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    rida ikram
    The document discusses the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, with particles packed closely together. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container, with particles able to move past each other. Gases fill their container and have very low density, with particles moving quickly in random directions. Diffusion is the process by which particles spread out from areas of high concentration to low concentration, occurring faster in gases and liquids with lower molecular masses.

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    Topic 1

    Uploaded by

    rida ikram
    8 views3 pages
    The document discusses the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, with particles packed closely together. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container, with particles able to move past each other. Gases fill their container and have very low density, with particles moving quickly in random directions. Diffusion is the process by which particles spread out from areas of high concentration to low concentration, occurring faster in gases and liquids with lower molecular masses.

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    The document discusses the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, with particles packed closely together. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container, with particles able to move past each other. Gases fill their container and have very low density, with particles moving quickly in random directions. Diffusion is the process by which particles spread out from areas of high concentration to low concentration, occurring faster in gases and liquids with lower molecular masses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    8 views3 pages

    Topic 1

    Uploaded by

    rida ikram
    The document discusses the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, with particles packed closely together. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container, with particles able to move past each other. Gases fill their container and have very low density, with particles moving quickly in random directions. Diffusion is the process by which particles spread out from areas of high concentration to low concentration, occurring faster in gases and liquids with lower molecular masses.

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    Topic 1- Solids, Liquids & Gases

    Solids

     Solids have a fixed volume and shape and they have a high density

     The atoms vibrate in position but can’t change location

     The particles are packed very closely together in a fixed and regular pattern

    Liquids

     Liquids also have a fixed volume but adopt the shape of the container

     They are generally less dense than solids (an exception is water), but much denser than gases

     The particles move and slide past each other which is why liquids adopt the shape of the
    container and also why they are able to flow freely

    Gases

     Gases do not have a fixed volume and fill their container

     Gases have a very low density

     Since there is a lot of space between the particles, gases can be compressed into a much smaller
    volume

     The particles are far apart and move randomly and quickly (around 500 m/s) in all directions

     They collide with each other and with the sides of the container (this is how pressure is created
    inside a can of gas)

    Summary of the Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases

    State Solid Liquid Gas

    Density High Medium Low

    Arrangement of particles Regular pattern Randomly arranged Randomly arranged

    Vibrate around fixed Move quickly in all


    Movement of particles Move around each other
    positions directions

    Energy of particles Low energy Greater energy Highest energy

    2D diagram
    Diffusion

     This is the process by which different gases or different liquids mix and is due to the random
    motion of their particles

     Diffusing particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

     Eventually the concentration of particles is even as they spread out to occupy all of the available
    space

     Diffusion happens on its own and no energy input is required although it occurs faster at higher
    temperatures
    Diffusion of potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 , in water. After a few hours the concentration of
    KMnO4 is the same throughout the solution

    Diffusion & Molecular Mass

     Diffusion occurs much faster in gases than in liquids as gaseous particles move much quicker
    than liquid particles

     At the same temperature, different gases do not diffuse at the same rate.

     This is due to the difference in their relative molecular masses

     Lighter gas particles can travel faster and hence further, therefore the lower its relative mass the
    faster a gas will diffuse

     This can be demonstrated in the reaction between ammonia, NH3, and hydrogen chloride gas,
    HCl, inside a long glass tube

     Where the two gases meet a white smoke of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, is formed

     This does not occur in the middle of the tube as you might expect, but much closer to the end
    with the hydrogen chloride (Mr = 36.5) and the ammonia (Mr = 17) molecules are smaller and
    lighter

    NH3 molecules have less mass than the HCl molecule, so diffuse faster, hence the product (a white
    smoke of NH4Cl) forms closer to the end where the HCl is

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