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Tutorials 2 Bernoulli

This document contains solutions to two problems involving the Bernoulli equation. [1] For the first problem, applying the Bernoulli equation results in an imaginary velocity at one point, indicating either incorrect assumptions or a physically impossible scenario. [2] The second problem calculates pressures and velocities at two points in a pipe system using flow rate, cross-sectional area, and the Bernoulli equation. [3] The implications of imaginary results from the Bernoulli equation are discussed, such as inaccurate assumptions, calculation errors, or physical infeasibility of the given conditions.

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Aminu Aliyu
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32 views6 pages

Tutorials 2 Bernoulli

This document contains solutions to two problems involving the Bernoulli equation. [1] For the first problem, applying the Bernoulli equation results in an imaginary velocity at one point, indicating either incorrect assumptions or a physically impossible scenario. [2] The second problem calculates pressures and velocities at two points in a pipe system using flow rate, cross-sectional area, and the Bernoulli equation. [3] The implications of imaginary results from the Bernoulli equation are discussed, such as inaccurate assumptions, calculation errors, or physical infeasibility of the given conditions.

Uploaded by

Aminu Aliyu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADVANCED HYDRAULICS (MKAG1113)

(TUTORIALS II)
SEM-I 2023/2024

SUBMITTED BY:

ALIYU MUHAMMAD AMINU (MKA221059)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

JANUARY 2024
TUTORIALS

1. Using the Bernoulli Equation, compute the velocity (in SI unit m/s) at point 2 in Figure 1
below. 𝐷 refers to the diameter of the circular pipe, and ℎ is the vertical height of the water
columns.

2. Using the Bernoulli Equation, calculate the pressure at point 1 (in kPa unit) at point 1 in
Figure 2 below. Assume the atmospheric pressure 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101 𝑘Pa and the water density
𝜌𝑤 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3.

1
SOLUTION

1. The Bernoulli equation is given by:

P + Ꝭv2/2 + Ꝭgz = Constant

At point 1:
z1 = h1 + (D1/2) = 5 cm + (10/2) 5 cm + 5 cm = 10 cm = 0.1 m
D1 = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Velocity, v1 = 0.4 m/s

At point 2:
z2 = h2 + (D2/2) = 2.3h1 + (D2/2) = 2.3*0.05 + (0.06/2) = 0.145 m
D2 = 6 cm = 0.06 m
Velocity, v2 = ?

By Bernoulli equation;
P1 + Ꝭv12/2 + Ꝭgz1 = P2 + Ꝭv22/2 + Ꝭgz2
The above equation can be simplified as:
P1/ Ꝭg + v12/2g + z1 = P2/Ꝭg + v22/2g + z2

Since the fluid is exposed to the atmosphere, P 1 = P2 = Atmospheric pressure.

The first parameter in both the left and right-hand sides of the equation cancels out.

Therefore, the equation reduces to:

v12/2g + z1 = v22/2g + z2
v22/2g = v12/2g + z1 - z2
= 0.42/(2*9.81) + 0.1 – 0.145
= 0.00815 + 0.1 – 0.145
= -0.03685
V22 = 2g * -0.03685
= 2 * 9.81 * -0.03685

2
= -0.722997
Taking the square root of both sides
V2 = (-0.722997)1/2

This can be expressed in terms of complex numbers since the root of the negative number does
not exist.

V2 = (-1)1/2 * (0.722997)1/2

Let (-1)1/2 = i, and ((0.722997)1/2 = 0.85

Therefore, v2 = 0.85i m/s (and this is an imaginary number/complex number).

COMMENTS

The implications of arriving at an imaginary velocity, v2 at the outlet after applying Bernoulli
equation in a fluid flow scenario can be attributed to two factors:

i. Inaccurate assumptions or calculations. The Bernoulli equation assumes certain


conditions such as steady flow, incompressible fluid, and negligible friction losses.
If any of these assumptions is violated, or the calculations are done incorrectly, it
can lead to unrealistic or imaginary outputs. This indicates a flaw in the analysis
and the need for reevaluation or correction in the calculations.
ii. Physical impossibility or inconsistency: In some cases, an imaginary velocity
suggests that the fluid flow configuration is physically impossible with the given
conditions. For instance, if the velocity at one point is very high and the pressure
is low (according to Bernoulli equation), an imaginary velocity at another point
downstream implies that the flow is disrupted or not physically feasible. It may
indicates issues like flow separation, formation of a shock wave, or incorrect
boundary condition assumption.

However, when conservation law of flow rate is applied, Q = AV at point 1, and


point 2, a real value of velocity, V2 will be obtained. (This is my personal
perspective and it may subjected to scrutiny and further investigation).

3
A1V1 = A2V2

V2 = A1V1/A2

A1 = Π*D12/4 = 3.142 * 0.12/4 = 0.0079 m2

V1 = 0.4 m/s

A2 = Π*D22/4 = 3.142 * 0.062/4 = 0.0028 m2

By substitution, V2 = 0.0079 * 0.4 / 0.0028 = 1.13 m/s (NOTE: This is my personal


perspective, which may be subjected to further investigation).

2.

At point 1

Z1 = 6 m

V1 is approximately equal to zero due to the large cross-section of the tank.

P1 = ?

At point 2

Z2 = D2/2 = 15/2 = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m

Q2 = 0.13 m3/s

A2 = Π*D22/4 = 3.142 * 0.152/4 = 0.018 m2

The velocity at point 2, V2 can be calculated as thus:

Q = AV

V2 = Q2/A2 = 0.13/0.018 = 7.22 m/s

Applying Bernoulli equation,

P1/ Ꝭg + v12/2g + z1 = P2/Ꝭg + v22/2g + z2

P2 = 101 kPa, Ꝭ = 1000 kg/m3

4
Since V1 = 0, the equation reduces to;

P1/ Ꝭg + z1 = P2/Ꝭg + v22/2g + z2, and


P1/ Ꝭg = P2/Ꝭg + v22/2g + z2, - z1

= (101 *1000/1000 * 9.81) + (7.222/2 * 9.81) + 0.075 – 6

= 10.296 + 2.657 + 0.075 – 6

= 7.028

P1 = 7.028 * Ꝭg = 7.028 * 1000 * 9.81 = 68944.69 Pa. = 68.94 kPa.

Therefore, the pressure at point 1 is 68.94 kPa.

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