Women Engineering College Ajmer

Rajasthan

A Seminar Report on AI In HealthCare

Submitted To : Prof. Sudarshan Maurya

Submitted By : Lakshita Shringi
20EEMCS052

Department of computer Engineering

Women Engineering College Ajmer
Nasirabad Road , Makhupura, Ajmer-305002
MAHILA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AJMER
(An Autonomous Institute of Govt. of Rajasthan)
Nasirabad Road, Makhupura, Ajmer - 305002

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar Report entitled “AI IN THE

HEALTHCARE” has been submitted by Ms. Lakshita Shringi in partial
in fulfillment for the requirement of the degree of B.Tech in
Computer Science Engineering for the academic Session 2023-24.
She has been undergone the requisite work as prescribed by Bikaner
Technical University Bikaner (Rajasthan).

Sudarshan Maurya Meeta Sharma

Seminar Incharge HOD
Department of CE Department of CE

Place:- Ajmer

Date: 18-01-2024
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my attitude to all those people who
have been directly or indirectly with mw during the competition of
this Seminar .
I am grateful to seminar in charge prof. Sudarshan Maurya who has
given guidance to make the seminar work successful.
I want to give sincere thanks to our principal Dr.J.K Deegwal for his
valuable support.
Lakshita Shringi
B.Tech VII Semester
ABSTRACT

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the use of computer science to develop

machine that can be trained to learn, reason, communicate, and
make human-like decisions. It is a technology that is rapidly being
adopted in many industries to improve performance, precision, time
efficiency, and cost reduction. The use of artificial intelligence in
healthcare is an emerging scientific area that aims to generate
healthcare intelligence by analyzing health data. AIis becoming
increasingly attractive in healthcare industry and changing the
landscape of healthcare and biomedical research. This paper
provides an overview of a broad range of applications of AI in
healthcare.
 CONTENTS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. WHAT IS AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
4. APPLICATIONS IN HEALTHCARE
5. INTERNATIONAL TREND
6. BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES
7. MEDICAL RESEARCH
8. ISSUES IN MEDICAL RESEARCH
9. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THE FINANCIAL IMPACT
ON THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
10. IMPACT ON THE WIDER HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
11.THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
12.CONCLUSION
1.INTRODUCTION
Recently, we have witnessed a wave of emerging technologies,
from Internet of things and blockchain to artificial intelligence
(AI), demonstrate significant potential to transform and disrupt
multiple sectors, including healthcare. Healthcare is shifting
from traditional hospital-centric care to a more virtual care that
leverages the latest technologies around artificial intelligence,
deep learning, big data genomics, robotics, increased access to
data, additive manufacturing, and wearable and implanted
devices [1]. Today, artificial intelligence (AI) is shorthand for any
task a machine can perform just as well as, if not better than,
humans. AI represents the hopes and fears of an industry
seeking more intelligent solutions. AI is an interdisciplinary field
covering numerous areas such as computer science, psychology,
linguistics, philosophy, and neurosciences. The central
objectives of AI research include reasoning, knowledge,
planning, learning, natural language processing, perception,
and the ability to move and manipulate objects [2]. Although AI
is a branch of computer science, there is hardly any field which
is unaffected by this technology. Common areas of applications
include agriculture, business, law enforcement, oil and gas,
banking and finance, education, transportation, healthcare,
automobiles, entertainment, manufacturing, speech and text
recognition, facial analysis, and telecommunications [3]. In
healthcare, AI can help manage and analyze data. AI can have a
significant impact in making healthcare more accessible,
especially in developing countries, where shortages of
healthcare practitioners are most severe. There are many cases
in which AI can perform healthcare tasks as well or better than
humans.
2. OVERVIEW ON ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
The term “artificial intelligence” (AI) was coined in 1956 by John
McCarthy during a conference held on this subject. AI is the
branch of computer science that deals with designing intelligent
computer systems that mimic human intelligence. The ability of
machines to process natural language, to learn, to plan makes it
possible for new tasks to be performed by intelligent systems.
The main purpose of AI is to mimic the cognitive function of
human beings and perform activities that would typically be
performed by a human being. AI is stand-alone independent
electronic entity that functions much like human healthcare
expert. Today, AI is integrated into our daily lives in several
forms, such as personal assistants, automated mass
transportation, aviation, computer gaming, facial recognition at
passport control, voice recognition on virtual assistants,
driverless cars, companion robots, etc.

AI technologies are performing better and better at analyzing

health data, thereby helping doctors better understand the
future needs of their patients. . An important feature of AI
technology is that is can be added to existing technologies. AI
has benefited many areas such chemistry and medicine, where
routine diagnoses can initiated by AI-aided computers. It
embraces a wide range of disciplines such as computer science,
engineering, machine learning, chemistry, biology, physics,
astronomy, neuroscience, and social sciences. AI is not a single
technology but a range of computational models and
algorithms. The major disciplines in AI include expert systems,
fuzzy logic, and artificial neural networks (ANNs), machine
learning, deep learning, natural language processing, computer
vision, and robotics. The various tools and technologies are :
• Expert Systems: An expert system (ES) (or knowledge-based
system) enables computers to make decisions by interpreting data
and selecting between alternatives just as a human expert would do.
It uses a technique known as rulebased inference in which rules are
used to process data.
• Neural Networks: These computer programs identify objects or
recognize patterns after having been trained. Artificial neural
networks (ANNs) are parallel distributed systems consisting of
processing units (neurons) that calculate some mathematical
functions. The ANN model represents nonlinear relationships which
are directly learned from the data being modeled. Neural networks
are being explored for healthcare applications in imaging and
diagnoses, risk analysis, lifestyle management and monitoring, health
information management, and virtual health assistance.

• Natural Language Processors: Computer programs that

translate or interpret language as it is spoken by normal people. NLP
techniques extract information from unstructured data such as
clinical notes to supplement and enrich structured medical data. NLP
targets at extracting useful information from the narrative text to
assist clinical decision making. NLP includes applications such as
speech recognition, text analysis, translation and other goals related
to language. There are two basic approaches to NLP: statistical and
semantic. Healthcare is the biggest user of the NLP tools. NLP has
been used in the clinical setting for capturing, representing, and
utilizing clinical information .

• Robots: Computer-based programmable machines that have

physical manipulators and sensors. The introduction of intelligent
robots in the healthcare domain enhances patients’ satisfaction,
accuracy of diagnosis, and operational efficiency of hospitals. Medical
robots can help with surgical operations, rehabilitation, social
interaction, assisted living, etc. Robotic-guidance is becoming
common in spine surgery. Figure 1 shows AI and robotics .
• Fuzzy Logic: Reasoning based on imprecise or incomplete
information in terms of a range of values rather than point estimates.
Fuzzy logic deals with uncertainty in knowledge that simulates
human reasoning in incomplete or fuzzy data. The fuzzy model is
robust to parameter changes and tolerant to impression.
• Machine Learning: Algorithms to make predictions and interpret
data and “learn”, without static program instructions. ML is a
statistical technique for fitting models to data and training models
with data. ML extracts features from input data by constructing
analytical data algorithms and examines the features to create
predictive models. The most common ML algorithms are supervised
learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, and deep
learning. The most common application of ML is precision medicine.
Many hospitals have started using ML for predictive analytics for
hospital management purposes. ML algorithms are capable of
identifying suicide risk factors.

• Deep Learning: A subset of machine learning built on a deep

hierarchy of layers, with each layer solving different pieces of a
complex problem. It aims at increasing the capacity of supervised
and unsupervised learning algorithms for solving complex real-world
problems by adding multiple processing layers. An illustration of deep
learning with two hidden layers is in Figure 2 [9].

• Data Mining: This deals with the discovery of hidden patterns and
new knowledge from large databases. Data mining exhibits a variety
of algorithmic tools such as statistics, regression models, neural
networks, fuzzy sets, and evolutionary models.
Each AI tool has its own advantages. Using a combination of these
models, rather than a single model, is recommended. AI technologies
are drastically influencing the retail industry and customer
experience.
3. APPLICATIONS IN HEALTHCARE
AI techniques are now actively being applied in healthcare, as shown
in Figure 3 [10]. The primary aim of AI applications in the health
domain is to analyze relationships between prevention or treatment
techniques and patient outcomes. Various AI applications have been
developed to solve some of the most pressing problems that
currently face healthcare industry. The following specialties in
medicine have shown an increase in research regarding AI [5,
9,11,12].
• Radiology: The ability to interpret imaging results with radiology
may aid clinicians in detecting a minute change in an image that a
clinician might not notice otherwise. This is the widest application of
AI in medicine, but providers are just beginning to tap into the
potential of what AI technology has to offer. The practice of radiology
relies primarily on imaging for diagnosis and is very amenable to
deep-learning techniques. As AI continues to expand in its ability to
interpret radiology, it may be able to diagnose more people with the
need for less doctors as there is a shortage in many nations. The
emergence of AI technology in radiology is perceived as a threat by
some specialists.

• Oncology/Cancer: In breast cancer diagnosis and the detection

of lung cancer, AI algorithms have been shown to be better and more
effective than a human. It has been demonstrated that the IBM
Watson for oncology would be a reliable AI system for assisting the
diagnosis of cancer.

• Telemedicine: Telemedicine (also known as telehealth or

ehealth) may be regarded as the transmission of medical images
between healthcare centers for diagnosis across distance. It allows
healthcare practitioners to diagnose, treat, and monitor patients at a
distance using telecommunications technology. Telemedicine is used
in a variety of specialties including radiology, neurology, and
pathology. The ability to monitor patients using AI may allow for the
communication of information to physicians if possible disease
activity may have occurred [13,14].
• Electronic Health Records: Electronic health records are crucial to
the digitalization and information spread of the healthcare industry.
They contain the clinical history of patients and could be used to
identify the individual risk of developing cardiovascular diseases,
diabetes, and other chronic conditions. Using an AI tool to scan EHR
data can accurately predict the course of disease in a patient.

• Mobile Health: Mobile health (or mHealth) refers to the practice

of medicine via mobile devices such as mobile phones, tablet
computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wearable devices.
It has emerged as the creative use of emerging mobile devices to
deliver and improve healthcare practices. It integrates mobile
technology with the health delivery with the premise of promoting a
better health and improving efficiency. mHealth benefits immensely
from AI. AI algorithms, sensor technology, and advanced data are
helping transform smartphones into full health-management
platforms. The evolution of mHealth can be seen in the improved
availability of healthcare services, increased efficiency in the
treatment process, reduced costs, and the creation unprecedented
opportunities for preventive care. mHealth assistants will become a
popular alternative in developed countries, where doctors are very
busy [15,16].

• Medical Research: AI can be used to analyze and identify

patterns in large and complex datasets. It can also be used to search
the scientific literature for relevant articles. AI systems used in
healthcare could also be valuable for medical research by helping to
match suitable patients to clinical studies. AI can aid early detection
of infectious disease outbreaks and sources of epidemics. AI has also
been used to predict adverse drug reactions [17].
AI can also be used in neurology, cardiology, stroke, aging, health
surveillance health, health monitoring, hospital inpatient care,
healthcare management, urban healthcare system, suicide risk
prediction, emergence medicine, detection of disease, management
of chronic conditions, delivery of health services, and drug discovery.
The scope of possible applications of AI in healthcare is almost
limitless. Future uses for AI include Brain-computer Interfaces (BCI)
which will help those with trouble moving or speaking. Medical
institutions, such as The Mayo Clinic, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and National
Health Service, have developed AI algorithms for their departments.
Major technology companies such as IBM, Intel, Microsoft, and
Google have also developed AI algorithms for healthcare [11].

4. INTERNATIONAL TRENDS
Artificial Intelligence has arrived in healthcare. The AI technology
now moves towards globalization and it becomes necessary to track
both government initiatives as well as regulatory changes around the
world. There is global policy developments and investments in AI. AI
has been a strategic priority for governments around the world. The
following are typical examples of international trends .

• Canada: Canada has a unique and time-limited opportunity to be

world leaders in system design using AI technology. It has established
itself as a world leader in AI technology-related research. Its main
cities, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver, have become hubs for AI
research and development, attracting companies like Google,
Facebook, Uber, Microsoft, and Samsung. Canada aims at
establishing responsible development of human-centric AI and
facilitate international scientific collaboration [19].
• United Kingdom: The British Government has announced its
ambition to make the UK a world leader in AI and data technologies.
The UK government has launched the Centre for Data Ethics and
Innovation, as part of the UK’s initiative to lead global governance on
AI ethics.
• France: The government plans to establish France as leader in AI
research. Its key initiatives include:
(1) developing an open data policy to drive the adoption and
application of AI in sectors like healthcare.
(2) establishing a regulatory and financial framework to support the
development of domestic “AI champions”.
(3) putting in place regulation to ensure that AI developments remain
transparent, explainable, and non-discriminatory.

• China: The government plans to develop intelligent and

networked products such as vehicles, service robots, and
identification systems. It announces investment in industry training
resources, standard testing, and cybersecurity.

• India: India’s AI strategy aims at promoting AI inclusion, an

approach called “AIforAll.” India is also attempting to establish itself
as an “AI Garage”, which allows the AI technology developed in India
to be useable to the rest of world. India is rich in data due to the
volume of patients. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning
(ML) are witnessing increasing adoption in the Indian healthcare
setting. However, India is fraught with several problems like aging
population, lack of adequate infrastructure, limited access to
healthcare facilities, adherence to treatment, and availability of care
providers [20].
AI solutions could improve access, quality, and efficacy of global
health systems. A common trend is the international focus on the
development of transparent and responsible AI policy.

5. BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

AI has unimaginable potential, and its benefits are enormous when
implemented strategically. The use of AI will deliver major
improvements in quality and safety of patient care. It will decrease
medical costs as there will be more accuracy in diagnosis and better
predictions in the treatment plan. AI is destined to drastically change
clinicians’ roles and everyday practices. While a healthcare
practitioner can treat one patient at a time, automated AI-powered
health assistants can serve millions of patients simultaneously,
thereby multiplying productivity. AI has already begun making
progress in healthcare by simplifying tedious and expensive
procedures, guarding against human error, and promising to usher in
a new era of patient care [21].
There are challenges hindering the successful AI technology
adoption. While AI has achieved widespread adoption in certain
sectors, the complexities of healthcare have resulted in slower
adoption. Healthcare providers must recognize that patient privacy
and security must remain paramount. Therefore, AI companies
should utilize valuable medical data while remaining compliant with
laws governing the protection of patient information and data
ownership. There is a misconception that AI will replace human
clinicians. As technology is increasingly implemented in workplaces,
some fear that their jobs will be replaced by machines. Doctors and
nurses still have a number of unique and important advantages over
AI. They can do a lot if things (touching, sensing, take a blood test,
compassion, anxiety, memory, communication, learning, etc.) that an
AI assistant cannot do because they are human traits that are difficult
to model mathematically. The social and ethical use of AI in
healthcare presents significant challenges as some question about
the ethical appropriateness of the use of AI. There is lack of
regulations specifically for the use of AI in healthcare. Medical costs
are skyrocketing at an unsustainable rate. Failure of hospitals to use
AI prevents both the use of potentially life-saving technology and
potential cost savings. Other significant challenges and issues include
data preprocessing, consolidation, ubiquitous information,
knowledge extraction, interpretability, and the need to ensure that
the way AI is developed and used is transparent, accountable, and
compatible with public interest [17].

6.MEDICAL RESEARCH
Artificial intelligence is ideally suited to analysing the large and
complex data sets used in medical research. Pharmaceutical
companies are looking to AI to streamline the development of new
drugs, researchers can use predictive analytics to identify suitable
candidates for clinical trials and scientists can create more accurate
models of biological processes. But there are challenges as well – for
example, what dataset do you test new hypotheses against? And, as
data linkage is held by many as the key to unlocking our knowledge
of disease, would an algorithm be capable of coming to common
sense conclusions? There are plenty of questions around how useful
machine learning will be in practice. Does this approach lead to the
ecological fallacy, where aggregate data provides false answers? Will
it overwhelmingly generate multiple instances of correlation without
knowledge of causation, wasting researchers’ time and resources and
misleading the public? In any case, clinical input will be needed for
the foreseeable future, to ensure the validity and relevance of
research.

Clinical considerations: —
The margins of clinical and research consent are becoming blurred as
clinical management and outcomes become more and more
dependent on big data and ‘research’ becomes immediately relevant
for individual patient care — Machine learning can sift through
terabytes of data to find patterns and correlations that humans might
miss, freeing researchers from some of the more mundane tasks and
potentially enabling ‘big finds’ in cohort studies — On the other
hand, automated research risks generating multiple instances of
correlation without knowledge of causation, wasting researchers’
time and resources. Clinical input will be needed for the foreseeable
future, to ensure the validity and relevance of research.

Cochrane and AI – Project Transform With more and more

research being published, it is increasingly difficult for clinicians to
keep up to date. Systematic reviews aim to give a complete summary
of the current best evidence, by bringing together data from multiple
different studies. However, they are painstakingly labour intensive
and can take years to research and write. Cochrane’s Project
Transform, in partnership with Microsoft, is using AI to speed up the
process by which systematic reviews are conducted. Machine
learning can be used to automate the literature search by using ‘text
mining’ to analyse trial reports. Artificial intelligence can be used to
inspect thousands of randomised trials, identify and categorise them
and select which are appropriate for the systematic review. This
drastically speeds up the time taken to conduct the literature review
– the Project Transform team estimate a 60-80% reduction in
research effort.

7.ISSUES IN MEDICAL RESEARCH

Ethical issues: —
Could the ability of AI and machine learning to analyse large data sets
quickly and inexpensively skew the research landscape away from
traditional medical studies and divert funding and effort away from
‘gold standard’ research methods?
— Fully informed consent and anonymity may be challenging to
achieve. Is a new model of consent needed?
— How do developers and researchers prevent an algorithm
identifying an individual patient if it is only analysing small cohorts,
such as when looking at rare diseases for example?

Practical challenges: —
AI research needs be thoroughly evaluated for its effectiveness, cost
effectiveness and the risk of unintended consequences.
— Researchers from technological backgrounds will need to act in
accordance with the key underpinning principles of ethical medical
research, including professional standards on maintaining
confidentiality, transparency and minimising adverse effects.
— Might there be a negative or positive impact on recruitment to
studies?

8.Intellectual property and the financial

impact on the heathcare system
Healthcare is big business. The development of AI tools requires
significant resource and expertise, for which creators and investors of
capital, time and specialist knowledge are likely to expect to reap
rewards for successful products. The development of AI technologies
requires access to meaningfully labelled data and clinical strategic
design. There is potential for the NHS to profit from selling data, or at
least recoup some costs. Indeed some commentators put the value
of the data it holds at £15bn – potentially an attractive sum in the era
of budget-constrained healthcare system.
The economic gains to be made from healthcare AI are significant
and could be of marked financial benefit to the country of ownership.
For UK PLC, should those gains be made by the NHS, the public, or
corporations? Will it be fair and equal to those contributing data (the
public), advice and skills?
Technological advancements in AI have the potential to dramatically
change the landscape of the healthcare system. They could be used
to promote integration of services and data, leading to more
streamlined and efficient care pathways. Direct-to-patient AI
technologies have the potential to replace the need for a medical
consultation in some cases, providing reassurance, advice, or direct
access to simple treatments.

9.Impact on the wider healthcare system

However it cuts, there are two visions of an AI enabled healthcare
system. We could see a utopian world, where health inequalities are
reduced, where access to care is dramatically improved and quality
and standards of care are continuously driven up as machines learn
more about the conditions of the people they are treating. The
dystopian, but also feasible outcome is that health inequalities
increase, or the system becomes overwhelmed by ‘the worried well’
who have arrived at their GPs’ surgery or the Emergency Department
because they have erroneously been told to attend by their AI
enabled Fitbit or smartphone. Equally worrying is a world where only
the wealthy will be able to access the best AI delivered healthcare as
those providers will be the only ones with pockets deep enough to
access the best data and develop the best AI. The reality, as with
most revolutionary developments, is that the future will be located
somewhere between the two. It is for policymakers, politicians,
legislators, clinicians and ethicists to decide now how the wider
healthcare system will be AI enabled and improved for future
generations.

10.The Regulatory Environment

At the heart of the development of AI in healthcare are questions
around the regulatory environment. As with all regulation, a balance
must be struck between protecting the public, clinicians and the
service and promoting growth and innovation. These are not
mutually exclusive concepts and there are past examples of good
practice – for example, with the development of the appropriate
ethical and legal considerations which underpinned the development
of In-Vitro Fertilisation. Indeed many point out that it was thanks to
early focus on regulation that the science was allowed to flourish.
Lessons can be drawn for the development of AI.
The challenges to regulators presented by AI are diverse – the impact
it is likely to have on medical systems and devices, clinical practice,
relationships between clinicians and patients (and between providers
of health-related applications marketed direct to patients) mean that
regulators will need to work in a complementary way to develop
relevant and appropriate regulatory frameworks for AI. While many
AI products will meet the definition of a medical device and would
therefore fall under the regulatory jurisdiction of the MHRA, there
are also implications for:
— General Medical Council – clinicians will need clear guidelines on
the appropriate use of AI
— Medical defence organisations – the nature of negligence claims
may change as patients adapt to the availability of AI-generated
decisions and recommendations
— Care Quality Commission – will need to consider how AI systems
are embedded and used in healthcare organisations and their impact
on quality of care
— NHS Digital – will have a role in clinical risk management in the
development of health IT systems.

12. CONCLUSION
The use of artificial intelligence in healthcare is evolving at a rapid
rate. AI is penetrating into every aspect of global healthcare. It has
the potential to disrupt the healthcare industry. AI presents
unprecedented opportunities in healthcare and major challenges for
the patients, developers, providers, and regulators. Through our
collective effort, AI can achieve all its lofty expectations to improve
healthcare for patients across the world. However, AI-based
technologies are still quite controversial because they are not yet
commonly used. In the near future, healthcare will be delivered as a
seamless continuum of care and with a greater focus on prevention
and early intervention. For more information about AI in healthcare,
one should consult books in [22-28] and the related journals:
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Journal of Medical Artificial
Intelligence.

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