secondary winding, the fast recovery rectifier starts to operate in
reverse biased and hold the conducting transistor ON. The core begins
to saturate once the current reaches its peak value. The result is a
sharp rise in current is not supported by the fixed base drive supported
by feedback windings. Hence, the switching begins to come out of
saturation.

Design basics:
AC power first passes through fuses and a line filter. Then it is
rectified by a full-wave bridge rectifier. The rectified voltage is next
applied to the power factor correction (PFC) pre-regulator followed
by the downstream DC-DC converter(s).

Most computers and small appliances use the International

Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) style input connector. As for
output connectors and pinouts, except for some industries, such as PC
and compact PCI, in general, they are not standardized and are left up
to the manufacturer.
Why SMPS
Like every electronic gadget, SMPS also involve some active and
some passive components. And like each of those gadgets, it has its
own advantages and disadvantages.

Where is SMPS used?

SMPS is widely used in various applications, including:

 Personal Computers: SMPS is used to provide power to

personal computers.
 Telecommunications: SMPS is used in telecommunications to
provide power to base stations, routers, and switches.
 Medical Equipment: SMPS is used in medical equipment to
provide a stable and efficient power supply.
 Industrial Automation: SMPS is used in industrial
automation to provide power to various control systems.
Then there’s the bad set:
 The transient spikes due to the switching action can migrate into
other areas of the circuits if not properly filtered. These can
cause electromagnetic or RF interference affecting other nearby
items of electronic equipment, particularly if they receive radio
signals.

 To ensure that an SMPS performs as per the required

specification can be a bit difficult. The ripple and interference
levels are particularly tricky.

 The costs of a switch mode power supply is calculated before

designing or using one. Additional filtering further adds to the
cost.

What would the future hold?

In the future, we could have more efficient SMPS aimed at a better
converter doing the most effective conversion process. The focus
areas for designers in making SMPS efficient would be:

 Higher output power

 Achieving higher current output and low voltage
 Increasing power density
 Using a switching device like Schottky diode
SiC Schottky diode bench-marked at 300-600 V range of operation
can be used as an active device in place of a transistor with high
switching frequency. Why don’t you give it a try? In a lab. Under
expert guidance maybe…
SMPS Topologies:

SMPS circuits contain networks of transformers, energy storage and

filter inductors, capacitors, and power handling electronic switches
and rectifiers. Their particular arrangement is referred to as
a topology.

An SMPS reduces size and improves efficiency by increasing the

frequency of operation. The compromises are increased ripple and
noise (both conducted and radiated EMI) on the output, which have to
be managed

Advantages of SMPS:
There are several advantages of SMPS over traditional linear power
supplies, including:
 Higher Efficiency: SMPS is more efficient than linear power
supplies because it uses switching regulators to convert the
voltage, which reduces power loss.
 Smaller Size: SMPS is typically smaller in size than linear
power supplies because it requires fewer components.
 Lighter Weight: SMPS is lighter in weight than linear power
supplies because it requires less material.
 Greater Flexibility: SMPS can be designed to operate over a
wide range of input voltages and output voltages.
 Reduced Heat Dissipation: SMPS generates less heat than linear
power supplies because it has a higher efficiency.
Disadvantages of SMPS:

There are also some disadvantages of SMPS, including:

 Complex Design: SMPS has a more complex design than
linear power supplies because it requires switching
regulators.
 More Noise: SMPS generates more noise than linear
power supplies because of the high-frequency switching.
 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): SMPS can cause EMI,
which can interfere with other electronic devices.
 Cost: SMPS is generally more expensive than linear power
Supplies because it requires more components.

Applications:

Provide examples of different applications where SMPS is commonly

used, such as LED lighting, battery chargers, and motor control

Conclusion:

Despite being comparatively complex, switched-mode power supplies

have become increasingly popular due to their size, weight, and
efficiency benefits.

In our next article, we will take a closer look at non-isolated

converters and their applications.