The document discusses the operation and applications of photoelectric sensors. It begins by explaining the basic operating principle of photoelectric sensors, including their components and how they detect objects. It then provides details on diffuse reflective sensors specifically, including their working principle. The document also discusses sensor specifications, calibration procedures, measurement accuracy, and environmental factors that can affect performance. Finally, it outlines several common industrial applications of photoelectric sensors in industries like food and beverage, automotive, mechanical engineering, and pharmaceuticals.
The document discusses the operation and applications of photoelectric sensors. It begins by explaining the basic operating principle of photoelectric sensors, including their components and how they detect objects. It then provides details on diffuse reflective sensors specifically, including their working principle. The document also discusses sensor specifications, calibration procedures, measurement accuracy, and environmental factors that can affect performance. Finally, it outlines several common industrial applications of photoelectric sensors in industries like food and beverage, automotive, mechanical engineering, and pharmaceuticals.
The document discusses the operation and applications of photoelectric sensors. It begins by explaining the basic operating principle of photoelectric sensors, including their components and how they detect objects. It then provides details on diffuse reflective sensors specifically, including their working principle. The document also discusses sensor specifications, calibration procedures, measurement accuracy, and environmental factors that can affect performance. Finally, it outlines several common industrial applications of photoelectric sensors in industries like food and beverage, automotive, mechanical engineering, and pharmaceuticals.
The document discusses the operation and applications of photoelectric sensors. It begins by explaining the basic operating principle of photoelectric sensors, including their components and how they detect objects. It then provides details on diffuse reflective sensors specifically, including their working principle. The document also discusses sensor specifications, calibration procedures, measurement accuracy, and environmental factors that can affect performance. Finally, it outlines several common industrial applications of photoelectric sensors in industries like food and beverage, automotive, mechanical engineering, and pharmaceuticals.
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 10
I.
Introduction ádsadasdas
The photoelectric sensor E3FA-DP21 is used for obstacle detection.
Therefore, the sensor is often used in automation lines.
1. Purpose of the report
Understand the general operation principle of the photoelectric sensor applied on the automation lines and the principle of the photoelectric sensor. The sensor is taken as an example of the photoelectric sensor E3FA-DP21. Understand the sensor calibration steps, measurement accuracy and environment factor that affect sensor performance. Understand the common applications of photoelectronic sensor in industry and consumer.
2. Summary of the content of the report
Informal 6 main issues: 1. Explanation of the sensor’s operating principle 2. Sensor specifications 3. Calibration produces 4. Measurement accuracy 5. Environmental factors that affect sensor performance 6. Industry and consumer applications
II. Sensor Technology
1. Explanation of the photoelectric sensor operating principle What is the photoelectric sensor? A photoelectric sensor consists primarily of an emitter for emitting light and a receiver for receiving light. When emitted light is interrupted or reflected by the sensing object, it changes the amount of light that arrives at the receiver. The receiver detects this change and converts it to an electrical output. The light source for the majority of photoelectric sensor is infrared or visible light.
Classification of photoelectric sensors:
- Through-beam sensors - Retro-reflective sensors - Diffuse reflective sensors In this report, we focus on the diffuse reflective sensor to detect objects.
What is a diffuse reflective sensors?
A diffuse photoelectric sensor, also known as diffuse-reflective sensor is an optical proximity sensor. It uses the principle of reflection to detect objects in its sensing range. The object itself acts as a reflector, eliminating the need for a separate reflector unit. The intensity of the reflected light is used to detect the presence of the object. Working principle of through-beam sensor Diffuse photoelectric sensors, like every other photoelectric sensor, have built-in circuitry to modulate, emit, receive and demodulate the light beam and control the output. They have both the emitter and receiver elements built into the same housing.
A photoelectric sensor, in general has a few circuits inside:
1. Modulator and Amplifier
2. Transmitter and Receiver 3. Detector Amplifier and Demodulator 4. Output
1. Modulator and Amplifier stage
This stage generates a signal to rapidly turn the LED on and off. The signal typically has a shape of a square wave. The amplifier stage uses the signal from the modulator stage and drives the LED. Some sensors do not have a modulator stage and outputs a direct beam. These tend to have a higher range, but are more prone to interferences caused by external light sources. 2. Transmitter and Receiver Stage The transmitter is often an LED due to its lower power consumption and switching speed. The emitted light is in the visible light and the infrared wavelength range. Red LEDs are the most common among the visible light types.
To receive the signal, a photodiode/phototransistor is used. For pulsating
emitter type, this phototransistor is spectrally coupled with the emitter LED’s wavelength. This ensures that the phototransistor allows more current to flow when it receives the light that falls in the emitter LED’s wavelength.
3. Detector Amplifier and Demodulator
The received signal is amplified and further conditioned by filtering and
smoothing. The receiver circuit also works in sync with the transmitter, reducing further chances of external interruptions.
This helps the sensor to reject any unwanted light beams emitting at different frequencies that are directed towards the sensor.
4. Output Stage
The output stage receives the conditioned signal from the demodulator and switches the output. This can be sourcing or draining for a PNP/NPN type sensor, or simply activating a normally open or normally closed contact for a relay output type sensor. III. Sensor performance 1. Sensor specifications The Emitter and Receiver are installed in the same housing and light normally does not return to the Receiver. When light from the Emitter strikes the sensing object, the object reflects the light and it enters the Receiver where the intensity of light is increased. This increase in light intensity is used to detect the object.
Features:
Sensing distance ranging from several centimeters to several
meters. Easy mounting adjustment. The intensity of reflected light, operating stability, and sensing distance vary with the conditions (e.g., color and smoothness) on the surface of the sensing object.
2. Calibration procedures Method for calibrating a through beam sensor In the process of calibrating, laser displacement sensor moves along Z- axis and Y-axis of machine, CCD camera takes the image of the spot projected by laser beam on the calibration plate, then calculate the laser beam’s direction based on the movement distance of laser displacement sensor and the spot’s position on calibration plate. 3. Measurement accuracy
Sensing distance White paper 300 x 300 mm; 100mm
Spot size 40 x 45 mm
Differential distance 20% max
Light source Red LED (624nm)
Power supply voltage 10 to 30 VDC±10% ripple (p-p) 10%
included
Current consumption 25 mA max
Control output PNP open collector
30 VDC max. 100 mA max. Residual voltage: 3 V max.
4. Environmental factors that affect sensor performance
Sensors often have plastic housings, so they should not be exposed to direct sunlight, especially in the measuring area of the sensor. Due to the strong infrared radiation of the sun, the sensor will be interfered with. Do not install the sensor signal wire together with the power cord. Because the power cord is subject to a large load, it will generate heat, and the temperature will affect the results of the measuring device.
IV. Photoelectric Sensor Applications
1. Industrial photoelectric sensors Many industries around the world are using photoelectric switches to gain benefits, such as: - Food and Beverage Industry: Photoelectric sensors are also used in assembly and strapping lines in the food and beverage industry. For example, you can install a plant to cap bottles by precisely adjusting and arranging each cap. In the case of errors, photoelectric switches can provide great help. It helps the company identify errors and correct them to ensure the smooth operation of the plant. - Automotive Industry:
When a company builds a car body, every component needs to
move along the creative line with solid consistency. Every part needs to stop before a well-planned important station. Therefore, it can be welded well, or, in any case, it can be handled without error. The photoelectric switch wiring can distinguish when the applicable station is close to the target. Then, the line can be stopped and the parts can be prepared. The automatic light switch used in the automotive industry has high accuracy. This makes it possible to provide precise results even when working on different items with shiny surfaces.
- Mechanical Engineering: The photoelectric sensor can provide quite high reliability, working with the huge machine in a beautiful synchronization. In this case, there is no place for it. Machine parts can be arranged and emptied using photoelectric sensors.
- Material Handling: In storage facilities that have complete or semi-automation, photoelectric sensors make it possible to efficiently track objects in storage, help with automating the storing and stacking of goods, and helps maintain inventories.
- Pharmaceutical Industry: Pharmaceutical industry applications such as packaging of medicines also use photoelectric sensors. During packaging, sensors can be used to avoid discrepancies such as empty packaging due to medicine tablets not being present on the line, etc. Photoelectric sensors are evolving with the rise in demand and accurate, efficient sensors are available that can be used for various purposes. With a sensing range of up to 100mm, the photoelectric sensor provides efficient sensing. They have a high IP rating making it ideal for them to be used in harsh conditions.
2. Photoelectric sensors in daily life
- Doors and gates: Automatic doors and gates, for example on buses, trains, elevators, garages, etc. need to have reliable sensing technology so that they open and close at correct times. The entire area in front of the door needs to be under the sensing area for the automated doors to work properly. Photoelectric sensors coupled with infrared scanners can detect approaching people or vehicles.
V. Conclusion
1. Summary of the report’s findings
Understand the general operation principle of the photoelectric sensor applied on the automation line and the principle of operation of the photoelectric sensor. The sensor is taken as an example of the ultrasonic sensor E3FA-DP21. Understand the sensor calibration steps, measurement accuracy, and environmental factors that affect sensor performance. Understand the common applications of photoelectric sensors in industry and consumer.
2. Recommendations for future research and development.
- Upgrade the sensor production line to be more optimized, use the right materials to increase accuracy in automation, and improve to achieve higher working efficiency.
