Report Writing

Topic: Refugee Crises in Europe

Submitted by:

Abdul.Moiz 002

Munazza Hashmi 001

Aimen Sadiq 033

Hassan Tahir 019

Mayra Iftikhar 012

Javeria Aslam 006

Submitted to:

Miss Ayesha Altaf.

Date: 30/01/18

Class: BBA.2017.A
 Contents

Topic Page Number

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………… 01

Background ……………………………………………………………………………… 02

Current Situation ……………………………………………………………………….... 03

Problems ………………………………………………………………………………… 04

Causes ………………………………………………………………………………….... 05

Political Aspects ………………………………………………………………………… 07

Solutions ………………………………………………………………………………… 08

Recommendations ………………………………………………………………… ……. 10

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………..……... 11

Example …………………………………………………………………………………. 12

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………13

Work Sighted………………………………………………………………………………14
 01 - Introduction
Refugees are the natural consequence of the war. Now it has become one of the burning issues of
the present world. There has been a growing rise of refugees worldwide, as a result of anarchy
and disorder because of wars in many Middle Eastern countries and the world’s developed
countries are not able to find an effective solution to face this. Because of the growing violence
due to war, thousands of people have died, wounded, or permanently disabled and fled to the
border through smuggling and made it to coastal areas to reach a safe place for their families and
children.

01.1 Refugee:
A refugee in contrast to a migrant, is applied to a person who has been forced to leave their home
country of citizenship because they have well-founded grounds of fear of persecution because of
war, their race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion
and is unable to obtain sanctuary and reside in another country.

01.2 Refugee Crisis:

An era of violence in the Middle East and North Africa, with nine civil wars now going on in
different countries. Refugees have been seeking haven in the West for years.

Most of the refugees came from the Muslim-majority countries of region south and east of
Europe, including western Asia, south Asia, and Africa. According to the United Nations, the top
three countries with the largest number of movers are Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq.
01.3 Background of European refugee crises
The European refugee crisis is a term given to a period beginning in 2015 when a rising number
of people arrived in the European Union, traveling across the Mediterranean Sea or overland
through Southeast Europe. These people included asylum seekers, but also others such as
economic migrants and hostile agents including Islamic State militants disguised as refugees or
migrants

Most of the migrants came from Muslim countries of regions of south and east of Europe,
including Western Asia, South Asia, and Africa. Most of the migrants were Muslim and the
others were non-Muslim including Yazidis, Assyrians, etc. In April 2015 almost 5 boats carrying
2000 migrants sank in the Mediterranean Sea. According to Eurostat, EU member states received
over 1.2 million first-time asylum applications in 2015. More than 1 million migrants crossed the
Mediterranean Sea in 2015.

Schengen Area and Dublin regulation:

In the Schengen agreement of 14 June 1985, 26 European countries joined together to form
border checks are restricted.

The Dublin regulation determines the EU member state responsible for examining an asylum
application to prevent asylum applicants in the EU from asylum shopping.

Article 26 of the Schengen Convention says that carriers that transport people shall be
responsible for paying for the return of the refused people and penalties if they are refused entry
into the Schengen area. More clauses are that migrants without a visa are not allowed to travel on
aircraft, boats, and trains.

Crises in Greece and Italy:

Between 2007 and 2011, large numbers of migrants crossed between Turkey and Greece, which
forced Greece and the European Border Protection Agency to upgrade border controls. In 2008,
Berlusconi’s government in Italy and Gaddafi’s government in Libya signed an agreement
including cooperation between the two countries in stopping irregular migration from Libya to
Italy. The cooperation collapsed because of the Libyan civil war in 2011 and in 2012 European
Court of Human Rights ruled that Italy had violated Human rights by returning migrants to
Libya.
 02-Discussion

02.1 Current Situation:

An estimated 363,000 refugees and migrant risked their lives crossing the Mediterranean Sea in
2016 with 181400 people arriving in Italy and 173450 in Greece. In the first half of 2017 over
10500 refugees and migrants entered Europe.

Thus, the movement towards Europe continues to take a devasting number of human lives. since
the beginning of 2017, over 2700 people are believed to have died or gone missing while
crossing the Mediterranean Sea to reach Europe. These moving onwards irregularly have
reported numerous types of abuse including being pushed back across borders.

With so many lives at risk. Rescue at sea operations undertaken by all actors must remain a
priority. Despite some progress in increasing the number of safe pathways to Europe, these
opportunities are far too few to offer a feasible alternative to risky irregular journeys for the
people in need of protection further efforts are needed to increase access to existing legal
pathways.

Migrants arriving in Italy are on the rise again. The number of migrants who crossed the
Mediterranean from Libya and reached Italy in the first week of 2018 increased by 15 percent
compared to the same period in 2016
02.2 Problems:
 Many Europeans are concerned that the influx of refugees will increase the likelihood of
terrorism and impose a burden on their countries.
 The refugee crisis concerns many people across Europe, but the threat assessment varies
across the continent.
 Negative views of refugees are tied to negative views of Muslims.
 Europeans do not see growing diversity as making their countries better.
 Europeans overwhelmingly believe that the European Union is doing a poor job of
handling the refugee crisis.

 Europe is highly concerned that the increasing number of refugees will increase the risk
of terrorism and will become a burden on their countries. Around 59% of the people
across 10 EU countries are concerned about the prospect of increased terrorism.

02.3 Causes of refugee crises in Europe

People are facing extreme poverty. The cause of poverty is complex which compels the migrants
to leave their motherland and migrate to Europe. People want to go to work to support
themselves and their families for this reason they migrate. They move to a nearby country or
further afield they are vulnerable to not having their human right met.

Iraq war

The U.S. war in Iraq from 1990 to 2003

 Refugees and internally displaced people reached 4.7 million people

Saur Revolution

 1978 Saur Revolution overthrew the monarchy in Afghanistan

 In 1980,3.5 million Afghan refugees resided in Pakistan and 2 million in Iran

Libya war

 7 months of U.S./NATO bombing in 2010 destroyed the entire infrastructure

 Refugee from Libya is secured by Tunisia and the number is equivalent to one-fifth of
Tunisia’s population.

War in Syria
The Syrian has been continued for almost four years. In only 2015 Europe woke up to the flow
of refugees

 The war situation is not getting improved. That has the dual effect of forcing more
Syrians to leave their motherland and causing Syrians in exile in Europe to give up the
expectation of returning home.
 U.N. bodies functioning with millions of refugees in Jordan, Turkey, and Lebanon are
complaining that they are running short of money, making camp circumstances worse
and life more unsustainable for Syrians who live on their own but still depend on U.N.
subsidies.
 The UNHCR reports that its appeals for cash are underfunded. The rich world has given
UNHCR funds almost 40 percent short of what it needs. Eastern Europe, a means for
thousands of refugees in search of relief in Europe, the investments are even more
uncomplimentary. A UNHCR appeal for £14 million to deal with the specific problems
of conduit countries like Italy, Hungary, and Bosnia has only reached 9 percent of the
target.

 People have at last saved up sufficient money. It is expensive to look after your family
across Greece and make your way to Europe. Depending on how many smugglers you
use, every human being might pay about $3,000 to reach Germany.
 There is now a recognized route. People have long trekked through the Balkans to the
EU, but Syrians are not one of them. That distorted behind last summer when few
Syrians found the Balkan route to Europe.
 The crisis is only a crisis because of the European take on it. EU countries have washed
out all year debating and procrastinating about a suitable explanation for Europe’s
largest refugee movement since World War II.

02.4 POLITICAL IMPACT

• Lack of organization and confidence in German government and infrastructure

• Popularity hit a four-year low in February 2016

• Growing insistence that Germany close borders to refugees: 60% feel that the country cannot
cope with the refugee situation

• 1.1 million refugees were recorded as coming to Germany in 2015 but less than .5 million
asylum applications filed

• Uptick in fraudulent Syrian identification cards: who exactly is entering the country?
• Makeshift tent cities erected

• Refugees relocated from the city center to the countryside

• Failure of European Union

• Member states take individual action

• Hungary closes borders to refugees

• Sweden, Slovakia, and Poland open borders to refugees

• Historic vote on June 23, 2016, resulting in a 52% to 48% decision for the United Kingdom to
leave the EU

• Ripple effect throughout Europe – stocks plummet, other nations question if they should leave

• Lack of legal foundation to harmonize asylum-refugee status

02.4 Solutions:
We all know that the root causes of these crises are extreme poverty, financial problems,
and sectarian and religious wars. However, the solutions to the above-mentioned causes
are

 Aid

 The major solution is Aid. Cordaid humanitarian aid programs provide need-based aid
to people affected by natural or manmade disasters. They aim to save lives and to
strengthen communities in coping with future crises.

 Donate other supplies

 To help the refugees, not only money but also donate other supplies such as books,
clothes, food, and many other things which are required by them.

 Volunteer your time

 Set up volunteer groups to allow British residents to help asylum seekers. The groups
should be looking after the refugees and should provide a comfort zone for them.

 Australian solution
 Their policy was to stop the boats. The prime minister of Australia Mr. Abbot said to
follow his example. This was the way to stop migrants and refugees from drowning at
sea.

 Give more and more

 The UN aid chief has urged wealthy countries to increase how much they give in
international aid. Give more and more to help the refugees.

 Fly them over here to stop them risking their lives

 Person owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, or
nationality. So, the idea is to fly them as temporary refugees. So, their cases can be
examined, and won’t need to risk their lives on boats.

 Establish a global network

 Establish a global network for information sharing among cities. Increase the number of
refugees granted the right to work, each by one million.

 The other countries should be like Germany in the way they handled the situation and
the policies, and measures they are taking for the refugees. Germany has opened its
doors to the refugees. Germany took in 1.1 million refugees. This was a great challenge
but Germany has lived up to it and the situation has improved on many levels.

03 - Recommendations for the refugee crisis in Europe

 Open up safe routes for refugees by giving easy visas.

 Resettle the refugees who are in a vulnerable condition.

 Saving the lives must be the foremost priority.

 People running from wars should be allowed to cross borders with/without travel

documents instead of pushing them back and forcing them to take more risks.

 Investigate and prosecute trafficking gangs who exploit refugees and migrants.

 refugees and migrants for economic and social problems.

 Build a coalition for the resettlement of refugees.

 Leverage support for front-line states like Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon.
  Say less, do more. Fulfill the promises made regarding refugees.

 distribute the responsibilities among European countries, fairly.

 Stick firmly to already devised rules for European countries.

 implement the solutions instead of just proposing them.

 Reward those who cooperate and penalize non-cooperation.

 A comprehensive European asylum should be there.

 Share 160,000 asylum seekers around Europe.

 Safe and give more to the refugees.

 Provide ‘safe heavens’ to those who seek refuge.

 Donate Supplies.

 Volunteer your home.

04-Conclusion

The government and the refugees should politically negotiate with each other. Europe is
providing medical aid, camps, food, and clothes to the refugees. It is even providing educational
help so that the refugees might have a chance to get a basic education and take care of
themselves and their families. Europe should assist the countries of the Western Balkans in the
management of refugee flows. Refugees should be provided with adequate facilities. The EU and
the refugees should agree on the suitable terms and conditions that should be the cause of peace.
Proper policies in this regard should be adopted by world leaders so that no people may die at the
time of crossing the border and they should reach the safest place without harassment.

05-Example

During the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan, many Afghans left their country. As a result
of political unrest, mass arrests, executions, and other human rights violations and civil war,
about three million Afghan refugees escaped to Pakistan and about two million to Iran. The
migration began in December 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan with over
100,000 troops and continued through the 1980s. In late 1988, about 3.3 million Afghan refugees
were housed in 340 refugee camps along the Afghan-Pakistan border in KPK. It was reported by
the New York Times in November 1988 that about 100,000 refugees lived in Peshawar and more
than two million lived in KP (known as the North-West Frontier Province at the time. On the
outskirts of Peshawar, the Jalazoi camp was one of the largest refugee camps in the NWFP.
After the September 11 attacks, when US-led forces began bombing al-
Qaeda and Taliban targets in Afghanistan, a small number of Afghans fled into Pakistan. They
included foreign militant groups (al-Qaeda), local Taliban members, and Afghan civilians who
feared being caught up in the bombings. By the end of 2001, there were about five million
Afghan refugees in Pakistan, including those born in Pakistan during the previous 20 years.
The Afghan diaspora in Pakistan was the largest group of Afghans living outside the country at
the time. It was projected that the number would increase due to the US-led intervention.

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06-Abstract
Refugees are the result of the war. The European refugee crisis is a term given to that time
beginning in 2015 when a rising number of people arrived in the European Union traveling
across the Mediterranean Sea. Refugees are those who are forced to leave their country. Most of
the migrants came from Muslim countries in the south and east of Europe, including Western
Asia, South Asia, and Africa. According to the United Nations, the top three countries with the
largest number of migrants are Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq. More than 1 million migrants
crossed the Mediterranean Sea in 2015. The number of migrants increased by 15 percent in 2018
as compared to the number of migrants in 2016. the Europeans are worried that with the increase
of refugees, the risk of terrorism will increase. We all know that the main causes of these crises
are extreme poverty, financial problems, and religious wars. The government and the refugees
should politically discuss with each other to solve these problems. Europe is providing medical
aid, camps, food, and clothes to the refugees. It is even providing educational help so that the
refugees get a basic education and take care of themselves and their families.

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07-Work Sighted
 European Commission

 United Organization for Refugees

 The Economist

 New York Times

 The Guardian

 Annual Report of Refugees

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