Chapter 01

Lecture Outline
See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables
pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1

 2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Anatomy and Physiology

anatomy:
- body structure
- means to dissect

physiology:
- processes, functions

- systemic physiology
- cellular physiology

3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Anatomy and Physiology

Importance of Anatomy and Physiology

understand how the body:

- responds to stimuli
- environmental changes
- environmental cues
- diseases
- injury

- maintains stable, internal conditions

despite continually changing environment

4
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Anatomy and Physiology

Types of Anatomy

systemic:
studies body systems

regional:
studies body regions (medical schools)

surface:
studies external features, e.g., bone projections

anatomical imaging:
using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI)

4● 5
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Structural and Functional Organization

Six levels from chemical to organism:

1. chemical:
smallest level
- atoms, chemical bonds, molecules

2. cellular:
- cells: basic units of life
- compartments and organelles
e.g., mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm

6
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Structural and functional Organization

3. tissues:
- group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substances they release
- four broad types:
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

4. organs:
- two or more tissue types acting together
to perform function(s)
- e.g., stomach, heart, liver,
ovary, bladder, kidney
7
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Structural and functional Organization

5. organ system:
- group of organs contributing to some function
- e.g., digestive system, reproductive system

6. organism:
- all organ systems working together
- includes associated microorganisms
such as intestinal bacteria

8
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Structural and functional Organization

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 Structural and functional Organization

Major Organs of the Body

Figure 1.2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
 Organ
Systems of
the Body

Figure 1.3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Organ Systems of
the Body

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Characteristics of Life
Collectively, all living species show:
organization:
- functional interrelationships between parts

metabolism:
- sum of all chemical and physical changes
sustaining an organism
- ability to acquire and use energy in support of
these changes

responsiveness:
- ability to sense and respond to environmental
changes
- includes both internal and external environments 24
3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Characteristics of Life
growth:
- can increase in size
- size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular
materials

development: omit
- changes in form and size
- changes in cell structure and function from
generalized to specialized - differentiation

reproduction:
- formation of new cells or new organisms
- generation of new individuals
- tissue repair
25
3
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Homeostasis
homeostasis
- maintenance of constant internal environment

variables: measures of body properties that may

change in value

Examples of variables:
body temperature blood glucose levels
heart rate blood cell counts
blood pressure respiratory rate

set point: normal, or average value of a variable

26
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Homeostasis

normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around

a set point

example: over time, body temperature fluctuates around

a set point of about 98.6o

27
1
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Homeostasis

set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted

depending on body activities, as needed:

examples common cause of change

body temperature fever

heart rate, blood pressure

respiratory rate exercise

28
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Homeostasis
negative feedback

- mechanism that maintains homeostasis

- negative feedback response:

detection: of deviation away from set point and...

correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and

normal range

29
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Homeostasis

Components of Negative Feedback

1 receptor:
detects changes in variable

2 control center:
- receives receptor signal
- establishes set point
- sends signal to effector

3 effector:
- directly causes change in variable
Figure 1.5

3 30
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Homeostasis

Figure 1.5

31
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2 Figure 1.6 32
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Homeostasis
positive feedback

- system response causes progressive deviation away from

set point, outside of normal range
- not directly used for homeostasis

- some positive feedback under normal conditions

example: childbirth

- generally associated with injury, disease

- negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain
homeostasis

33
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Homeostasis

Positive feedback – abnormal example: blood pressure loss

Figure 1.7
1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Terminology and the Body Plan superior

anatomical position:
- person standing erect with face and
palms forward

- all relational descriptions based on the

anatomical position, regardless of body
orientation

supine:
person lying face up

prone:
inferior
person lying face down

inferior superior

35
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Anatomical Position
Prone Position

Supine Position
 Terminology and the Body Plan

Directional Terms

superior: above
inferior: below

anterior: front (also: ventral)

posterior: back (also: dorsal)
Note: In four-legged animals, the
terms ventral (belly) and
dorsal (back) correspond
to anterior and posterior in
humans

medial: close to midline

lateral: away from midline

38
5 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Superior Inferior
Anterior
(Ventral)
Posterior
(Dorsal)
Medial Lateral
 Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms

proximal: close to point of

attachment
distal: far from point of
attachment

superficial: structure close

to the surface
Deep
deep: structure toward the
interior of the body Superficial

4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

42
Proximal Distal
 Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms

proximal: close to point of

attachment
distal: far from point of
attachment

superficial: structure close

to the surface
deep: structure toward the
interior of the body

2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

44
Deep Superficial
 Terminology and the Body Plan

Figure 1.8
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Directional Terms
 Terminology and the Body Plan
Directional Terms

Table 1.1

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Planes
sagittal: vertical plane, between anterior and posterior
surfaces
midsagittal: sagittal plane along the midline,
divides body into equal left and right halves

transverse: horizontal plane

frontal: vertical plane,

between lateral surfaces

Figure
48
1.11
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sagittal Plane
Midsagittal Plane
Transverse Plane
Frontal Plane
Oblique Plane
 Terminology and the Body Plan

Body Planes

Figure
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1.11
 Terminology and the Body Plan

Planes of Section Through an Organ

Figure 1.12

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 Terminology and the Body Plan

Body Regions
upper limbs:
upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand

lower limbs:
thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot

central region:
head, neck, trunk

Figure 1.9
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
56
Abdominopelvic Region
 Back

Back Scapular Triangle of Vertebral Sacral Lumbar

region auscultation region region region
 Cephalic
Frontal Otic Facial Occipital

Parietal
Mental

Tempora
Nasal l

Oral Head Zygomatic

Regions
Orbital Buccal
 Coxal

Femoral Lower Limb Region Gluteal

Patellar Popliteal

Popliteal

Crural Sural

Dorsum
Tarsal Pedal of foot Digits
Calcaneal
Neck (Cervical) Region Anterior
cervical

Lateral
cervical

Posterior
cervical

Sternocleidomastoid
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Figure 1.9

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

 Terminology and the Body Plan

Figure 1.9
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Terminology and the Body Plan

Subdivisions of the Abdomen

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Figure 1.10
 Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Cavities
thoracic cavity:
- space within chest wall and
diaphragm
- contains heart, lungs,
thymus gland, esophagus,
trachea

mediastinum:
- space between lungs
- contains heart, thymus
gland, esophagus,
trachea

65
2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Cavities
abdominal cavity:
- space between diaphragm and
pelvis
- contains stomach, intestines,
liver, spleen, pancreas,
kidneys

pelvic cavity:
- space within pelvis
- contains urinary bladder,
reproductive organs,
part of large intestine

66
2 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Terminology and the Body Plan
Body Cavities

Figure 1.13
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity

Diaphragm

Mediastinum Pulmonary Cavity Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity

 Pericardium

Visceral pericardium Pericardial cavity Parietal pericardium

 Pleural Membranes

Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Parietal pleura

 Visceral Parietal Peritoneal
Peritoneum
peritoneum peritoneum cavity

Lesser Mesentery Greater

omentum of small intestine omentum

Peritoneum
 Terminology and the Body Plan

Serous Membranes
- line trunk cavities, cover organs
- structure: visceral serous membrane covers organs
parietal serous membrane
cavity between the above, fluid-filled

Figure 1.14 72
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes

Three sets of serous membranes and cavities:

pericardium pericardial cavity

around heart

pleura pleural cavity

around lungs

peritoneum peritoneal cavity

around abdominopelvic cavity
and its organs

73
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes

pericardium
- visceral pericardium
covers heart

- parietal pericardium
thick, fibrous

- pericardial cavity
reduces friction

3(b) Figure 1.15a

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes

pleura
- visceral pleura
covers lungs

- parietal pleura
lines inner wall
of thorax

- pleural cavity
- reduces friction
- adheres lungs to
thoracic wall

Figure 1.15b
3 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Terminology and the Body Plan
Serous Membranes
peritoneum
- visceral peritoneum
- covers, anchors organs
- double layers
called mesenteries

- parietal peritoneum
lines inner wall of
abdominopelvic cavity

- peritoneal cavity
reduces friction

4 Figure 1.15
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.