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    Biochemistry Notes

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    nezuko978
    The cytosol is the water-based fluid part of the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for cellular rebuilding, repair, and degradation. Mitochondria generate most of a cell's energy and contain inner and outer membranes. Their interior structure was revealed by electron microscopes in 1962, showing ATP synthase complexes on cristae. Important energy-carrying molecules include ATP, ADP, AMP, NAD+, and FAD, which undergo redox reactions and have oxidized and reduced forms involved in metabolic pathways.

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    Biochemistry Notes

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    nezuko978
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    The cytosol is the water-based fluid part of the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for cellular rebuilding, repair, and degradation. Mitochondria generate most of a cell's energy and contain inner and outer membranes. Their interior structure was revealed by electron microscopes in 1962, showing ATP synthase complexes on cristae. Important energy-carrying molecules include ATP, ADP, AMP, NAD+, and FAD, which undergo redox reactions and have oxidized and reduced forms involved in metabolic pathways.

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    The cytosol is the water-based fluid part of the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for cellular rebuilding, repair, and degradation. Mitochondria generate most of a cell's energy and contain inner and outer membranes. Their interior structure was revealed by electron microscopes in 1962, showing ATP synthase complexes on cristae. Important energy-carrying molecules include ATP, ADP, AMP, NAD+, and FAD, which undergo redox reactions and have oxidized and reduced forms involved in metabolic pathways.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    12 views2 pages

    Biochemistry Notes

    Uploaded by

    nezuko978
    The cytosol is the water-based fluid part of the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for cellular rebuilding, repair, and degradation. Mitochondria generate most of a cell's energy and contain inner and outer membranes. Their interior structure was revealed by electron microscopes in 1962, showing ATP synthase complexes on cristae. Important energy-carrying molecules include ATP, ADP, AMP, NAD+, and FAD, which undergo redox reactions and have oxidized and reduced forms involved in metabolic pathways.

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    Biochemistry The cytosol is the water-based fluid

    part of the cytoplasm of a cell.


    Biochemical Energy production
    Ribosomes are the sites where protein
    Metabolism- is the sum total of all synthesis.
    biochemical reactions that take place
    in a living organism. A lysosome is an organelle that contains
    hydrolytic enzymes needed for
    Catabolism- is all metabolic reactions in cellular rebuilding, repair, and
    which large biochemical molecules degradation.
    are broken down to smaller ones.
    A mitochondrion is an organelle that is
    Anabolism- is all metabolic reactions in responsible for the generation of
    which small biochemical molecules most of the energy for a cell.
    are joined together to form larger
    Mitochondria are sausage-shaped
    ones.
    organelles containing both an outer
    Metabolic pathway- is a series of mem brane and a multi folded inner
    consecutive biochemical reactions membrane.
    used to convert a starting material The invention of high-resolution
    into an end product. electron microscopes allowed
    There are two types of metabolic researchers to see the interior
    structure of the mitochondrion more
    pathways:
    clearly and led to the discovery, in
    - linear 1962, of small spherical knobs
    attached to the cristae called ATP
    - cyclic
    synthase complexes.
    o A eukaryotic cell is a cell in Important Nucleotide-containing Compounds in
    which the DNA is found in a metabolic pathways
    membrane-enclosed nucleus.
    • Adenosine Phosphates (ATP, ADP,
    o Prokaryotic cells have no and AMP)
    nucleus and are found only • Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)-
    in bacteria. one of the nucleotides
    present in RNA molecules
    The cytoplasm is the water-based
    material of a eukaryotic cell that • Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
    lies between the nucleus and the • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
    outer membrane of the cell. differ structurally from
    AMP only in the number
    The organelle is a minute structure of phosphate group
    within the cytoplasm of a cell that present.
    carries out a specific cellular Phosphoester bond - phosphate-ribose
    function. bond
    Phosphoanhydride bond - phosphate-
    phosphate bond
    - Chemical bond formed when two atoms than the oxidized form, which is
    phosphate groups reacts with each consistent with the process of
    other and a water molecule is reduction involving hydrogen atom.
    produced. Flavin Subunit - The active portion of
    Phosphoryl group (PO32- ) -The functional FAD in redox reaction
    group derived from a phosphate ion - The portion that undergoes change
    when the latter becomes part of when oxidized form (FAD) is
    another molecule. - ATP contains converted to the reduced form (FADH
    three phosphoryl groups, ADP 2)
    contains 2 phosphoryl groups, and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD^+,
    AMP one phosphoryl groups. NADH)
    - Have coenzyme functions in
    Other Nitrogen containing basis metabolic redox pathways
    associated with nucleotides are also - Have B- Vitamin as a structural
    present in triphosphate form: component
    • Uridine Triphosphate - involved in - Have an oxidized and reduce form
    carbohydrate metabolism.
    • Guanosine Triphosphate- Participate in The notation for the oxidized form is the NAD+
    protein and carbohydrate metabolism and the reduced form is the NADH
    • Cytidine Triphosphate- Involved in lipid - Can be presented structurally by
    metabolism using a three sub-unit and six sib-unit
    formulation.
    Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD, FADH2)
    Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) - A Three sub-unit block diagram
    coenzyme required in numerous
    metabolic reactions. - Can be
    visualized as containing either three
    subunits or six subunits. Six sub-unit block diagram
    FAD from three subunit viewpoint.

    FAD from six subunit viewpoint


    Coenzyme A (CoA- SH) -Another important
    coenzyme in metabolic enzyme. A
    derivative of the Vitamin B
    pantothenic acid
    Ribitol – reduced form of ribose
    Two forms of FAD
    1. Oxidized form
    2. Reduced form

    -The notation FAD denotes the


    oxidized form
    -The notation FADH2 denotes the
    reduced form contains two or more H

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