Bilingualism

Bilingualism is an easy word to understand if you break it down into its constituent parts:
Bi – refers to two
Lingualism – refers to languages
Put them together and you end up with:
Bilingualism – the ability to use or speak two languages
Bilingualism refers to the coexistence of two language systems in a person or community’s
communication.
Monolingualism refers to the ability to speak only one language.
Is it that simple? Essentially yes, although there are a couple more things worth noting.
Bilingualism falls under the wider label of ‘Multilingualism’, which is the use of more than one
language. For that reason, someone who is bilingual could also be referred to as being
multilingual.
Bilingualism is a term that can also be used to refer to the use of more than two languages (for
example 3, 4, or more languages), however, it primarily refers to two languages (as the name
implies).

Types of bilingualism
Now that we know for sure what bilingualism is, let’s dive into the different types! There are
several criteria linguists use to define bilingualism, so we’ll look at these in turn.
When looking at bilingualism in the context of ‘who it is that’s able to speak more than one
language?’ there are different definitions to refer to one bilingual person versus a bilingual
community:
Individual Bilingualism – refers to one individual being able to use two languages proficiently.
Societal Bilingualism – refers to a whole community or country being able to use two languages
proficiently.
In terms of how people develop bilingualism, there are three key types of bilingualism:
Compound Bilingualism – when an individual develops an understanding of and proficiency in
two languages simultaneously in a single context. For example, a child that has been brought up
learning and speaking two different languages from infancy will have acquired these two
languages simultaneously. They would therefore use both languages for everyday interaction
with their parents.
Coordinate Bilingualism – when an individual learns two different languages in distinctly
different contexts, often by different means. For example, if an English speaking child begins
learning French at a young age in school and goes on to become quite proficient in it, this child
would be considered a coordinate bilingual, as they have learned English from their parents,
and French through lessons at school (two distinctly different contexts).
Sub-coordinate Bilingualism – when an individual learns a second language by filtering
information through their native language. For example, when a Spanish person hears the
English word ‘book’, they will begin to associate it with the equivalent word in Spanish, ‘libro’.
This process of association requires the Spanish speaker to filter the English word through their
knowledge of Spanish in order to understand the meaning of the word ‘book’.

Causes of bilingualism
It might be strange to think of bilingualism as having a ‘cause’ exactly, but what we’re referring
to here is the reasons why bilingualism might occur in different individuals and communities.
A primary cause of bilingualism is extensive language contact.
Language contact refers to the interaction that takes place between speakers who speak
different languages or language varieties. In the case of bilingualism, we’re talking about
speakers who speak different languages.
Within this wider umbrella, there are many circumstances that can lead to extensive language
contact between speakers of different languages, such as:
Having parents of different nationalities who speak two different languages (presumably
speaking a shared language as well). This would mean that the child grows up exposed to both
languages, therefore learning both as they develop.
Moving to a country where the language is something other than a person’s native tongue. This
would immerse the person in the new language in many different modes including hearing it
spoken by the native people of that country, seeing it written on signs and in public places, and
possibly having it taught in school or language lessons.
Requiring to learn a second language for business purposes. A person working for an
international company might be required to learn a second language in order to communicate
effectively with colleagues or clients from other countries.
Having a personal desire to learn a second language. Learning a language is not just a linguistic
endeavour; it is also a cognitive one. Many people enjoy learning languages as a means of not
only broadening their communicative ability, but also a means of expanding their cognitive
prowess.
Bilingualism: English as a Lingua Franca
Through your English Language studies so far, you might have come across the term ‘Lingua
Franca’.
A lingua franca is a language that is adopted as the common language used between speakers
whose native languages are not the same. In other words, a lingua franca is a language learned
by people speaking different native languages to enable them to communicate with one
another.
On a global scale, English is the most significant lingua franca, and has become the language of
business and the language of computer science among many other fields.
In many countries around the world, the ability to speak English is not only held in high esteem,
it is also necessary to facilitate business and foster professional international relationships.
In Singapore, English is spoken by approximately 37% of the population as a primary language.
This is more than the 35% Mandarin, 13% Chinese dialects, 10% Malay, 3% Tamil, and 2%
spread across other minority languages.
English is an official language of Singapore (alongside Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil), and is also
the language of business and government. This is an example of societal bilingualism.
Because English is so significant all over the world, many people in many countries speak
English as well as their native language; many people are bilingual due to English’s prevalence
as a lingua franca.
Other reasons why someone might become bilingual
Religious studies: certain religious studies might require a fairly extensive understanding of a
secondary language to a person’s native language. For example, Catholicism uses Latin which,
although technically a dead language, might still be necessary in order to understand ancient
religious texts. The need to understand Latin for religious studies would be more significant
than in scientific fields that use some Latin terms but do not rely on full Latin comprehension,
such as botany (eg. Plant names) or medicine (eg. Bone names).
Geography: in some countries, different communities speak different languages (for example,
Nigeria is home to many different languages including Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, and Kanuri). In
order to facilitate everyday communication between different language speakers within a single
country, it is necessary for the people to learn a common language. This could mean learning a
second language, or even a third!

Benefits of being bilingual

As we said in the beginning of this article, being bilingual is like a superpower! There are so
many benefits to being bilingual, so let’s take a closer look:
Wider communicative ability – the most obvious advantage to being bilingual is the increased
ability to communicate with more people and in more countries. Speaking two or more
languages opens up many opportunities for people, whether those opportunities be
professional, educational, creative, or explorative.
Privacy – people who are bilingual have the ability to code-switch. If two bilingual friends found
themselves in a situation where they didn’t want the people around them to understand what
they were talking about, they could code-switch from one language to the other in order to
keep their conversation private.
Code-switching is the ability to switch between different languages or language varieties within
a single speech exchange.
Increased cultural awareness – because culture and language are often so closely linked, being
able to speak more than one language could give the speaker greater cultural insight and
understanding. For example, if a child is born to Spanish parents, has grown up in England, but
speaks both Spanish and English fluently, their understanding and awareness of their Spanish
heritage may be a lot stronger than if they only spoke English. This child would likely have solid
cultural awareness of both their Spanish roots and British culture, as a result of being bilingual.
Competitiveness in the job market – as we’ve now seen, languages play an important role in
business and professional settings. Being bilingual presents people with an advantage over their
monolingual competitors and sets them apart as being able to reach more colleagues and
clients.
Ease of learning a third language – as with anything, practice makes perfect. If you already have
a firm grasp of two languages, learning a third is made much easier.
Creative expression – bilingual people have the unique ability to mix the best parts of the
languages they speak. With a bit of creative code-switching, bilingual people are able to pack
more punch into their discourse by adding impactful words in different languages. Sometimes
idiomatic language and other kinds of phrases in one language do not translate well into others.
Being bilingual enables the speaker to still use these evocative words and phrases without
having to dilute their meaning by translating.

Common bilingualism features

Bilingual people most commonly belong to two different cultures or have roots in two different
nationalities.
Bilingual people may use their different languages in different aspects of their lives (for
example, an individual might speak English at school or work but Spanish at home).
Bilingualism does not always mean the speaker speaks both languages to the same proficiency.
This is often assumed but is not always the case.
Being bilingual doesn’t automatically mean the speaker will be able to translate between
languages instantaneously; sometimes some extra thought will be required to translate things,
especially if the speaker has varying proficiencies of each language.
Bilingual people who speak the same languages as each other will often mix languages and
code-switch in conversation.
It is common for bilingual people to sometimes struggle to find a word in one language, so they
might explain what they mean in another way.