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Questions And Answers of CH-6 Oracle (Functions) 12/26/2022

Part l
1: What are functions ?
• Functions are programs that take zero or more arguments and return a
single value.
• these functions can be called from SQL statements.

2.: What are the features of the functions that we can use in the SQL ?
• Perform calculations on data
• Modify individual data items
• Manipulate output for groups of rows
• Format dates and numbers for display
• Convert column data types
3:Classify all the types of the functions by grouping ?
• Single-row functions
• Aggregate functions (also known as group functions)
• Analytical functions and regular expression functions
• National-language functions
• Object-reference functions
• Programmer-defined functions
4:what are the two main types of Functions ?
There are two types of functions:
• Single-row functions
• Multiple-row functions
5:List types of single-row functions ?
• Character functions
• Date functions
• Conversion functions

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• General functions
• Number
6:what are the types of General functions ?
• NVL
• NVL2
• NULLIF
• COALESCE
• CASE
• DECODE
7:Explain Character Functions ?
• Single-row character functions accept character data as input and can
return both character and numeric values.
8:List two types of Character functions ?
Character functions can be divided into the following:
• Case-conversion functions
• Character-manipulation functions
9:Explain case conversions ?
• LOWER: Converts mixed-case or uppercase character strings to lowercase
• UPPER: Converts mixed-case or lowercase character strings to uppercase
• INITCAP: Converts the first letter of each word to uppercase and the
remaining letters to lowercase.
10:what accepts Number Functions and list his types ?
• Number functions accept numeric input and return numeric values
Types;
• ROUND: Rounds value to a specified decimal
• TRUNC: Truncates value to a specified decimal
• MOD: Returns remainder of division
11:What is a Dual Table ?

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• DUAL is a dummy table that you can use to view results from functions and
calculations and owned by the user SYS and can be accessed by all users.
12: What is a Trunk functions ?
• The TRUNC function truncates the column, expression, or value to n
decimal places.
• The TRUNC function works with arguments similar to those of the ROUND
function.
13:Explain MOD functions ?
• The MOD function finds the remainder of the first argument divided by
the second argument.
14:what is the default date display format ?
• The default date display format is DD-MON-YY.
15:List date manipulation Functions ?
• MONTHS_BETWEEN(date1, date2): Finds the number of months between
date1 and date2. The result can be positive or negative.
• ADD_MONTHS(date, n): Adds n number of calendar months to date. The
value of n must be an integer and can be negative.
• NEXT_DAY(date, 'char'): Finds the date of the next specified day of the
week ('char') following date.
• LAST_DAY(date): Finds the date of the last day of the month that contains
date.
16:What are the Group Functions ?
• Group functions, also called multiple-row functions, return one result per
group of rows processed.
17:What are the types of group functions ?
• AVG
• COUNT
• MAX

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• MIN
• STDDEV
• SUM
• VARIANCE
18:Write the Guidelines for using the group functions ?
• DISTINCT makes the function consider only nonduplicate values.
• default is ALL and therefore does not need to be specified.
• The data types for the functions with an expr argument may be CHAR,
VARCHAR2, NUMBER, or DATE.
• All group functions ignore null values.
• To substitute a value for null values, use the NVL, NVL2, or COALESCE
functions.
19:what are the Aggregate Functions ?
• You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data but you can use MIN and MAX
for numeric, character, and date data types.
20: What is used count ?
• COUNT: returns the number of rows in a table:
• COUNT: returns the number of rows with non-null values for expr:
21:Using the DISTINCT Keyword ?
• COUNT(DISTINCT expr) returns the number of distinct non-null values of
expr.
• To display the number of distinct department values in the EMPLOYEES
table.
22: Define Sys-date ?
• SYSDATE is a date function that returns the current database server date
and time.
23:How Oracle server restrict the groups ?
• the Oracle server restricts groups as follows:

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• Rows are grouped.

• The group function is applied.
• Groups matching the HAVING clause are displayed.
24:Show as diagram character functions ?

Part-ll True & False

1: Using a WHERE clause, you can exclude rows before dividing them into groups.
TRUE/FALSE ?
• True
2: If you include a group function in a SELECT clause, you cannot select individual
results as well, unless the individual column appears in the GROUP BY clause. T/F
?
• True
3: You can divide rows in a table into smaller groups by using the GROUP BY
clause.T/F ?
• True
4: All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group functions must be in the
GROUP BY clause.T/F ?
• True
5: You can’t use SYSDATE just as you would use any other column name T/F ?

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• False
6: Group functions operate on sets of rows to give one result per group. T/F
• True
7: You can return summary results for groups and subgroups by listing more than
one GROUP BY column.T/F ?
• True
8: You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups. You use the HAVING
clause to restrict groups.T/F ?
• True
9: You cannot use group functions in the WHERE clause.T/F ?
• True
10: You can use a column alias in the GROUP BY clause.T/F ?
• False

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