Change in p.u.

value due to change in base quantities:

Consider two systems as follows:

System-1 : IB1, VB1 are the base values and I1p.u. , V1p.u., Z1p.u., Y1p.u. are the p.u.
values of some particular current, voltage, impedance and admittance
respectively
System-2 : IB2, VB2 are the base values and I2p.u, V2p.u., Z2p.u., Y2p.u. are the p.u.
values of same current, voltage, impedance and admittance respectively

Let us assume, Ia , Va , Za and Ya are the actual quantities.

Ia Ia
 I1p.u.  and I2p.u. 
IB1 IB2

 Ia  I1p.u.  IB1  I2p.u.  IB2

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  Ia  I1p.u.  IB1  I2p.u.  IB2

IB1 SB1 VB1

 I2p.u.  I1p.u.   I1p.u. 
IB2 SB2 VB2

SB1 VB2
 I2p.u.  I1p.u.  
SB2 VB1

Therefore, there is no need to know actual quantity to get new p.u. value
for new set of base quantities, if old p.u. value and old base quantities are
known.

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 2
SB1 VB1
Similarly, Z1p.u.  Za   Za  Z1p.u. 
2 SB1
VB1
2
SB2 SB2  VB1 
 Z2p.u.  Za   Z1p.u.   
2 SB1  VB2 
VB2

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Per unit value of series impedance of a single phase transformer:

2
N 
 Z1e   r1  jx1  +  r2  jx 2    1 
 N2 
2
 N2 
and Z2e   r1  jx1     +  r2  jx 2 
 N1 
2
 N2 
 Z2e  Z1e   
 1
N

Z1e and Z2e are equivalent series impedance of the transformer

referred to primary side and secondary side respectively.

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Let us assume base quantities are IB1, VB1, ZB1 on primary side. Generally
rated quantities are considered base quantities.

 p.u. value of the series impedance of the transformer referred to primary

Z1e Z1e IB1
Z1ep.u.    Z1e 
ZB1 VB1 IB1 VB1

Let us assume base quantities are IB2, VB2, ZB2 on secondary side.
Therefore, p.u. impedance of transformer referred to secondary is given by

Z2e Z2e IB2

 Z2ep.u.    Z2e 
ZB2 VB2 IB2 VB2

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 N1 N
Now, IB2  IB1 and VB2  2 VB1
N2 N1
IB2
 Z2ep.u.  Z2e 
VB2
  N1  
 2   I B1   
N   N2     N2 
2
  Z1e   2     Z2e  Z1e    
  N1     N2     1
N 
   VB1     
  N1  
I
 Z1e  B1  Z1ep.u.
VB1

 Z2ep.u.  Z1ep.u.
Therefore p.u. series impedance of transformer is same either base
quantities are assumed from primary side or secondary side. For three
phase transformer, p.u. impedances are same irrespective of
connection.
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Base quantities in terms of MVA and kV:

Base MVA = Sb  (MVA)b  Vb Ib 106

Base kV =(kV) b  Vb 103

 kVL 2b
Zb 
MVA3b

Z Ib Vb I b 106  MVA b3

Z1p.u.   Z  Z  Z
   
2 2
Zb Vb 3 kV
Vb 10 b

2
 MVA b2   kVb1 
Z2p.u.  Z1p.u.   
 MVA b1   kVb2 

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Development of per phase reactance/impedance diagram from single line
diagram of a power system:
Step-1: Select suitable base MVA for the system. Generally, maximum MVA rating
available in the system is selected, otherwise 100MVA is a common choice.
Step-2: Identify base kV of each section of the given power system, maximum kV
rating of a particular section is generally assume to be the base kV for that
section.
Step-3: Calculate per unit value of impedance/reactance and voltages (if
applicable) for each component. Then draw the per phase impedance/reactance
diagram in p.u. on per phase basis following the single line diagram.

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Example1: Draw the impedance diagram in per unit system for the power
system shown in Fig.1.

Solution: Let Base MVA=50.

For generator- transformer T1 section, base kV=11

For generator, G: Base kV is 11. New base MVA is same as of equipment rating.

11
 X g  j0.2 p.u. and generated voltage, Vg  =1 p.u.
11
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For transformer, T1: Base kV is 11. New base MVA is same as of equipment rating.

 XT1  j0.1 p.u.

For transmission line: Base voltage on transmission line side is 132kV

50
 Zline   25  j75  2
  0.072  j0.215  p.u.
132
 VB2 Z SB 
 ZB  ,  Zp.u. = = Z
2

 SB ZB VB 

For transformer T2-motor section, base kV is 33.

For transformer, T2 : base kV is 33, New base MVA is 50 but
equipment rating is 60MVA.
50
Therefore with new base quantities, X T2  j0.12   j0.1 p.u.
60

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 SB2  VB1 
2 
 Z2p.u.  Z1p.u.    , here VB1  VB2  33 and SB2  50,SB1  60 
 SB1  VB2  
 

For motor M1: Base voltage is 33kV. New base MVA is 50 but equipment rating
is 30MVA.
50
X M1  j0.15   j0.25 p.u.
30
For motor M2: Base voltage is 33kV. New base MVA is 50 but equipment rating
is 20MVA.
50
X M2  j0.15   j0.375 p.u.
20

33
M1  VM 2  =1 p.u.
For motors internal voltage, V
33

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The impedance diagram of Fig.1 with 50 MVA base is shown below:

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