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Ch6 7 Modern Symmetric Key Ciphers

This document provides an introduction to modern symmetric-key ciphers, including a history of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and an overview of its structure and encryption process. It also discusses alternatives to DES like Triple DES and introduces the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), describing its history, structure, encryption process, and analysis of its security compared to DES.

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48 views17 pages

Ch6 7 Modern Symmetric Key Ciphers

This document provides an introduction to modern symmetric-key ciphers, including a history of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and an overview of its structure and encryption process. It also discusses alternatives to DES like Triple DES and introduces the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), describing its history, structure, encryption process, and analysis of its security compared to DES.

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Achyuth P
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to

Modern Symmetric-Key Ciphers

1
Objectives

• Review a short history of DES.

• Define the basic structure of DES.

• List DES alternatives.

• Introduce the basic structure of AES.

2
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
History

• DES is most well known symmetric-key block cipher


published by National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST).
• Proposal from IBM.
• DES was adopted as a federal standard in 1976 and
published as DES in 1977.
• It was used widely in the financial industry.
• In 1998, NIST issued a call for a new proposal for an
algorithm because DES was no longer able to provide
adequate cryptographic protection.

3
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
Overview

• Block size=64 bit


It takes a 64 bit plaintext and creates 64 bit ciphertext.

• Key=56 bit
The round-key generator create sixteen 48 bit keys out of one 56
bit cipher key.

4
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
Encryption

Encryption process is made of:


• Two permutation
- Called initial and final.
- Each of these permutation takes a 64-bit input and permutes
them according to a predefined rules.
- They are keyless straight permutation per that are the inverse
of each other.
• 16 Feistel rounds.
- Each round uses different round key generated by round key
generator.

5
64-bit plaintext

DES
Initial permutation

K1

Round-Key generator
Round 1
48 bit
K2
Round 2

.. ..
48 bit 56 bit
Cipher key

Round
K 16
Round 16
48 bit

Final permutation

64-bit ciphertext

Figure 6.2: General Structure of DES


Ref: http://www.dmst.aueb.gr/dds/secimp/crypto/indexw.htm
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
Decryption

The decryption is essentially the same as encryption.


only the key schedule is reversed. This is due to the fact
that DES is based on a Feistel network.

8
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
Criticism

DES was criticized for two reasons:


1. Small key length (only 56 bit) which could make the
cipher vulnerable to brute-force attack.
2. Critics were concerned about some hidden design
behind the internal structure of DES.

9
DES Alternatives

There exists a wealth of other block ciphers. A small


collection of as of yet unbroken ciphers is:
Algorithm I/O bits Key Lengths Remark
AES/Rijndael 128 128/192/256 DES “successor", US
federal standard
Triple DES 64 112 (effective) • Most conservative
choice
• It has been adopted by
banking industry
Mars 128 128/192/256 AES finalist
RC6 128 128/192/256 AES finalist
Serpent 128 128/192/256 AES finalist
Twofish 128 128/192/256 AES finalist
IDEA 64 128 patented
10
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
History

• The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a


symmetric-key block cipher.
• In February 2001, NIST announced that a draft of the
Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) was
available for public review and comment
• AES was published as FIPS 1997. the Federal
Register in December 2001.
• The criteria defined by NIST for selecting AES fall
into three areas: security, cost, implementation.

11
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Overview

• AES is a non-Feistel cipher.


• It encrypts and decrypts a data block of 128 bits.
• The key size, which can be 128, 192, or 256 bits.
• It uses 10, 12, or 14 rounds depending on the key
size.
• The round keys are always 128 bits.

12
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Encryption

• To provide security, AES use four types of


transformations: substitution, permutation, mixing
and key adding.
• At the encryption side, each round except the last use
four transformations that are invertible.
• The pre-round transformation uses only one
transformation(key adding).
• The last round has only three transformation (mixing
is missing).

13
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

Figure 7.1: General design of AES encryption ciphe 14


Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Decryption

• AES is a non-feistel cipher, , which means that each


transformation or group of transformation must be
invertible.
• The order of each transformation is changed in the
reverse cipher (the decryption side)
• The difference in ordering is needed to make each
transformation in the encryption side aligned with its
inverse in the decryption side => In this way,
operations will cancel the effect of each other.

15
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Analysis of AES

AES was designed after DES. Most of the known


attacks on DES were already tested on AES. For
example:
• Brute-Force Attack
AES is definitely more secure than DES due to the
larger-size key.

16
References

[1] Ch 6 , Introduction to CRYPTOGRAPHY and NETWORK


SECURITY, Behrouz A.Forouzan

[2] http://www.box.net/shared/static/76vk1rd49n.pdf

17

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