DIAGNOSTIC / FEASIBILITY STUDY

FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF

BUTTONWOOD POND

MEW BEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS

BAYSTATE
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSULTANTS
M
 DIAGNOSTIC/FEASIBILITY STUDY
FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF
BUTTONWOOD POND,
NEW BEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS

PREPARED FOR
THE
CITY OF NEW BEDFORD
AND THE
MASSACHUSETTS DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

UNDER
MGL CHAP. 628
MASSACHUSETTS CLEAN LAKES PROGRAM

BY
BAYSTATE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS, INC.
296 NORTH MAIN STREET
EAST LONGMEADOW, MASSACHUSETTS

FINAL REPORT

AUGUST, 1988
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Project Summary
Part I: Diagnostic Evaluation
Introduction
Data Collection Methods
Lake and Watershed Description and History
Lake Description
Watershed Description
Watershed Geology and Soils
Historical Lake and Land Use
Limnological Data Base
Flow and Water Chemistry
Bacteria
Storm Water Assessment
Sediment Analysis
Phytoplankton
Macrophytes
Zooplankton
Macroinvertebrates
Fish
Comparison with Other Studies
Hydrologic Budget
Nutrient Budgets
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Diagnostic Summary
Management Recommendations
Part 11: Feasibility Assessment
Evaluation of Management Options
Management Objectives
Available Techniques
Evaluation of Viable Alternatives
Recommended Management Approach
Impact of Recommended Management Actions
Detention Program
Diversion Program
Dredging Program
Education Program
Watershed Management Program
Monitoring Program
Funding Alternatives
Environmental Evaluation
Necessary Permits
Public Participation
Relation to Existing Plans and Projects
Feasibility Summary
References
Appendices
A: Information Provided b y Members of the
New Bedford Municipal Advisory Committee
B: Data Generated b y the BEC Study
C: Conversion Factors and Calculation Sheets
D: Environmental Notification Form
E: Comments b y Interested Parties
F: Glossary
 TABLES
Page

Buttonwood Pond Diagnostic/Feasibility Study Sampling Stations 8

Characteristics of Buttonwood Pond and its Watershed 14
Values of Monitored Parameters in the Buttonwood Pond System 34
Selected Parameter Ranges for Storm Waters 48
Chemical Characteristics of Buttonwood Pond Sediments 53
Fish Population Data 64
Precipitation for the New Bedford, MA Area 69
Hydrologic Budget for Buttonwood Pond 72
Nutrient Export Coefficients 76
Nutrient Load Generation 77
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Mass Flow 78
Estimated Nutrient Loads from Storm Events 80
Nutrient Loads to Buttonwood Pond Based on Empirical Data 82
Lake Restoration and Management Options 94
Anticipated Changes to Result from Management 114
Elements and Costs Associated with Proposed Detention 120
Elements and Costs Associated with Proposed Diversion 126
Elements and Costs Associated with Proposed Dredging 133
Elements and Costs Associated with Monitoring 138
Potential Funding Sources 139
Permits and Approvals Required 142
Summary of Management Actions 148

. ....-
. ,
1
I Ill I I I
1' I
 PROJECT SUMMARY
Buttonwood Pond and its watershed were investigated and
evaluated in 1986 and 1987 by Baystate Environmental Consultants,
Inc., on behalf of the City of New Bedford. The study was made
possible by funding through the Massachusetts Clean Lakes Program
of the Department of Environmental Quality Engineering and the
Olmsted Parks Restoration Program of the Department of
Environmental Management. The physical, chemical and biological
features of the pond were assessed and management recommendations
have been prepared.
The results of the study indicate that Buttonwood Pond is
receiving excessive loads of water, sediment and nutrients
associated with storm water runoff generated in the urban
watershed. Past sedimentation has filled in approximately one
third of the pond, and current nutrient levels support algal
blooms and dense growths of macrophytes. Flooding of park lands
occurs in response to periods of intense precipitation; the inlet
channel to the pond can handle only about 85 cu.m/min (50 cfs) of
flow before overtopping, and the storage capacity of Buttonwood
Pond is limited by very slight shoreline slopes. Approximately
62% of the phosphorus load to the pond is attributed to a single
storm drainage system serving less than 18% of the watershed
area. An upstream detention basin has an outlet structure which
prevents detention of water during all but the highest possible
flows. The Buttonwood Brook system has not been engineered for
downstream water quality or flood control.
Review of available management options has eliminated many
techniques from consideration. Evaluation of the remaining
alternatives in light of technical and economic considerations
has yielded a recommended management plan incorporating
detention, diversion, dredging, and environmental education. The
storm water drainage system contributing the majority of the
phosphorus load to the pond is to be routed to the southwest
corner of the park, along with four minor drainage systems which
can be easily tied into the diversion pipe. The upstream
detention basin is to be modified to detain water during low
flows while passing enough flow during major storms to prevent
overtopping and localized flooding. Soft sediment, silt laden
sand, and accumulated debris are to be removed from Buttonwood
Pond, dried and used within the park. The pond shoreline is to
be steepened and stabilized in conjunction with the dredging
program. An educational slide show and brochure are to be
prepared and presented to watershed residents.
The proposed management plan is expected to yield
substantial reductions in the loads of phosphorus (68 to 89%) and
nitrogen (45 to 74%) to Buttonwood Pond. Considerable in-lake
decreases in turbidity (40 to 95%) and plant density (60 to 80%)
 FIGURES

Page
Sampling Station Locations 9
Buttonwood Pond Sampling Stations 10
Bathymetric Map 15
Hypsographic Curve 16
Boundary and Topography of the Buttonwood Pond Watershed 19
Land Use in the Buttonwood Pond Watershed 20
Sub-Drainage Basins of the Buttonwood Pond Watershed 22
Soil Types in the Buttonwood Pond Watershed 24
Buttonwood Park: Existing Conditions 30
Buttonwood Park: Master Plan 31
Storm Water Drainage System of the Buttonwood Pond Watershed 46
Soft Sediment Depth and Sediment Sampling Locations 52
Residual Turbidity, Settling Rates, and Bulking Factors 55
Phytoplankton Density 58
Distribution of Aquatic Macrophyte Taxa 60
Density of Bottom Coverage by Aquatic Macrophytes 61
Hydrologic Inputs and Outputs 73
Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus Inputs 83
Possible Sites for Additional Containment of Storm Water 106
Possible Outlet Structures 119
Proposed Pipeline Pathway for Diversion of Storm Water 124
Work Areas Associated with Proposed Dredging 128
Typical Embankment 129
Haybale Silt Barrier 130
 PART l

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
are also expected. The probability of flooding will be reduced
(30 to 50%) as well. The physical features and appearance of
Buttonwood Pond will be altered to provide a more hydrologically
functional and aesthetically appealing water body. Habitat
quality is expected to increase appreciably for most forms of
aquatic life, and pond condition will be more appropriate to its
desired uses. The proposed project is consistent with the
Buttonwood Park Master Plan, which is in the implementation
phase.
The total anticipated cost of the proposed management plan
is $1,455,350, which includes the basic elements described above
and a monitoring program for assessment of results and adjustment
of management actions. A four-year implementation schedule has
been outlined, with detention and diversion options implemented
prior to any dredging. Monitoring and education should take
place throughout the period. Additional management actions may
be desirable (e.g., additional detention capacity provided
upstream of Buttonwood Pond), but the proposed project should
yield conditions acceptable for the desired uses of Buttonwood
Pond and the surrounding park land.
 INTRODUCTION
The establishment of the Massachusetts Clean Lakes Program
under Chapter 628 of the Acts of 1981 enabled many municipalities
and lake associations to acquire funding for study and
restoration of their lakes. As an environmentally aware and
concerned community, the City of New Bedford applied for a grant
for a Phase I diagnostic/feasibility study of Buttonwood Pond, a
highly visible element of Buttonwood Park. After being awarded
the grant, the City contracted Baystate Environmental
Consultants, Inc. to conduct the study.
Concern over the present and future status of Buttonwood
Pond and its impact on the impending restoration of Buttonwood
Park prompted the request for a study. The water quality impacts
of human activities in the Buttonwood Pond watershed were largely
unquantified, although it was apparent that the routing of storm
water through the Buttonwood Brook system (including Buttonwood
Pond) was largely responsible for deteriorating water quality and
frequent flooding in the park and adjacent neighborhoods.
Mitigation of any current negative influences on the pond and
prevention of future degradation of this water resource were
desired.
Under the Olmsted Parks Restoration Program, administered by
the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management (MDEM),
major improvements are to be made in Buttonwood Park. These
improvements are intended to provide increased recreational
utility in a more aesthetic setting consistent with the park
design principles of Frederick Law Olmsted, whose firm was
involved with the establishment of Buttonwood Park. A master
plan for the park has been developed by the Walker-Kluesing
Design Group in conjunction with the MDEM and the City of New
Bedford. Restoration work has already begun, and is likely to
continue in a phased fashion for over a decade, as existing park
features are brought into line with the master plan. Included in
the plan are improvements to Buttonwood Pond, conceived and
developed with the input of BEC.
 DATA COLLECTION METHODS

P r e v i o u s s t u d i e s o f Buttonwood Pond were r e v i e w e d , and

h i s t o r i c c o n d i t i o n s were d i s c u s s e d w i t h C i t y o f f i c i a l s and o t h e r
c o n s u l t a n t s i n v o l v e d i n t h e p a r k r e s t o r a t i o n e f f o r t . Maps a n d
r e p o r t s p r e p a r e d by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s G e o l o g i c a l Survey (USGS)
a n d S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e s (SCS) were u s e d t o i n i t i a l l y
a s s e s s watershed c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Of p a r t i c u l a r u s e w e r e t h e
USGS (1979) New Bedford N o r t h Q u a d r a n g l e S h e e t from t h e 7 . 5
m i n u t e series, t h e USGS-Massachusetts Department o f P u b l i c Works
Bedrock G e o l o g i c Map (Zen, 1 9 8 3 ) , t h e S o u t h e r n B r i s t o l County
s o i l s u r v e y r e p o r t p r e p a r e d by SCS ( 1 9 8 1 ) , a n d a e r i a l i n f r a r e d
p h o t o g r a p h s o b t a i n e d from t h e N a t i o n a l C a r t o g r a p h i c I n f o r m a t i o n
C e n t e r ( 1 9 8 5 ) . A r e a l measurements w e r e made w i t h a P l a n i x
E l e c t r o n i c P l a n i m e t e r . D e t e r m i n a t i o n s made from maps were
v e r i f i e d by f i e l d i n s p e c t i o n by s t a f f e n g i n e e r s , b i o l o g i s t s , and
a geo-hydrologist.
H i s t o r i c a l l a k e and l a n d u s e w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d t h r o u g h
c o n v e r s a t i o n s w i t h w a t e r s h e d r e s i d e n t s , newspaper a n d t e c h n i c a l
a r t i c l e s , p r e v i o u s r e p o r t s and maps, s t a t e agency c o r r e s p o n d e n c e ,
a n d f i e l d i n s p e c t i o n . O f p a r t i c u l a r v a l u e was t h e h i s t o r i c
r e s e a r c h performed by M s . J o y Kestenbaum f o r t h e Olmsted P a r k s
R e s t o r a t i o n Program. M r . Dana Souza o f t h e N e w B e d f o r d O f f i c e of
Neighborhoods a l s o p r o v i d e d u s e f u l b a c k g r o u n d m a t e r i a l . M r .
P e t e r J a c k s o n o f MDEM was v e r y h e l p f u l i n s e c u r i n g documents
p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e pond s t u d y .
A b a t h y m e t r i c map was g e n e r a t e d by p l u m b - l i n i n g a l o n g c r o s s -
l a k e t r a n s e c t s and t h r o u g h v i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n by a SCUBA d i v e r .
S o f t s e d i m e n t d e p t h was a s s e s s e d by d r i v i n g a p r o b e t o f i r s t
r e f u s a l ; t h e s e measurements were a l s o p e r f o r m e d by a d i v e r i n
c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e b a t h y m e t r i c c h e c k . The s u b s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e
o f t h e o u t l e t was examined by diver a s w e l l .
A comprehensive m o n i t o r i n g a n d i n v e s t i g a t i v e r e s e a r c h
program was implemented t o a s s e s s t h e p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l , and
b i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Buttonwood Pond. Sampling s t a t i o n s
w e r e selected from t o p o g r a p h i c maps a n d f i e l d i n s p e c t i o n . These
s t a t i o n s a r e described i n T a b l e 1 a n d shown i n F i g u r e s 1 and 2 .
The i n - l a k e s t a t i o n was sampled w i t h a Van Dorn b o t t l e a t t h e
s u r f a c e and bottom. A l l s t a t i o n s w e r e sampled a p p r o x i m a t e l y
b i w e e k l y between A p r i l and O c t o b e r a n d monthly t h e r e a f t e r u n t i l
t h e following spring.
F i f t e e n parameters w e r e r o u t i n e l y a s s e s s e d a t r e g u l a r
s a m p l i n g l o c a t i o n s (non-storm s t a t i o n s ) . Temperature and
d i s s o l v e d oxygen l e v e l s w e r e measured w i t h a YS1 model 57 meter,
with v e r t i c a l p r o f i l e s obtained a t t h e in-lake s t a t i o n s ( 0 . 3 t o
1 . 0 m i n t e r v a l s ) . The pH was measured o n - s i t e w i t h a Hach
c o l o r i m e t r i c k i t and v e r i f i e d w i t h a Sargent-Welch p H m e t e r on
 TABLE 1
BUTI'ONWOOD F W D DIAG@DSTIC/FEASIBILITY STUDY

SAMPLING STATIONS

S t a t i o n No.

I n l e t o f f Brownell Ave., a t o l d bridge abutments.

In-lake s t a t i o n , north of i s l a n d , a t surface.

In-lake s t a t i o n , north of i s l a n d , a t bottam.

O u t l e t a t F u l l e r Parkway.

36 inch storm d r a i n 50 m upstream of i n l e t .

12 inch storm d r a i n , j u s t upstream of walking

bridge near Kempton S t .

8 inch storm d r a i n , entering pond d i r e c t l y i n

northwest corner.

"Tile drainage" pipe near i n l e t .

10 inch storm d r a i n (channel) a t Kempton S t r e e t .

Buttonwood Brook a t Kempton S t r e e t .

Buttonwood Brook a t R t . 140 underpass,

wst branch.
BU- 11 Puttonwood Brook a t R t . 140 underpass,
e a s t branch.
Buttonwood Brook a t Detention Pond,
west branch.

Buttonwood Brook on e a s t s i d e of R t . 140, j u s t

south of drainage d i t c h confluence with channel
under R t . 140.

Storm d r a i n p i p e l i n e a t Huntington-Brownell Ave.

intersection.

Storm d r a i n p i p e l i n e a t Gaywood-Brownell Ave.

intersection.
 FIGURE 2
BUTTON WOOD POND SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS

Buttonwood Pond, New Bedford

Location of the Sa.mpling Stations
a
@
= Water sampling site
= Sediment sampling site
-. = Emergent muand o n silt

Note ihat stations 1 0 - 1 3 are

upstream on Buttonwood Brook,
out of the area shown here
s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s . C o n d u c t i v i t y w a s a s s e s s e d w i t h a Horizon
model 1484-10 meter. A f o u r l i t e r water sample was t a k e n a t e a c h
s a m p l i n g l o c a t i o n a n d t r a n s p o r t e d t o A r n o l d Greene T e s t i n g
L a b o r a t o r i e s i n N a t i c k , MA f o r a n a l y s i s o f s u s p e n d e d s o l i d s ,
dissolved s o l i d s , t o t a l a l k a l i n i t y , chlorides, t o t a l Kjeldahl
n i t r o g e n , n i t r a t e n i t r o g e n , ammonia n i t r o g e n , t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s , fl
a n d o r t h o p h o s p h o r u s by a c c e p t e d s t a n d a r d methods ( e . g . , Kopp and
M c K e e 1979, GHA e t a l . 1985) . S e p a r a t e b a c t e r i a s a m p l e s were
c o l l e c t e d f o r a n a l y s i s of f e c a l c o l i f o r m and f e c a l s t r e p t o c o c c i ,
a l s o p e r f o r m e d bv A r n o l d Greene T e s t i n a L a b o r a t o r i e s bv s t a n d a r d
methohs (membrane f i l t e r t e c h n i q u e ) . Missing d a t a are- a
consequence of s i t e i n a c c e s s i b l i t y o r l a b o r a t o r y e r r o r .
Storm s a m p l i n g was c o n d u c t e d on f i v e d a t e s , w i t h some
v a r i a t i o n i n p r o c e d u r e s a n d s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n s on e a c h d a t e . A
t o t a l o f 12 s t o r m s t a t i o n s were s a m p l e d i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e t h r e e
r o u t i n e s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n s , a l t h o u g h n o t a l l on any one d a t e , A s
o n l y two s m a l l d r a i n s e n t e r t h e pond d i r e c t l y , w h i l e a major
d r a i n a n d numerous minor d r a i n s d i s c h a r g e i n t o Buttonwood Brook,
some m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e normal a p p r o a c h t o s t o r m w a t e r
a s s e s s m e n t was w a r r a n t e d . I n a d d i t i o n t o most o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s
r o u t i n e l y s u r v e y e d , s a m p l e s w e r e a n a l y z e d on two d a t e s - f o r o i l
a n d g r e a s e , t u r b i d i t y , a n d e i g h t h e a v y m e t a l s . BEC a l s o a s s e s s e d
r u n o f f from t h e s p r i n g thaw, n o t a n a c t u a l s t o r m e v e n t . On one
d a t e , s a m p l e s from two s t a t i o n s w e r e t a k e n f i v e t i m e s d u r i n g t h e I
s t o r m , a n d s a m p l e s from t h r e e s t a t i o n s w e r e s i z e f r a c t i o n a t e d
p r i o r t o a n a l y s i s . S i z e f r a c t i o n l i m i t s w e r e s e t a t 250 um, 100
um, 5 3 um, 10 um, a n d 0.45 um. A t o t a l sample was a l s o a s s e s s e d .
1i
~ r a c t i o n a t i o nwas c a r r i e d o u t by g r a v i t y f i i t r a t i o n o f c o m p o s i t e
s a m p l e s t h r o u g h n y l o n mesh o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s i z e , e x c e p t f o r
t h e - 0 . 4 5 um f r a c t i o n , which was o b t a i n e d by s u c t i o n f i l t r a t i o n
through a g l a s s fiber f i l t e r .
Flow was a s s e s s e d a t a l l stream s t a t i o n s , u s i n g e i t h e r t h e
f l o a t method. a - G u r l e v S t a n d a r d f l o w meter, o r a ~ i ~ e / w e i r
e q u a t i o n (SCS 1975a) , - w h e r e a p p r o p r i a t e . A d d i t i o n a l t o t h e BEC
measurements, C i t y p e r s o n n e l k e p t a r e c o r d o f f l o w s a t a w e i r ,
i n s t a l l e d by BEC n e a r t h e Buttonwood Brook i n l e t t o t h e pond.
T h i s f l o w m o n i t o r i n g program r a n f o r a b o u t t h r e e months b e f o r e
f r e q u e n t vandalism and f i n a l l y a channel deepening procedure
c a r r i e d o u t by t h e B r i s t o l County M o s q u i t o Commission f o r c e d i t s I
termination. I

A 20 c m S e c c h i d i s k was l o w e r e d on t h e shady s i d e o f t h e
boat t o evaluate water transparency a t t h e in-lake s t a t i o n .
Analyses o f chlorophyll c o n c e n t r a t i o n and f e a t u r e s of t h e
p h y t o p l a n k t o n and z o o p l a n k t o n c o m m u n i t i e s were made f o r t h a t
l o c a t i o n a s w e l l . P h y t o p l a n k t o n s a m p l e s w e r e o b t a i n e d from a 3

d e p t h i n t e g r a t e d c o m p o s i t e sample, w h i l e z o o p l a n k t o n samples were

c o l l e c t e d by o b l i q u e tow o f an 80 m i c r o n mesh n e t . P h y t o p l a n k t o n
s a m p l e s were p r e s e r v e d w i t h L u g o l ' s s o l u t i o n and z o o p l a n k t o n
I samples were preserved with a formalin solution. Plankton samples
were analyzed microscopically for species composition, relative
abundance and biomass. The size distribution of the zooplankton
was also assessed, and all data were recorded and tallied using a
microcomputer routine developed by BEC and Cornell University
personnel.
Sediment samples were obtained from two in-lake stations
(Figure 2) with a manual coring device (5 cm diameter lucite
tube) operated by a SCUBA diver, providing a cross section of
bottom sediment strata. Samples were analyzed by Arnold Greene
Testing Laboratories for total Kjeldahl and nitrate nitrogen,
total phosphorus, organic/inorganic fraction, heavy metals (As,
Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn), PCB's, andoil and'
grease. Settling rate, bulking factor, and residual turbidity
were determined by BEC personnel for the two in-lake samples and
a composite sample obtained from the emergent wetland area.
Macrophyte species composition and areal extent of cover
were assessed by visual inspection from a boat and by a SCUBA
diver. The distribution of summer bottom cover.was mapped,
listing dominant species in each area. Qualitative notes were
made on the subsurface density, composition, and distribution of
macrophyte stands by the diver. A conductivity survey was
conducted at the same time to locate any major input points for
dissolved substances. The probe for the conductivity meter was
trailed behind a slow-moving boat, or positioned by the diver,
with readings made approximately every 50 meters.
As there was little data available for the Buttonwood Pond
fishery, BEC conducted a fish survey in August of 1986. A 122 m
seine with 1 cm mesh was laid out from shore in a semi-circle and
hauled in to collect fish. Captured fish were placed in holding
tanks until they could be measured and scale-sampled, after which
they were returned to the pond. Collected scales were assessed
in the laboratory with an overhead projector microscope to
facilitate age and growth determinations.
 LAKE AND WATERSHED DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY

Lake D e s c r i p t i o n
Buttonwood Pond i s l o c a t e d i n t h e C i t y o f N e w Bedgord,
B r i s t o l Coun$y, M a s s a c h u s e t t s . I t l i e s a t l a t i t u d e 4 1 38'00" and
l o n g i t u d e 7 1 5 7 f 1 5 " , encompassing a n open w a t e r a r e a o f 2.4 ha
(5.9 a c ) (Table 2) . If t h e emergent w e t l a n d t h a t i s s t e a d i l y
e n c r o a c h i n g upon t h e open w a t e r a r e a o f t h e pond i s i n c l u d e d i n
t h e pond a r e a , Buttonwood Pond s h o u l d be l i s t e d a t 3 . 6 ha ( 8 . 9
a c ) . The e n t i r e p o s s i b l e a r e a o f Buttonwood Pond h a s a deformed
rhomboid s h a p e ( F i g u r e s 2 and 3 ) w i t h d e p t h c o n t o u r s forming a
s i n g l e d e p r e s s i o n . The mean d e p t h i s 0 . 9 m ( 3 f t ) and t h e
maximum d e p t h i s 1 . 3 m ( 4 . 3 f t ) , w i t h t h e d e e p e s t p o i n t n e a r t h e
s o u t h s i d e ( o u t l e t a r e a ) of t h e pond. The hypsograph f o r
Buttonwood Pond ( F i g u r e 4 ) , b a s e d o n l y on t h e open w a t e r p o r t i o n
o f t h e pond, i n d i c a t e s t h e g e n t l y s l o p i n g n a t u r e o f t h e pond
bottom. A s m a l l drop i n water l e v e l can expose a s u b s t a n t i a l
p o r t i o n o f t h e pond b o t t o m .
When t h e pond i s f u l l , a t o t a l volume o f 21,600 cu.m o f
w a t e r i s impounded, b u t c u r r e n t u s e o f t h e pond a s a f l o o d
c o n t r o l device r e s u l t s i n h i g h v a r i a b i l i t y o f t h e o b s e r v e d
volume. The d e t e n t i o n t i m e f o r w a t e r i n Buttonwood Pond r a n g e s
from l e s s t h a n 0.001 t o 0.08 y r ( 2 h r t o 30 d a y s ) , w i t h a
p r e d i c t e d l o n g - t e r m mean o f 0.02 y r ( 8 d a y s ) . The h i g h
v a r i a b i l i t y of t h e detention time i s l a r g e l y a function of t h e
i n f l u e n c e o f storm water runoff. F l u s h i n g r a t e i s simply t h e
i n v e r s e o f d e t e n t i o n t i m e ; f o r Buttonwood Pond, a mean f l u s h i n g
r a t e o f 50 t i m e s p e r y e a r i s c a l c u l a t e d . The q u a l i t y o f w a t e r i n
Buttonwood Pond i s t h e r e f o r e l i k e l y t o be a f u n c t i o n o f r e c e n t
i n p u t s t o t h e system.
The e a s t e r n m o s t b r a n c h o f Buttonwood Brook, a l o n g w i t h t h e
numerous s t o r m w a t e r d r a i n a g e p i p e s which d i s c h a r g e i n t o it, i s
t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e o f w a t e r f o r Buttonwood Pond. Direct
p r e c i p i t a t i o n , direct r u n o f f , and g r o u n d w a t e r s e e p a g e p r o v i d e
o n l y s l i g h t i n p u t s t o t h e pond. Background f l o w s t h r o u g h t h e
pond a r e s l i g h t , b u t storm-induced f l o w s c a n be q u i t e
s u b s t a n t i a l , l e a d i n g t o e r o s i o n and s e d i m e n t d e p o s i t i o n w i t h i n
t h e pond. The n o r t h e r n end o f t h e pond, r e p r e s e n t i n g a b o u t a
t h i r d o f t h e o r i g i n a l pond a r e a , h a s b e e n f i l l e d i n t h i s manner.
The e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n s h o r e l i n e s , which a r e s u b j e c t t o
s u b s t a n t i a l f l u c t u a t i o n s i n w a t e r l e v e l , a r e e r o d e d and u n s t a b l e .
Even t h e g r a n i t e b l o c k w a l l a l o n g t h e s o u t h e r n e d g e of t h e pond
i s c r u m b l i n g i n p l a c e s a s a consequence o f n a t u r a l f o r c e s
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f l u c t u a t i n g w a t e r l e v e l s . The s i z e and s h a p e o f
t h e open w a t e r a r e a o f Buttonwood Pond h a s changed a p p r e c i a b l y
o v e r t h e l a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s , j u d g i n g from a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s and
maps v i e w e d by BEC p e r s o n n e l a t C i t y H a l l .
 TABLE 2
CHARACTERISTICS OF BUTTONWOOD POND AND ITS WATERSHED
Lake Measures
Location: Bristol County, City of New Bedford 41'38' 00" lat . 71'57' 15"
long.
Area: 2.4 ha (5.9 acres)
Depth: Mean 0.9 m (3.0 ft.)
Maximum 1.3 m (4.3 ft)
Volume : 21,600 m 3 (17.7 acre-ft .)
Detention Time: Mean 0.02 yr (8.0 days)
Range <0.001-0.08 yr (<0.1-30 days)
Longest Fetch 0.3 km (1016 ft)
I Greatest Distance Perpendicular
To Fetch 0.2 km (650 ft)
Shoreline Length 0.82 km (2690 ft)
Shoreline Development 1.17
Watershed Measures
Area (Excluding Buttonwood Pond) : 198 ha (489.3 acres)
Watershed Area/Lake Area 82.5
Land Use: % High Density Residential 59.1
% Low Density Residential 4.5
% Commercial 2.2
% Highway Corridor 5.2
% Cemetery 5.7
% Open/Vacant 2.5
% Park/Recreation 4.3
% Forest 14.2
% Wetland 2.3
 FIGURE 3

OUTLET
UNDER
FULLER
 FIGURE 4

/ HYPSOGRAPHIC CURVE
FOR BUTTONWOOD POND I

Area i Z o f suriace j
 Buttonwood Pond i s a l a r g e l y a r t i f i c i a l impoundment o f t h e
e a s t e r n m o s t b r a n c h o f Buttonwood Brook. While t h e pond h a s
e x i s t e d f o r s e v e r a l h u n d r e d y e a r s , a n d may have been a marsh
p r i o r t o t h a t , it owes i t s c u r r e n t permanent s t a t u s t o the o u t l e t
s t r u c t u r e on t h e s o u t h s i d e o f t h e pond. The o u t l e t c o n s i s t s o f
a s t o n e a n d masonry s t r u c t u r e w i t h a 2 m ( 6 . 5 f t ) w i d e cement
s p i l l w a y a n d a 0 . 3 m (1 f t ) d i a m e t e r s u b s u r f a c e pond d r a i n . The
pond d r a i n i s c o n t r o l l e d by a g a t e v a l v e . The b o t t o m of t h e pond
d r a i n i s j u s t s e v e r a l i n c h e s above t h e b o t t o m of t h e pond, a n d
c o u l d f a c i l i t a t e n e a r l y complete d r a i n i n g of t h e pond u n d e r non-
s t o r m f l o w s . The pond d r a i n i s i n a d e q u a t e t o p a s s f l o w s g r e a t e r
t h a n 2 5 cu.m/min ( < I 5 c f s ) , however.
The b o t t o m meter o f t h e o u t l e t s t r u c t u r e a p p e a r s i n t a c t , b u t
t h e t o p 0 . 3 m ( s u b j e c t t o a l t e r n a t i n g e x p o s u r e a n d submergence)
e x h i b i t s c r a c k i n g and chipping. Although t h e g e n e r a l f u n c t i o n of
t h e s t r u c t u r e d o e s n o t seem t o be i m p a i r e d , m i s s i n g cement c a u s e s
w a t e r t o r u n down o n l y t h e w e s t e r n e d g e o f t h e s p i l l w a y d u r i n g
d r y w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s . Some u n d e r f l o w t h r o u g h s o i l s o r
f o u n d a t i o n c r a c k s a l s o a p p e a r s t o be o c c u r r i n g . The c o n d i t i o n o f
t h e o u t l e t i s t h e r e f o r e s u s p e c t , a n d a n o f f i c i a l i n s p e c t i o n by
t h e DEM Dam S a f e t y U n i t s h o u l d be c o n d u c t e d . Water p a s s i n g
t h r o u g h t h e o u t l e t r u n s u n d e r F u l l e r Avenue ( a l s o c a l l e d C o u r t
S t r e e t ) i n a n a r c h e d , b r i c k c u l v e r t o f 2.4 m ( 8 f t ) w i d t h and 1 . 2
m ( 4 f t ) maximum h e i g h t , f u r t h e r l i m i t i n g o u t l e t f l o w s . The
b r o o k resumes i t s s e m i - c h a n n e l i z e d c o u r s e a t t h i s p o i n t , p a s s i n g
t h r o u g h t h e zoo, a w e t wooded a r e a , a n d i n t o a set o f t h r e e s m a l l
(maximum d i a m e t e r = 0 . 6 m) c u l v e r t s a t t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n c o r n e r o f
t h e p a r k (Hawthorn a n d Brownell S t r e e t s ) .
Buttonwood Pond i s s m a l l , w i t h o n l y s l i g h t s h o r e l i n e
development, b u t it i s a n i m p o r t a n t f o c a l p o i n t f o r a c t i v i t i e s i n
Buttonwood P a r k . I t a l s o plays an important r o l e i n flood
c o n t r o l , a c t i n g a s t h e o n l y c o n t r o l l a b l e impoundment i n t h e
e n t i r e Buttonwood Brook system. O t h e r s o u r c e s o f s t o r a g e
c a p a c i t y h a v e no a d j u s t a b l e f l o w c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e .
C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e pond h a s been u s e d t o minimize f l o o d i n g i n t h e
park a t t h e expense o f a e s t h e t i c appearance, r e c r e a t i o n a l
o p p o r t u n i t y , and h a b i t a t q u a l i t y .
Much o f t h e p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l , a n d b i o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f
t h e pond c a n be e x p l a i n e d s o l e l y a s a f u n c t i o n o f s t o r m w a t e r
i n f l u e n c e on t h e s y s t e m . N u t r i e n t e n r i c h m e n t , t u r b i d i t y ,
s i l t a t i o n , a n d f l o o d i n g a r e t h e p r i m a r y e f f e c t s . Buttonwood Pond
i s n o t e s p e c i a l l y e f f e c t i v e a s a f l o o d c o n t r o l impoundment, a n d
i t s u s e a s such i s i n direct c o n f l i c t w i t h i t s r o l e i n t h e park
a s an a e s t h e t i c f e a t u r e , r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t y , and v i a b l e
aquatic habitat.
 There are currently no developed beaches on Buttonwood Pond,
although unauthorized swimming has been observed. The public is
not permitted to launch boats in the pond, but there are numerous
access points for light boats, and a paddle boat concession is
operated from the southeast corner of the pond during summer.
The "Warming House", now harboring the park office and a senior
citizens center, is also located at the southeast corner of the
pond. Easy access to the shoreline exists on the east and west
sides of the pond, with more difficult access possible across the
filled area on the north side. The south shoreline is fenced
off, due to its proximity to the road and the currently unstable
nature of the granite block wall which defines the southern
boundary of Buttonwood Pond.
Watershed Description
The watershed of Buttonwood Pond covers 198 hectares (489
ac), excluding the open water area of the pond itself, in an
urban/suburban setting (Table 2, Figure 5). While this is not
large in an absolute sense, the resultant watershed to pond area
ratio is a very high 82.5 to 1. In our aquatic survey work
throughout Massachusetts and the Northeast U.S. in general, BEC,
Inc. has found that ratios of more than 50 to 1 result in
degraded water quality and related lake problems in the absence
of major management programs. Even with an almost completely
forested watershed, one would not expect pristine conditions in
Buttonwood Pond. Given the urban/suburban nature of the
Buttonwood Pond watershed, the potential for water quality
degradation is quite high. There are no point sources of
pollution (registered discharges) in the watershed of Buttonwood
Pond (SRPEDD 1978), but non-point sources are numerous and
extensive.
High density residential areas (e.g., c0.1 ha or 0.25 ac
lots, multi-family dwellings) account for over 59% of the
watershed area (excluding the pond), with low density residential
and commercial land comprising another 6.7% (Table 2, Figure 6).
Highway corridors (mainly Route 140) constitute over 5% of the
watershed, and heavily used park area accounts for over 4%.
Forests and wetlands make up only 16.5% of the watershed of
Buttonwood Pond. The remaining land in the watershed is either
open/vacant (and likely to be built upon) or cemetery (St. Maryfs
Cemetery, off Route 6 and along Route 140). The large amount of
impervious surface associated with such an urbanized watershed
increases the runoff generated by precipitation events and
snowmelt. The routing of this runoff to minimize transportation
hazards and property damage results in excessive flows in
Buttonwood Brook.
 FIGURE 5
BOUNDARY AND TOWGRAPHY OF THE
BUTTONWOOD POND WATERSHEO
 FIGURE 6
LAND USE IN THE 0Residential - High Density
::::
BUTTONWOOD POND WATERSHED
Residential - Low Density
Commercial
Highway Corridor
Ei cemetery
Open/vacant
Park/Recreation
Forest
wetland
Buttonwood Pond
 The piping of storm drainage results in ten discernible sub-
drainage basins f o r Buttonwood Pond (Figure 7). Approximately
47% of the watershed lies within Area 10, a predominantly dense
residential area (Bayberry and Rockdale West developments) which
includes the headwaters of Buttonwood Brook. Water generated in
this area is piped or channelled to an existing detention basin
adjacent to Route 140 in Area 8. However, the detention basin
was apparently not designed or built to detain water at flows
less than those associated with extremely large storms (e.g., 100
yr event), and there was no detention of storm water over the
range of flows observed during this study.
The next largest drainage area is Area 8, at slightly more
than 22% of the total watershed area. This parcel contains
residential and forested lands, the cemetery, and the Route 140
corridor. Drainage to the brook from nearly all lands but the
highway in this area is without piping or clear channels. Route
140, however, has 12 drain pipes (0.3 m dia. each) and 16
concrete and stone sluice channels (each about 1 m wide) which
route water off the road and into Buttonwood Brook within Area 8.
Additionally, there are three drains routing water from parking
areas on the east side of Route 140 (associated with the Rockdale
East development) into Buttonwood Brook within Area 8.
Buttonwood Brook flows on both sides of Route 140 through most of
Area 8; the detention basin discussed above has two outlets, with
the eastern one passing water under Route 140 via a 0.8 m (2.5
ft) diameter pipe. Flow on the eastern side of Route 140 is
minimal, however, except during storms; most of the flow passing
through the detention basin exits via the southern outlet and
runs along the west side of Route 140.
Area 7 (Figure 7) occupies just under 18% of the watershed,
but is one of the most critical parcels from the perspectives of
pollutant loadings and management needs. Area 7 is almost
entirely dense residential land, and the runoff from this area is
delivered to Buttonwood Brook by a single 0.9 m (3 ft) diameter
pipe which discharges into the brook about 50 m upstream of the
inlet to Buttonwood Brook.
Area 9 is a self-contained woodland/wetland parcel which
overflows into Area 8. Area 1 consists of Buttonwood Park land
which drains into the pond or brook via overland runoff alone.
The remaining drainage areas (Areas 2-6) are comprised of
residential/cornmercial lands and roadways which are served by
storm sewers which discharge directly into the brook (Areas 4, 5
and 6) or pond (Areas 2 and 3). During dry periods most of the
background flow through the pond can be traced to a small wetland
on the northwest edge of Area 10. Very small dry weather
additions to that flow are sometimes made by Areas 8 and 9.
There is virtually no dry weather flow contribution from the
other sub-watersheds noted.
 FIGURE 7
SUB-DRAINAGE BASINS IN THE .
BUTTONWOOD POND WATERSHED U Buttonwood Pond
1 D i r e c t / Park Drainage

3 S t o r m Drain S y s t e m
4 S t o r m Drain S y s t e m
............. 5 S t o r m Drain S y s t e m
.............
.............
............. 6 S t o r m Drain System
7 S t o r m Drain S y s t e m
8 Buttonwood Brook Drainc
. . . . . . . 9 Isolated Wetland/Forest
.......
r m Drain S y s t e m

..............
.............
...............
..............
DRAINAGE AREA ...............
..............
...............
...............
AREA * AC HA ...............
...............
---
% ...............
...............
................
...............
................
..................
..................
..................
1 23.8 9.6 4.8 ..................
2 7.0 2.8 1.4
3 6.3 2.5 1.2
4 4.5 1 .8 0.9
5 2.8 1 . 1 0.5
6 1:7 0.7 0.3
7 87.5 35.4 17.7
8 1 10.2 44.6 22.4
9 9.4 3.8 1.9
10 232.4 94.0 47.0

TOTAL 495.2 200.4 100

Watershed Geology and Soils
The entire New Bedford region is underlain by Alaskites,
which are gneissic granites of Proterozoic age (Zen 1983). Some
hornblendes and schists are found, and muscovite is a common
component of the gneiss encountered. Bedrock color ranges from
light gray through pinkish gray to tan. There has been some
metamorphosis of the bedrock components, with the area described
as including feldspathic gneiss and amphibolite with few
indicators of metamorphic grade. The bedrock morphology has been
modified somewhat by glacial activity, with accumulations of sand
and silt (glacial outwash) resulting. Given the low permeability
of the overlying strata in most areas, the bedrock geology does
not appear to play an important role in the water chemistry of
the Buttonwood Pond system.
The soils of the Buttonwood Pond watershed (Figure 8) are
nearly all fine sandy loams, with the Paxton, Ridgebury, Whitman
and Woodbridge series represented. Considerable portions of the
watershed are also characterized by the SCS (1981) as urban
complexes, which means that soil properties have been appreciably
altered by development. The watershed area is fairly evenly
divided between slopes of 0 to 3% and 3 to 8%, with just one
parcel (northwest corner) having a slope of 8 to 15%.
Fine sandy loams have permeabilities which range from 0.5 to
15.2 cm/hr (0.2 to 6.0 in/hr) (SCS l98l), suggesting poor to
moderate drainage characteristics. Given the high frequency of
silts in the New Bedford subsoil and the relatively thin nature
of the topsoil, a relatively slow percolation rate would be
expected for precipitation falling on the soils in the Buttonwood
Pond watershed. Coupled with extensive coverage by impervious
surfaces, this suggests great potential for the generation of
runoff. The large flows generated by storm events are therefore
not surprising.
Historical Lake and Land Use
All of New Bedford was a seaboard lowland with open tundra
characteristics at the close of the last ice age. A spruce - fir
forest subsequently covered the area, giving way to a deciduous
forest. In terms of settlement, nearby coastal areas were more
attractive to Native Americans and European settlers alike.
Nevertheless, as the City of New Bedford grew, this area became a
source of lumber, and there were few trees remaining in the area
after initial settlement by Europeans. The Buttonwood area was
purchased from the Native Americans by the Russell family,
founders of New Bedford, then passed into the ownership of the
Giffords. Eventually the tract was broken into 16 lots which
were used as pasture or stood idle until about 1870 (Kestenbaum
1987). The first buildings in the immediate area of the current
park were built in the 1870fs, and by 1892 there were several
boarding houses at the perimeter of what is now Buttonwood Park.
 FIGURE 8
S O I L TYPES IN THE
BUTTONWOOD POND WATERSHED

BUTTONWOOD POND

URBAN LAND

El PAXTON3 - 8FlNE SANDY LOAM

X SLOPE

' PAXTON FlNE SAMDY' LOAM

8 - 1 5 s SLOPE
WOODBRIDGE FlNE SANDY
LOAMDO-3XSLOPE
WOODBRIDGE FlNE SANDY
LOAM, 3 - 8 % SLOPE

WOODBRIDGE VERY STONY

FlNESANDYLOA M,
3 - 8 % SLOPE
. .
WOODBRIDGE EXTREMELY
STONY FINE SANDY LOAM,
3 - 8 X SLOPE

RIDGEBURY EXTREMELY
STONY FlHE SANDY LOAM,
0 - 3 % SLOPE
W H ~ T M A NEXTREMELY STONY . . . . .
FlNE SANDY LOAM, 0 - 3 %
PAXTOM VERY STONY FlNE SANDY
LOAM, 3 - 8 % SLOPE
WHITMAW ,FINE SANDY LI
0 - 3 ' s SLOPE
RIDGEBURY FINE SANDY LOAM,
0 - 3 X SLOPE
 Whether Buttonwood Pond was a pond, emergent wetland, or
stream channel prior to settlement of the area by Europeans is
unknown, but during the 1800's it was used as an ice pond, and
maintained its pond status from that time on. An archaeological
study conducted by the Public Archaeology Laboratory, Inc.
revealed evidence of considerable human influence prior to park
establishment, primarily by fill introduction and solid waste
disposal. No potentially valuable finds were recorded, however,
and no further investigation was recommended; a finding of no
significant archaeological resources was issued.
The relevant history of the pond and its watershed really
begins with the establishment of Buttonwood Park in the late
1800's. The events leading to park establishment and the
modifications which have taken place over nearly a century since
that time have been chronicled by Ms. Joy Kestenbaum, landscape
historian for Buttonwood Park, as part of the Olmsted Historic
Landscape Preservation Program of the Massachusetts Department of
Environmental Management. A summary of her findings is included
in Appendix A.
Buttonwood Park was established on undeveloped land under
the direction of Stephen Brownell, Chairman of the Park
Commission and a subsequent mayor, just before the start of the
twentieth century. The firm of Olmsted, Olmsted and Eliot was
retained to advise the City on key features and layout, but much
of the original plan was not carried out. The park, as
originally envisioned, would have encompassed about 60 ha
centered around a lake of substantial size, and would have
included the great meadow, peripheral transportation arteries,
and vegetative screening from bordering developed areas which
typifies the classic Olmstedian landscape designs of the mid- to
late 1800's. Instead, a flat, lightly vegetated park of about 24
ha with a 2.4 ha pond and an expansive lawn was created, largely
as a consequence of the economic and political climate in New
Bedford at that time. The existing pond was dredged at that time
and the dredged material was used to grade the surrounding land.
Additional land parcels were added as they became available
and as funds permitted, and a former Olmsted associate, Warren
Manning, prepared a plan for bringing the park more in line with
Olmstedrs principles for landscape design. Manning's
recommendations were not closely followed,'however, and the park
continued to develop in a somewhat haphazard way. A zoo was
gradually incorporated into the park, Court Street was
constructed through it, the current outlet structure was built,
and the pond was enlarged somewhat. Recreational features such
as ballfields, playgrounds, and a bandshell were added.
Buttonwood Park became the largest and most frequented park in
New Bedford, but the lack of a cohesive design has prevented the
park from realizing its full potential as a haven from the
negative aspects of city life.
Of particular importance to Buttonwood Pond and Brook was
the analysis and design work of one Mr. William F. Williams, a
City engineer who undertook the restructuring of the waterway
through the park after floods destroyed the existing outlet
structure and channels in 1902. Mr. Williams noted increasing
variability in flows as development around the park and upstream
on Buttonwood Brook proceeded, and feared that the water supply
might be inadequate to maintain the pond during prolonged dry
spells. A canal downstream of the pond with steep slopes and
riprap reinforcement was proposed, and the section of the brook
downstream of the pond within the park was extensively modified.
A new outlet structure and overpassing roadway (Court Street, or
Fuller Ave.) were also constructed at that time, but no upstream
improvements were made. Many of the hydrologic problems facing
the park then, as perceived by Williams, still persist and have
been magnified by extensive development of the watershed.
Public works projects beginning during the Great Depression
and continuing through the 1960's resulted in the addition of
such structures as the warming house and Buttonwood Library,
along with a host of monuments spread throughout the park. Many
wetlands of the Buttonwood Pond watershed were converted to
residential areas during this period. By the late 1970fs, few
developable parcels remained. The extension of City water and
sewer lines to all reaches of the watershed (SRPEDD 1978) has
facilitated almost complete development, with only a few wetland
areas likely to be preserved.
Land use in the Buttonwood Pond watershed in 1971 was
already dominated by residential uses at 45% of the total area,
according to the McConnell Map Down Series, New Bedford North
Quadrangle (1971). Route 140 and St. Mary's Cemetery are shown
in their present forms, and wetland area is about the same as
today. There has been a slight decrease in open and recreational
space, but the most striking difference is the decline in
agricultural lands from 33% in 1971 to about 14% in 1986 (Figure
6). Concurrent with the decline in agriculture has been an
increase in residential and commercial usage from 45% in 1971 to
about 66% in 1986. Appreciable future changes are not
anticipated.
As flooding problems were noted early in this century,
runoff from agricultural and even wetlands must have been
substantial during major storm events, probably owing to the
nature of the soils. Agricultural pollutants undoubtedly entered
Buttonwood Pond, although the more extensive wetlands north of
t h e pond p r o b a b l y p r o v i d e d more s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y and t r e a t m e n t
t h e n . With t h e a d v e n t o f d e n s e h o u s i n g developments and
a s s o c i a t e d s t o r m d r a i n a g e , however, t h e d e l i v e r y o f r u n o f f t o t h e
b r o o k a n d pond h a s s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n c r e a s e d . F l o o d e v e n t s
e x p e c t e d t o have a n o c c u r r e n c e f r e q u e n c y of o n c e e v e r y t e n y e a r s
b a s e d on h y d r o l o g i c d a t a f o r 1930 t h r o u g h 1950 now o c c u r a b o u t
o n c e e v e r y two y e a r s , a c c o r d i n g t o C i t y o f f i c i a l s a n d p a r k
personnel. The p o l l u t a n t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s t o r m r u n o f f a r e
c a u s i n g p h y s i c a l , c h e m i c a l , and b i o l o g i c a l impairment o f t h e
pond, a n d have r e d u c e d r e c r e a t i o n a l u t i l i t y a n d h a b i t a t q u a l i t y
f o r most forms o f a q u a t i c l i f e .
S e v e r a l s t u d i e s performed i n t h e 1 9 7 0 ' s ( T i b b e t t s
E n g i n e e r i n g Corp. 1970, SCS 1976, GHR E n g i n e e r i n g Corp. 1980)
h a v e a s s e s s e d t h e f l o o d i n g problems a n d recommended p o s s i b l e
s o l u t i o n s . These recommendations i n c l u d e t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e
pond a n d b r o o k w i t h i n t h e p a r k a n d a l t e r a t i o n o f t h e c u l v e r t
u n d e r Hawthorn a n d Brownell S t r e e t s , which c a r r i e s w a t e r o u t o f
t h e p a r k a n d downstream t o t h e c o n f l u e n c e w i t h t h e o t h e r b r a n c h e s
o f Buttonwood Brook. No m o d i f i c a t i o n s h a v e y e t been made i n
t h e s e a r e a s . The u s e o f u p s t r e a m d e t e n t i o n b a s i n s have been
recommended and i n one c a s e c a r r i e d o u t i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h m a j o r
development p r o j e c t s . It is interesting t o note t h a t t h e
e x i s t i n g upstream d e t e n t i o n b a s i n and e n t r y channel a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h t h e Bayberry a n d Rockdale West d e v e l o p m e n t s have been c i t e d
by t h e SCS (1975b) a s good examples o f s t o r m w a t e r management
t e c h n i q u e s . W e a t BEC c o n c u r i n p r i n c i p l e , b u t t h e a c t u a l d e s i g n
a n d o p e r a t i o n o f t h i s f a c i l i t y p r o v i d e s no p e r c e p t i b l e b e n e f i t t o
Buttonwood Pond.
The r e c r e a t i o n a l h i s t o r y o f Buttonwood Pond i s d i v e r s e , a n d
h a s b e e n l a r g e l y d i c t a t e d by t h e c h a n g i n g p h y s i c a l a n d c h e m i c a l
n a t u r e o f t h e pond. From i t s " o r i g i n a l " u s e a s a n ice pond,
Buttonwood Pond was t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o t h e r e c r e a t i o n a l f o c a l p o i n t
o f t h e p a r k by t h e e a r l y 1 9 0 0 r s . E a r l y i n t h e p a r k ' s h i s t o r y ,
Buttonwood Pond was a p o p u l a r s i t e f o r swimming a n d b o a t i n g
(Souza 1 9 8 6 ) . E l a b o r a t e swan b o a t s c r u i s e d t h e pond on p l e a s a n t
weekend a f t e r n o o n s , and l a t e r Red C r o s s l i f e s a v i n g c o u r s e s w e r e
t a u g h t t h e r e . Toy s a i l b o a t s w e r e set a d r i f t on windy d a y s .
P r o p e r l y a t t i r e d l a d i e s and gentlemen s t r o l l e d o r r o d e a l o n g t h e
c a r r i a g e p a t h which r a n n e a r t h e pond s h o r e . The c h e r r y blossoms
on t h e t r e e s between t h e pond a n d B r o w n e l l S t r e e t a t t r a c t e d l a r g e
crowds .'and p r o v i d e d a n i d e a l s e t t i n g f o r p o n d - s i d e p i c n i c s .
I n t h e w i n t e r , ice s k a t i n g was p o p u l a r a t Buttonwood Pond.
P a r t l y i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e p o p u l a r i t y o f t h e s p o r t , t h e warming
h o u s e was b u i l t on t h e e a s t e r n s h o r e . T h i s b u i l d i n g a l s o served
a s a b o a t s t o r a g e a n d l a u n c h i n g f a c i l i t y . The s m a l l i s l a n d a t
t h e c e n t e r o f t h e pond p r o v i d e d l i g h t i n g f o r n i g h t i m e a c t i v i t i e s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y s k a t i n g . A f o o t t r a i l r i n g e d t h e pond b e g i n n i n g i n
t h e 1 9 3 0 f s , w i t h an e l a b o r a t e wood and c o n c r e t e b r i d g e o v e r t h e
 inlet at the north end. Fishing was popular at the pond with
adults and children alike, and both public and private stocking
of the pond took place. Fishing derbies were popular spring
activities. Buttonwood Pond was a true all-purpose aquatic
facility, and served the public well until about the 1960's.
Fluctuating water levels, shoreline erosion, sedimentation,
and deteriorating water quality became chronic problems during
the 1960,s. Swimming was banned for health and safety reasons.
Sedimentation and fluctuating water levels minimized the utility
of the pond for ice skating; appropriate ice conditions are now
relatively rare. Boating in the shallow, silty waters became
much less popular than in previous decades; the use of private
craft in the pond was banned, and boat concessions ceased
operation. Yet recently a paddleboat concession was granted to
Mr. George Moniz, who has rented paddleboats at the pond for the
last two summers. Shallow depths and nuisance plant growths have
hampered this enterprise, however.
Fishing has continued as a popular pond use, but
participation is mainly by smaller children. Stocking of the
pond and competitive fishing derbies have ceased. Picnicking
along the pond shore has become less common, although the cherry
trees still blossom and there is ample access. Sunbathers are
common at lunch hour on sunny days when the ground around the
pond is dry enough to lay on. Feeding the large assemblage of
waterfowl and other birds is now popular, although these
pidgeons, gulls, ducks, and geese are partly responsible for
deteriorating pond conditions. Many people walk or jog around
the pond every day, although the condition of the trail along the
northeastern shoreline and the lack of a bridge at the inlet act
as deterents. The public clearly wishes to utilize Buttonwood
Pond and its immediate surroundings, but the pond and its
shoreline are not in a particularly usable state.
Current recreational and wildlife usage goals for the pond
include paddleboating, quality fishing, skating, peripheral
walking and jogging, other peripheral uses (e.g., picnicking),
aesthetic appeal, and a diverse bird community (on and near the
water) (NBMAC 1987). These uses are consistent with the original
design and intent of the park, as outlined by Olmsted, Olmsted
and Eliot in the 1890's. There is no plan to bring back
swimming, as conditions are not likely to be suitable for primary
contact recreation on a continuous basis. These goals are
admirable and achievable, and a Master Plan for reaching them is
now in place.
In 1985 the New Bedford Municipal Advisory Committee was
formed to guide the proposed restoration/alteration of Buttonwood
Park. Funds were expected to become available through the
Olmsted Historic Landscape Preservation Program of the

28

- -
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management (MDEM).
Such monies did become available, and this committee has met
monthly to help hired consultants devise a workable park plan and
priorities for implementation. The Walker-Kluesing Design Group
from Boston has acted as the lead consultant, preparing the
Master Plan with input from other consultants with relevant
specialties. A current list of committee members, including Dr.
Wagner of BEC, is included with the historic summary in Appendix
A.
The existing conditions in Buttonwood Park as of 1986 are
shown in Figure 9, while an illustrative version of the approved
Master Plan is presented in Figure 10. Relocation of the tennis
courts has been accomplished already, and money has been
allocated for certain parking improvements, tree maintenance, and
additional plantings. None of the original grant monies have
been allocated for pond improvements, as the exact nature of
those improvements will not be known until the Clean Lakes
Program Phase I Project Report (this document) is completed and
approved. The Master Plan does call for morphometric alteration
of the pond, although the precise shape and island configuration
is not definite at this time. Eventual enlargement of the pond
is desired, but this is dependent on the removal of Court Street
an indefinite number of years from now. The intent is to produce
a more linear, streamlined system which incorporates the best
features of the current pond and associated wetland while
improving recreational opportunity, aesthetic appeal, and habitat
quality.
 LIMNOLOGICAL DATA BASE

Limnological data were collected for one year in an effort

to assess pond condition and evaluate temporal and spatial
variability in physical, chemical, and biological features.
Through this data collection effort we attempt to learn how the
system functions and which factors are important to its well-
being. Considerable information is generated, and one must sort
out the critical items from those of general interest or minimal
utility in the management of the system. Therefore, in the
interest of brevity, most raw data have been incorporated into a
technical appendix (Appendix B) which serves as a support
document to this report. Calculation sheets which detail the
derivation of useful values and other information of secondary
importance have also been included in an appendix (Appendix C).
Flows and Water Chemistry
The chemical nature of Buttonwood Pond influences biolosical
characteristics, and is itself greatly influenced by the rate of
transfer of substances into and out of the water column. Flow
characteristics are therefore of major importance in the system.
Inflow from the one tributary, Buttonwood Brook, is erratic, with
flows ranging from about 0.5 to 49 cu.m/min (0.3 to 28.8 cfs)
(Table 3, Appendix B). The arithmetic mean of the flows measured
by BEC personnel was just over 6.5 cu.m/min (3.8 cfs), but a
simple arithmetic mean of less than 20 values may be
inappropriate for a system with such high variability.
There are two levels of flow in the Buttonwood Brook system:
background, or dry weather flows, and storm, or wet weather
flows. Dry weather flows are slight, usually less than 3
cu.m/min (1.8 cfs), while storm flows can exceed 170 cu.m/min
(100 cfs). Storm flows tend to peak rapidly in this system, then
decline to pre-storm levels about four days after a major
precipitation event. Since the flow data acquired by BEC
personnel represent a random sampling of the actual flow regime,
they are assumed to be representative of the typical range of
conditions in the brook. However, extreme events may have been
missed, and the inclusion of one or two near peak storm flows
could greatly skew the mean upward. The median flow for Station
1, the inlet to Buttonwood Pond, was only 2 cu.m/min (1.2 cfs),
based on the BEC data.
To better characterize the flow regime of Buttonwood Brook
upstream of Buttonwood Pond, BEC instituted a lay monitoring
program for flow. A V-notch weir was established about 30 m
upstream of the inlet in the brook channel, and measurements were
recorded by park personnel on 40 out of a possible 70 days
between May 14 and July 23, 1986. Vandalism and rechannelization
by the Bristol County Mosquito Commission forced the termination
 TABLE 3
W I J E S OF MONITORED PARAMETERS IN THE F m W D FOND SYSTEM

PAF!AMJTIRR UNITS W E TYPE BU-1 BU-2S FU-2B BU-3 PU-7

F
L
'm

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS G/L MFM

MAXIMUM
MINIMUM

O~PHOSPHORUS

AI'WONIA NITRGFN MG/ J, MEAN

MAXIMUM
MINIMUM

NITRATE N1TRCY;m K/L MEAN

MAXIMW
MINIMUM

'IWAL KJELDAHL NITRXEN K/L MEAN

MAxIrn
MINIMUM

NITR0GEN:PHOSPHORUS RATIO NINE MEAN

MAXIMUM
MINIMM

TEMPERATURE CELSIUS MAXIMUM

MINIMUM

DIS.SOLVED OXYGEN %/L MFAM

rmX1m
MINIMUM

D.O. SATURATION % MFM1

MAXIMUM
MINIMUM

mrAL SUSPENDED ,XILIDS %/L MEAN

MAXIMUM
MINIMUM

'IWI'AL DISSOLVED ,WLIlX %A Ml3N

MrnIMuM
MINIMUM
 TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)
UTES OF MONITORED PAMFTERS I N WE RVITONC\XXID FOND SYSTWI

FAMETER UNITS VALUE TYPE BU-1 EU-2S RU-2B RU-3 PC-7

S. 17. M M I W 7.2 7.8 8.4 7.6 7.0

MINIMUM 5.7 6.4 6.5 6.3 5.7

ALKALINITY K/L MEAN

MAXIMUM
MIEJIMW

%/L ~~
CvKmUM
MINIMUM

CAL COLIFORM N/100ML MEAN*

MAXIMUM
MINIMUM

XAL STPEP?OCOCCI N/100ML MEN*

MAXIMUM
MINIMUM

NONE MEAN
~ ~ I M I M
MINIMUM

G/L MEAN
MFXIMUM
MINIMUM

K C H I D I S K 'IIIANSPARENCY P?TIERS MF?8

V A X I P ~JM
~
MINIWUM
o f t h i s program. T h i s d a t a b a s e produced a mean f l o w o f 3.2
cu.m/min ( 1 . 9 c f s ) , an e s t i m a t e d background flow o f 0.5 cu.m/min
( 0 . 3 c f s ) , and a maximum flow of o v e r 50 cu.m/min (30 c f s ) .
Measurements were made d u r i n g two major s t o r m e v e n t s , one of
which c a u s e d e x t e n s i v e f l o o d i n g i n t h e p a r k .
During f l o o d i n g , t h e w a t e r i n Buttonwood Brook overflows t h e
banks of t h e s t r e a m a t s e v e r a l p o i n t s w i t h i n t h e p a r k , i n c l u d i n g
t h e a r e a j u s t i n s i d e t h e p a r k . An a c c o u n t of a s u b s t a n t i a l s t o r m
e v e n t ( y e t n o t one w i t h a low f r e q u e n c y o f o c c u r r e n c e ) and i t s
e f f e c t on t h e brook i n t h i s a r e a i s i n c l u d e d i n Appendix B. T h i s
s t r e t c h of s t r e a m was c a p a b l e o f c o n t a i n i n g flows o f up t o 50
cu.m/min u n t i l t h e Mosquito Commission dredged and c h a n n e l i z e d it
i n J u l y of 1986. Now it w i l l c o n t a i n p e r h a p s 80 t o 100 cu.m/min,
owing t o a deepening o f t h e channel, c l e a r i n g o f o b s t r u c t i o n s ,
and t h e c u t t i n g o f a c h a n n e l t h r o u g h t h e h e a v i l y sedimented i n l e t
a r e a . While t h i s r e d u c e s f l o o d i n g i n t h e p a r k , it i n c r e a s e s
s e d i m e n t a t i o n o f t h e pond and n e c e s s i t a t e s i t s u s e a s a f l o o d
c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e . Now, when s t o r m s o f s u b s t a n t i a l magnitude a r e
p r e d i c t e d , p a r k p e r s o n n e l open t h e pond d r a i n ahead of t i m e and
i n c r e a s e s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y by p a r t i a l l y d r a i n i n g t h e pond.
O u t l e t flows do n o t a g r e e c l o s e l y w i t h i n l e t v a l u e s , l a r g e l y
a s a r e s u l t of t h e u s e of Buttonwood Pond a s a s t o r m w a t e r
s t o r a g e f a c i l i t y . Flows a t t h e o u t l e t may be c o n s i d e r a b l y
g r e a t e r t h a n a t t h e i n l e t i f t h e pond d r a i n i s open i n
p r e p a r a t i o n f o r a storm, and t h e o u t f l o w may be a p p r e c i a b l y lower
t h a n t h e i n f l o w when s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y i s b e i n g u t i l i z e d .
Outflows do t e n d t o b e less v a r i a b l e t h a n i n f l o w s a s a
consequence of t h i s p r a c t i c e , b u t t h e y h a r d l y r e p r e s e n t t h e
a c t u a l flow regime o f t h e system.
The flow v a l u e s g a t h e r e d a t S t a t i o n 7 a r e a l l r a t h e r low,
r e f l e c t i n g t h e minor n a t u r e of t h i s s o u r c e . Flow was observed on
o n l y s i x d a t e s , i n d i c a t i n g t h e i n t e r m i t t a n t a s p e c t of t h i s
source. S t a t i o n 7 i s a spring-like seep along t h e northwest
s h o r e l i n e of t h e pond which a p p e a r s t o r e p r e s e n t s t o r m w a t e r
f i l t e r i n g t h r o u g h t h e sediment from a broken p i p e . I t was
o r i g i n a l l y thought t o possibly r e p r e s e n t a n a t u r a l spring, but
discussion with park personnel revealed t h a t t h i s water
o r i g i n a t e d from a broken s t o r m p i p e s e r v i n g p a r t of Brownell
Avenue ,(Drainage Area 3 ) . Flow was o b s e r v e d o n l y d u r i n g t h e
s p r i n g , ' w h e n ground w a t e r l e v e l s were s u f f i c i e n t t o p r e v e n t
complete i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f t h i s flow p r i o r t o p a s s a g e i n t o t h e
pond. Water n o t p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e p i p e d i s c h a r g i n g t o t h e pond
a t S t a t i o n 6 f i l t e r e d t h r o u g h t h e sediment and e n t e r e d a t S t a t i o n
7.
 Direct entry storm drains, ground water, and direct
precipitation contribute only slightly to observed flows, but
their relative importance to the hydrologic budget of Buttonwood
Pond will be discussed further in the Hydrologic Budget section
of this report. What is important about these minor sources is
their tendency to contribute in concert with other flows,
magnifying the variability of flows and the hydrologic
instability of the system.
Phosphorus is usually viewed as the key plant nutrient in
aquatic (and often terrestrial) systems. It is most often the .
element in shortest supply in relation to the needs of plants,
and is more easily controlled than most other essential plant
nutrients. The level of phosphorus in a lake is therefore of
critical importance to the condition of the system.
The measured concentration of total phosphorus ranged from a
minimum of 10 ug/l to a maximum of 300 ug/l during this study
(Table 3). Both the maximum and the minimum values were recorded
at Station 1, the inlet of Buttonwood Brook to Buttonwood Pond.
Value ranges at the other regularly monitored stations were
slightly more narrow but similar. Mean concentrations were
similar at the inlet, in-lake, and outlet stations, ranging from
88 to 98 ug/l. These values are not significantly different
(Paired T-test, P>0.05, Sokal and Rohlf 1981), suggesting that
there is little change in water quality with respect to
phosphorus as water passes through the pond. Station 7, the
seepage area derived from storm water, exhibited an average total
phosphorus concentration of 45 ug/l. This value appears
appreciably smaller than the others, but is also not
significantly different in a statistical sense; the lesser number
of samplings at that station is the cause of the apparent
difference (Appendix B).
Orthophosphorus, or soluble reactive phosphorus, was also
assessed during this study. This form of phosphorus is more
readily available for uptake by algae and higher plants than the
remaining portion of the total phosphorus concentration. Total
phosphorus and orthophosphorus values therefore provide a range
of phosphorus bioavailability, a parameter of some relevance
where nuisance growths are of concern. Orthophosphorus
concentrations were appreciably lower than -the corresponding
total phosphorus values, ranging from 10 to 200 ug/l and
exhibiting mean values of 26 to 51 ug/l (Table 3). The relative
temporal and spatial patterns for the two phosphorus forms were
quite similar, however (i.e., when total phosphorus is high,
orthophosphorus is also elevated).
From ecological and management viewpoints, both the total
phosphorus and orthophosphorus means are rather high. Total
phosphorus levels of more than 50 ug/l are often cause for
c o n c e r n , a s t h e y c a n f u e l s u b s t a n t i a l a l g a l blooms. However,
b i o a v a i l a b i l i t y mediates t h e a c t u a l impact of phosphorus
c o n c e n t r a t i o n , making e v a l u a t i o n o f o r t h o p h o s p h o r u s l e v e l s
d e s i r a b l e . If a l g a l p r o d u c t i o n i s l i m i t e d by p h o s p h o r u s , a v e r y
s m a l l p o o l ( a r o u n d 10 u g / l o r less) o f o r t h o p h o s p h o r u s might b e
r e a s o n a b l y e x p e c t e d . Orthophosphorus levels i n Buttonwood Pond
a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r t h a n 10 u g / l on a v e r a g e , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t
e x c e s s phosphorus i s a v a i l a b l e . I f o t h e r f a c t o r s a r e favorable,
v i s i b l e blooms o f a l g a e would b e e x p e c t e d i n Buttonwood Pond.
A l t h o u g h g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s c a n b e made from mean v a l u e s , t h e
r a t h e r wide r a n g e o f o b s e r v e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f p h o s p h o r u s a n d
o t h e r measured c o n s t i t u e n t s o f Buttonwood Pond w a t e r w a r r a n t
further discussion. I f one compares t h e w e a t h e r r e c o r d w i t h t h e
r e c o r d e d levels o f phosphorus ( o r a l m o s t any o t h e r p a r a m e t e r ) ,
one f i n d s t h a t h i g h e r i n l e t ( S t a t i o n 1) v a l u e s c o r r e s p o n d t o
p e r i o d s o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n , u n l e s s t h e s a m p l e was t a k e n a t t h e t a i l
e n d o f a m a j o r e v e n t , i n which c a s e a wash-out phenomenon i s
sometimes o b s e r v e d . Low v a l u e s a t t h e i n l e t c o r r e s p o n d t o
p r o l o n g e d d r y s p e l l s , d u r i n g which s t o r m w a t e r i n p u t s were
negligible. Storm w a t e r i n p u t s t h e r e f o r e a p p e a r t o be t h e major
s o u r c e o f p o l l u t a n t s t o t h e pond, a n d c o n t r o l w a t e r q u a l i t y when
present. I n t h e absence of storm water i n p u t s , water q u a l i t y a t
t h e i n l e t o f Buttonwood Pond improves markedly.
I n - l a k e w a t e r q u a l i t y e x h i b i t s less o f a c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h
p r e c i p i t a t i o n . T h i s i s n o t t o o s u r p r i s i n g , g i v e n t h e p r a c t i c e of
d e t a i n i n g s t o r m w a t e r i n t h e pond a s a f l o o d c o n t r o l measure.
Much o f t h e w a t e r i n t h e pond a f t e r a s t o r m i s s t o r m w a t e r
r u n o f f , a n d t h e p u r i f i c a t i o n c a p a c i t y o f t h e pond i s i n s u f f i c i e n t
t o p e r m a n e n t l y remove p o l l u t a n t s from t h e w a t e r column b e f o r e t h e
n e x t s t o r m . The a s s o c i a t i o n o f many p o l l u t a n t s w i t h v e r y f i n e
p a r t i c l e s a n d c o l l o i d a l m a t e r i a l ( a s i t u a t i o n d i s c u s s e d i n more
d e t a i l i n a s s o c i a t i o n with storm water assessments), along with
wind a c t i o n on t h i s s h a l l o w system, a c t s t o keep p o l l u t a n t s
s u s p e n d e d i n t h e w a t e r column. A s t h e d e t e n t i o n t i m e f o r w a t e r
i n t h e pond i n t h e a b s e n c e o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n c a n be a s much a s 30
d a y s , t h i s c o n d i t i o n c a n p e r s i s t between most s t o r m s .
Nitrogen i s a n o t h e r important p l a n t n u t r i e n t , and occurs i n
t h r e e m a j o r forms i n a q u a t i c s y s t e m s : ammonia, n i t r a t e , and
o r g a n i c compounds. Ammonia a n d n i t r a t e c a n be measured d i r e c t l y ,
w h i l e o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n i s a s s e s s e d a s t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e
t o t a l K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n ( a d i g e s t i o n - b a s e d t e s t r e s u l t ) and
ammonia n i t r o g e n . Ammonia and n i t r a t e a r e r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e f o r
u p t a k e by p l a n t s , a n d t h e former c a n be t o x i c t o most a n i m a l s ,
d e p e n d i n g on t h e t e m p e r a t u r e , pH, a n d d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s l e v e l .
Nitrogen i n p u t s t o a q u a t i c systems a r e v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o c o n t r o l
a s a c o n s e q u e n c e of t h e h i g h n i t r o g e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e
a t m o s p h e r e , n i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n by c e r t a i n p l a n t s ( i n c l u d i n g
bluegreen a l g a e ) and t h e high m o b i l i t y o f n i t r a t e i n s o i l .
 Ammonia n i t r o g e n l e v e l s a t t h e i n l e t a r e h i g h l y v a r i a b l e ,
b u t t h o s e o f t h e pond and i t s o u t l e t f l u c t u a t e o n l y m o d e r a t e l y
( T a b l e 3 ) . A m o d e r a t e mean c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 0.27 mg/l was
o b t a i n e d f o r t h e i n l e t , w h i l e t h e means f o r o t h e r s t a t i o n s were
a l l b e l o w 0 . 1 mg/l. No ammonia t o x i c i t y h a z a r d i s p r e s e n t e d .
Ammonia n i t r o g e n a p p e a r s t o b e r a p i d l y c o n v e r t e d t o n i t r a t e
n i t r o g e n i n t h i s w e l l a e r a t e d system.
N i t r a t e n i t r o g e n v a l u e s f l u c t u a t e d n o t i c e a b l y a t most
s t a t i o n s ( T a b l e 3 ) , b u t a v e r a g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e a l l below 1
mg/l. The mean v a l u e s f o r t h e i n l e t a n d a t S t a t i o n 7 were
g r e a t e r t h a n 0 . 5 mg/l, a l e v e l seldom a c h i e v e d u n d e r n a t u r a l
c o n d i t i o n s ( M a r t i n a n d Goff 1 9 7 2 ) , b u t t h e i n - l a k e a n d o u t l e t
means w e r e r e l a t i v e l y low.
T o t a l k j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n (TKN) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f l u c t u a t e d
a p p r e c i a b l y a t t h e i n l e t , i n - l a k e , a n d o u t l e t s t a t i o n s , b u t were
more c o n s t a n t a t S t a t i o n 7 . The f i l t e r i n g a c t i o n o f t h e s o i l
t h r o u g h which w a t e r e n t e r i n g t h e pond a t S t a t i o n 7 p a s s e s i s
probably minimizing t h e p a r t i c u l a t e n i t r o g e n concentration a t
t h a t s t a t i o n . T h i s w a t e r was a l w a y s v e r y c l e a r . The mean TKN
l e v e l a t S t a t i o n s 1, 2, and 3 was a l m o s t i n v a r i a n t , r a n g i n g from
0.80 t o 0.89 m g / l . The s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e s e m o d e r a t e v a l u e s
suggests t h a t relatively l i t t l e particulate nitrogen is retained
by t h e s y s t e m on a n e t b a s i s . D u r i n g m a j o r s t o r m s , most i n p u t s
p a s s q u i c k l y t h r o u g h t h e system, w i t h o n l y t h e l a t e r i n p u t s b e i n g
r e t a i n e d f o r more t h a n a day. While t h o s e i n p u t s may be
s u b j e c t e d t o form c h a n g e s and r e c y c l i n g w i t h i n t h e pond, t h e y t o o
a r e e v e n t u a l l y f l u s h e d from t h e s y s t e m ; o n l y a v e r y s m a l l
p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e p a r t i c u l a t e i n p u t s a r e l i k e l y t o be p e r m a n e n t l y
retained.
The n i t r o g e n : p h o s p h o r u s r a t i o , c a l c u l a t e d a s [ ( T K N + n i t r a t e
n i t r o g e n ) / t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s ] x 2.21, i n d i c a t e d p h o s p h o r u s t o be i n
r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t e r supply than n i t r o g e n a t a l l s t a t i o n s nearly
a l l of t h e t i m e . This i s t h e t y p i c a l s i t u a t i o n i n freshwater
l a k e s (Goldman a n d Horne 1 9 8 3 ) , a n d s u g g e s t s t h a t p h o s p h o r u s
would b e a more a p p r o p r i a t e t a r g e t f o r c o n t r o l t h a n n i t r o g e n .
The r a t i o d o e s n o t p r o v e t h a t p h o s p h o r u s i s t h e l i m i t i n g f a c t o r
f o r g r o w t h i n t h e system, however, a s i n f l u e n c e s s u c h a s l i g h t
and o t h e r e l e m e n t s have n o t been c o n s i d e r e d . Y e t i n most c a s e s
it i s e a s i e r t o c r e a t e a p h o s p h o r u s l i m i t a t i o n t h a n t o a t t e m p t t o
control t h e other possible influences. I n t h e c a s e o f Buttonwood
Pond, e m p h a s i s s h o u l d p r o b a b l y be g i v e n t o c o n t r o l l i n g phosphorus
a v a i l a b i l t y a n d f l u s h i n g r a t e ; a l o n g w i t h l i g h t , t h e s e two
f a c t o r s a p p e a r t o be t h e g r e a t e s t i n f l u e n c e s on a l g a l biomass i n
t h e pond.
The t e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r a t t h e sampled s t a t i o n s
d e m o n s t r a t e d a t y p i c a l t e m p e r a t e zone s e a s o n a l p a t t e r n o f
variation. The s u r f a c e o f Buttonwood Pond f r e e z e s d u r i n g t h e
w i n t e r , b u t n o t t o any g r e a t ice d e p t h . The ice s u p p o r t e d human
w e i g h t o n l y a s m a l l p o r t i o n o f t h e t i m e it was p r e s e n t , a n d ice
c o v e r was l o s t and r e f o r m e d s e v e r a l t i m e s d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r o f
1986-87. The b o t t o m w a t e r r a r e l y d i f f e r s markedly from t h e
s u r f a c e w a t e r w i t h r e s p e c t t o t e m p e r a t u r e . The g r e a t e s t
d i f f e r e n c e s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h warm, calm, d r y p e r i o d s , d u r i n g
which t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e pond r e a c h e s a h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e t h a n
t h e b o t t o m w a t e r s . T h e r e i s no t r u e t h e r m a l s t r a t i f i c a t i o n i n
Buttonwood Pond.
D i s s o l v e d oxygen l e v e l s v a r i e d a p p r e c i a b l y o v e r t i m e , b u t
were n e v e r low enough t o t h r e a t e n t h e a q u a t i c l i f e o f t h e pond.
The l o w e s t v a l u e s w e r e r e c o r d e d a t t h e o u t l e t ( S t a t i o n 3 ) a n d the
storm water - d e r i v e d seep ( S t a t i o n 7 ) , each a t 2.3 mg/l. Low
v a l u e s a t t h e o u t l e t were e n c o u n t e r e d o n l y when u n d e r f l o w
( s e e p a g e ) c o n s t i t u t e d t h e major p o r t i o n o f t h e w a t e r e x i t i n g t h e
pond a t t h e o u t l e t . Lack o f a e r a t i o n o f g r o u n d w a t e r a t b o t h o f
t h e s e s t a t i o n s may b e r e s p o n s i b l e .
I n - l a k e t e m p e r a t u r e and d i s s o l v e d oxygen p r o f i l e s a t 0 . 5 m
i n t e r v a l s a r e p r o v i d e d i n Appendix B. There i s r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e
v e r t i c a l v a r i a t i o n i n e i t h e r p a r a m e t e r , e x c e p t when t h e pond w a s
u n d i s t u r b e d f o r a p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d o f t i m e (more t h a n a w e e k ) .
Oxygen t e n d e d t o d e c l i n e w i t h d e p t h , b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e between
s u r f a c e a n d b o t t o m v a l u e s was r a r e l y s u b s t a n t i a l . The pond i s
g e n e r a l l y v e r y w e l l mixed by wind a n d f l o w . Although t h e oxygen
demand o f incoming s t o r m w a t e r s i s p o t e n t i a l l y l a r g e , t h e h i g h
a e r a t i o n r a t e a n d low d e t e n t i o n t i m e f o r t h e pond a p p e a r t o
c o u n t e r a c t any i m p a c t . Only when t h e water i n t h e pond i s n o t
wind-mixed f o r a p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d c a n t h e s e d i m e n t oxygen demand
c r e a t e a d e t e c t a b l e v e r t i c a l g r a d i e n t o f oxygen w i t h i n t h e pond.
The amount o f oxygen t h a t w i l l d i s s o l v e i n w a t e r i s
d e p e n d e n t on t e m p e r a t u r e , d i s s o l v e d s u b s t a n c e s , a n d a t m o s p h e r i c
p r e s s u r e . The r e l a t i o n o f t h e a c t u a l oxygen l e v e l t o t h e maximum
p o s s i b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s termed t h e p e r c e n t s a t u r a t i o n , and
r e v e a l s much a b o u t t h e p r o c e s s e s a t work i n a g i v e n s y s t e m . I n
Buttonwood Pond t h e p e r c e n t s a t u r a t i o n r a n g e s from a low o f 53%
t o a h i g h o f 156% ( s u p e r s a t u r a t e d ) . Low v a l u e s a r e l i n k e d t o
s e d i m e n t oxygen demand, w h i l e h i g h v a l u e s a r e p r o b a b l y a combined
p r o d u c t o f wind a e r a t i o n and oxygen g e n e r a t i o n by p l a n t s d u r i n g
p h o t o s y n t h e s i s . Mean v a l u e s a t t h e i n l e t , i n - l a k e , a n d o u t l e t
s t a t i o n s r a n g e d from 77 t o 105%, s u g g e s t i n g no g r e a t d e v i a t i o n
from c o m p l e t e s a t u r a t i o n . Except d u r i n g p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d s o f low
f l o w and l i t t l e wind, t h e r e i s i n s u f f i c i e n t t i m e f o r oxygen
consuming s u b s t a n c e s t o c r e a t e a n oxygen d e f i c i t i n t h i s system.
T o t a l s u s p e n d e d s o l i d s (TSS) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e sometimes
q u i t e h i g h a t t h e i n l e t ( S t a t i o n I), b u t t e n d t o be m o d e r a t e i n
t h e pond i t s e l f ( S t a t i o n 2 ) ( T a b l e 3, Appendix B ) . Low v a l u e s
a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d r y , calm p e r i o d s , w h i l e h i g h e r l e v e l s a r e
linked to storm events. TSS concentrations at the bottom of the
pond are often higher than at the surface; incomplete settlement
of introduced particles or resuspension by wind action are both
plausible mechanisms in this system. Turbidity was not an
assessed parameter in this study, but the observed range of
visual clarity in Buttonwood Pond seems greater than that
suggested by in-lake TSS values. Variation in particle size
distributions among sampling dates may be responsible, as light
is more scattered (and clarity more reduced) by a given weight of
small particles than the same mass of larger particles.
In some instances it is possible to estimate sediment
loading from a mass-flow analysis using TSS values, but this
appears inappropriate at Buttonwood Pond. The sediment load to
Buttonwood Pond is primarily tractive; that is, the sediment is
delivered as a moving bed on the bottom of the inlet stream, not
as a suspended load which later settles out. Sediments built up
at the inlet prior to the channelization in July of 1986, fanning
out in a classic deltaic pattern. Extreme flows occasionally
blasted small channels through this delta, usually at an angle to
the current channel path, causing lateral spreading of sediment.
Eventually the delta became large enough and solid enough to
substantially impede flow in Buttonwood Brook from its point of
entry into the park. Sediments accumulated in the stream within
the park, reducing channel capacity and increasing flood
potential, and finally necessitating the dredging/channelization
performed by the Bristol County Mosquito Commission in 1986. Now
the stream has a deep channel through the delta, and a new delta
is forming, further encroaching on the open water area of the
pond.
Concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) (Table 3,
Appendix B) varied appreciably over time, ranging from 53 to 280
mg/l at the regularly sampled stations. Lower values were
recorded in summer, probably as a consequence of lower chloride
inputs (no road salting). In-lake values varied less than inlet
or outlet values, and were lower on average, probably as a
function of in-lake dilution during dry weather. Note that the
sampling location at the outlet is on the downstream side of
Fuller Ave. (Court Street), thus subjecting it to salt and other
inputs from a portion of that road. Overall, TDS concentrations
were moderate to high throughout the system.
Conductivity values for the regularly sampled stations
generally mirrored the TDS values (Table 3, Appendix B ) , although
the correlation between these parameters was not as strong as in
most other systems studied by BEC. Usually, TDS values in mg/l
are about two thirds as large as conductivity values in umhos/cm
(siemens). Except at Station 7, the intermittant seepage area
derived from storm water, TDS values were only 50 to 60% of the
corresponding conductivities, on average. The generation of
h i g h e r c o n d u c t i v i t y p e r u n i t o f d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s may b e c a u s e d by
a p r e p o n d e r e n c e of m u l t i v a l e n t i o n s ( e - g . , c a l c i u m , s u l f a t e ) , o r
t h e r e s u l t s could simply r e p r e s e n t f i e l d o r l a b o r a t o r y e r r o r .
Mean c o n d u c t i v i t i e s r a n g e d from 246 umhos/cm a t t h e i n l e t t o 198
umhos/cm a t t h e o u t l e t , a l l f a i r l y h i g h v a l u e s and i n d i c a t i n g
p o t e n f i a l l y g r e a t f e r t i l i t y w i t h i n t h e system.
A s h o r e l i n e c o n d u c t i v i t y s u r v e y was c o n d u c t e d i n August t o
d e t e c t any " h o t s p o t s " f o r p o l l u t a n t i n p u t v i a ground w a t e r
s e e p a g e . The p a t h o f t h e s a n i t a r y sewer p i p e which p a s s e s u n d e r
t h e pond was a l s o t r a c e d w i t h t h e c o n d u c t i v i t y p r o b e . T h e r e was
v e r y l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e among v a l u e s o b t a i n e d by t h i s a p p r o a c h ;
t h e r a n g e o f r e c o r d e d c o n d u c t i v i t y v a l u e s was 280 t o 290
umhos/cm. E v a l u a t i o n o f ground w a t e r s e e p a g e (see t h e H y d r o l o g i c
Budget s e c t i o n o f t h i s r e p o r t ) f u r t h e r i n d i c a t e s minimal i n p u t s
v i a seepage.
Chloride concentrations followed t h e seasonal p a t t e r n
o b s e r v e d f o r TDS and c o n d u c t i v i t y ( T a b l e 3, Appendix B ) , w i t h t h e
l o w e s t v a l u e s r e c o r d e d d u r i n g summer a n d t h e h i g h e s t i n w i n t e r .
Road s a l t i n g o p e r a t i o n s a r e p r o b a b l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e h i g h
v a l u e s o b s e r v e d , b u t t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n l y o t h e r s o u r c e s of
c h l o r i d e i n t h e a r e a . Most v a l u e s a r e h i g h e r t h a n t y p i c a l
background c o n d i t i o n s o b s e r v e d i n BEC s t u d i e s o f f o r e s t e d o r
l i g h t l y developed a r e a s . Y e t t h e observed values a r e not high
enough t o c a u s e any d e t e c t a b l e harm t o t h e a q u a t i c community o f
Buttonwood Pond o r Brook ( M c K e e a n d Wolf 1 9 6 3 ) ; t h e o b s e r v e d
c h l o r i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e an i n d i c a t i o n o f a d v e r s e human
i n f l u e n c e on t h i s s y s t e m , b u t do n o t r e p r e s e n t a m a j o r t h r e a t t o
t h e ecosystem.
The p H o f t h e w a t e r a t t h e r e s u l a r l v sampled s t a t i o n s v a r i e d
by a f a c t b r o f t e n t o a l m o s t t w e n t y w i t h i n s t a t i o n s , r a n g i n g from
a low o f 5 . 7 s t a n d a r d u n i t s a t t h e i n l e t d u r i n g a p r e c i p i t a t i o n
e v e n t t o a h i g h o f 8 . 4 s t a n d a r d u n i t s a t t h e bottom o f t h e pond
i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a l a r g e b e n t h i c mat o f f i l a m e n t o u s g r e e n
a l g a e . The i n f l u e n c e o f b o t h a c i d p r e c i p i t a t i o n and
p h o t o s y n t h e s i s on t h e pH i n t h e pond i s e v i d e n t i n t h e s e d a t a .
While f l u c t u a t i o n s i n pH o v e r t h e o b s e r v e d r a n g e a r e n o t viewed
a s b e n e f i c i a l t o a q u a t i c l i f e i n t h e s y s t e m , t h e y do n o t
r e p r e s e n t a n imminent h a z a r d .
~ e a nt o t a l a l k a l i n i t y a t t h e r e g u l a r l y sampled s t a t i o n s i n
t h e Buttonwood Pond s y s t e m r a n g e d from 1 9 t o 27 mg/l ( T a b l e 3,
Appendix B ) , s u g g e s t i n g s u b s t a n t i a l b u t n o t e x t r e m e l y h i g h
b u f f e r i n g c a p a c i t y w i t h r e s p e c t t o a c i d i n p u t s . Although a c i d
p r e c i p i t a t i o n w i l l g r e a t l y d e p r e s s t h e pH o f s t o r m w a t e r r u n o f f ,
a l k a l i n e compounds i n t h e a c c u m u l a t e d s t r e e t p o l l u t a n t l o a d and
n a t u r a l background a l k a l i n i t y t e n d t o o f f s e t t h i s i n f l u e n c e .
When a l a r g e s t o r m o r s e v e r a l s m a l l e r s t o r m s i n s e r i e s a r e
i n v o l v e d , some t e m p o r a r y d e p r e s s i o n o f pH a t t h e i n l e t i s
observed. When spring or summer flows are slight, algal
production in the pond raises the pH detectably through the
removal of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. While no
immediate threat is posed to most forms of aquatic life in the
pond, these influences add to the instability of the system and
increase the probability of ecological problems through additive
influence.
Bacteria
Fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) bacteria
were assessed during this study (Table 3, Appendix B). These
bacteria come from the digestive system of all warm-blooded
animals, human and non-human, and do not in themselves represent
a serious health threat. However, as they are often accompanied
by pathogens, they are considered indicators of a potential
health hazard if present in substantial quantities. The mean FC
values obtained during this study were not in excess of the
Massachusetts standard for contact recreation, which is 200/100ml
for multiple sample geometric means. The single sample standard
of 400/100ml, however, was contravened at least once at each
station and over a third of the time at the inlet. As swimming
is not permitted in Buttonwood Pond, this is not a point of
serious concern at this time, however.
There are no bathing standards for FS, but values for this
parameter were appreciably higher than those obtained for FC.
In-lake values were substantially lower than those recorded at
the other regularly sampled stations, but were as high as
7000/100 ml. The most visible source of fecal bacteria is the
bird community, including both the waterfowl which frequent the
pond and the upland/wetland species associated with the park and
watershed as a whole. Other less obvious sources include pets
and urban wildlife (e.g., squirrels, raccoons). As the watershed
is completely sewered, human sources should be negligible,
although pipe misconnections, leakage, or breakage could result
in contamination of the brook.
FC:FS ratios may give some indication of the origin of
observed bacteria, as ratios associated with human derived
bacterial assemblages are considerably higher than those
associated with non-human sources. The obtained FC:FS ratios
spanned a wide range (Table 3, Appendix B), but consideration of
only those ratios for which both FC and FS values were over
200/100 ml (proper approach according to Millipore Corp. 1972)
strongly implicates non-human sources for observed fecal
bacteria. Examination of storm water FC:FS ratios further
supports a contention of non-human sources for fecal bacteria
detected in the Buttonwood Pond system.
Storm Water Assessment
As storm water runoff is apparently a dominant influence on
the Buttonwood Pond system, efforts have been made to adequately
characterize the quantity and quality of storm water inputs to
Buttonwood Pond. Without nearly constant monitoring of a storm
water dominated system, however, it is not possible to precisely
quantify pollutant loads induced by storm events. A certain
amount of error must be accepted and dealt with in a management
context. We have attempted to minimize this error by combining
the required storm water assessment program with tributary
investigation tasks and by emphasizing locations and parameters
of apparent critical importance to the overall condition of the
pond. The following account represents what we believe to be a
reasonable approximation of storm water generation, handling,
quantity, and quality in the watershed of Buttonwood Pond.
Storm water runoff in the Buttonwood Pond watershed is
generated by precipitation falling on impervious or minimally
permeable surfaces such as roads, roof tops, parking areas, and
compacted soils. To avoid property damage and transportation
hazards caused by flooding, this water is routed to Buttonwood
Brook via pipes or overland channels. While the percentage of
the precipitation in any given storm which becomes runoff varies
with storm characteristics and antecedent weather conditions, it
is reasonable to assume that 10 to 95% of the precipitation
falling anywhere in the watershed will become runoff (based on
typical runoff coefficients given by the WPCF 1970). For the
overall Buttonwood Pond watershed, an average runoff coefficient
of at least 0.5 (50%) is estimated. Given the relatively low
slopes associated with watershed topography, this is a rather
high runoff production rate, relative to the historic average for
New England (Sopper and Lull 1970, Higgins and Colonell 1971).
It is not a surprising rate for an urban area, however, which is
precisely what the Buttonwood Pond watershed has become over the
last few decades.
The routing system for storm water in the Buttonwood Pond
watershed has been discussed to some extent in the Lake and
Watershed Description section of this report. The sub-watersheds
associated with delineated storm drainage systems are presented
in Figure 7. As noted previously, Area 1 in Figure 7 includes no
drainage pipes, while Areas 2 through 7 each have a single pipe
outletting into Buttonwood Brook or Pond. Nearly every street
within Areas 2 through 7 is served by a storm drainage system,
and most side streets are served by a 0.25 m (10 inch) pipe. A
few short side streets are served by 0.20 m (8 inch) pipes, and
some of the drains in the side streets of the Rockdale West
development have diameters of 0.30 to 0.38 m (12 to 15 inches).
Major streets are served by pipes with diameters up to 0.9 m (36
inches) in diameter. The exit pipes for Areas 2 and 6 are 0.3 m
(12 inches) in diameter, while the discharge pipes for Areas 3
a n d 4 h a v e d i a m e t e r s o f 0.46 m (18 i n c h e s ) . Area 5 , which
n o r m a l l y serves j u s t a f e w d r a i n s on R o u t e 6 ( a s d o e s Area 6),
h a s a d i s c h a r g e p i p e d i a m e t e r o f 0 . 2 5 m (10 i n c h e s ) . Runoff
g e n e r a t e d i n Area 7 e n t e r s Buttonwood Brook v i a a 0 . 9 m (36 i n c h )
p i p e , a n d Area 8 i s s e r v e d by t h e p r e v i o u s l y described s y s t e m o f
p i p e s a n d s l u i c e c h a n n e l s a l o n g Route 140. Area 9 h a s no known
d r a i n a g e p i p e s , w h i l e Area 10 d r a i n s i n t o t h e d e t e n t i o n b a s i n i n
Area 8 t h r o u g h 0 . 9 m (36 i n c h ) a n d 0 . 6 1 (24 i n c h ) p i p e s ( F i g u r e
11).

I n p a r t s o f Area 7 t h e r e a r e r o o f t o p d r a i n s l i n k e d d i r e c t l y
t o t h e system, and t h e r e a r e a f e w streets w i t h p i p e s designed t o
a l l o w i n f i l t r a t i o n by ground w a t e r . The s t o r m d r a i n a g e s y s t e m s
o f t h e w a t e r s h e d a r e o t h e r w i s e l i m i t e d t o s t r e e t d r a i n s . No f l o w
was ever o b s e r v e d i n any d r a i n d u r i n g d r y p e r i o d s ( a f t e r a t l e a s t
f o u r d a y s o f no p r e c i p i t a t i o n ) , and f l o w s w e r e minimal f o r
s e v e r a l days following a storm e v e n t . There i s c o n s i d e r a b l e
p o t e n t i a l f o r some i n f i l t r a t i o n o f g r o u n d w a t e r i n t o a l m o s t any
s t o r m d r a i n a g e s y s t e m , and s u c h i n f i l t r a t i o n i s e n c o u r a g e d by t h e
p i p e f e a t u r e s i n p a r t s o f Area 7 .
Given t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r i n f i l t r a t i o n o f s t o r m w a t e r d r a i n a g e
p i p e s by g r o u n d w a t e r a n d t h e l a c k o f b a s a l f l o w s d u r i n g d r y
p e r i o d s , t h e r e i s no i n d i c a t i o n o f i l l e g a l c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e
s t o r m d r a i n a g e s y s t e m . Y e t p a s t p r o b l e m s w i t h i l l e g a l hook-ups
h a v e b e e n n o t e d (Cambra 1 9 7 9 ) , a n d r e c e n t r e p o r t s (Souza 1987)
h a v e b e e n made r e g a r d i n g sewage p o l l u t i o n o f t h e s t o r m w a t e r
d r a i n a g e s y s t e m s e r v i n g Area 7 . Improper u s e o f s t o r m d r a i n s a s
d i s p o s a l f a c i l i t e s (e.g., f o r waste o i l ) has a l s o occurred i n t h e
p a s t , a n d may s t i l l b e o c c u r r i n g from t i m e t o t i m e .
The o n l y b r o k e n p i p e known t o e x i s t a t t h i s t i m e i s
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h Area 3, t h e d i s c h a r g e p i p e f o r which was
o r i g i n a l l y l o c a t e d a t t h e i n l e t t o t h e pond ( a t t h e s i t e o f t h e
f o r m e r b r i d g e o v e r t h e i n l e t ) . T h i s p i p e was a p p a r e n t l y c r u s h e d
by v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c on t h e lawn a r e a , a n d was r e p l a c e d by a PVC
p i p e e n t e r i n g t h e pond d i r e c t l y a t i t s n o r t h w e s t c o r n e r . Access
t o t h e o r i g i n a l , b r o k e n p i p e was a p p a r e n t l y n o t c o m p l e t e l y s e a l e d
o f f , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e s e e p a g e a r e a s a m p l e d a s S t a t i o n 7 . I t may
b e t h a t much o f t h e w a t e r p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h a t p i p e i s
i n f i l t r a t e d ground w a t e r , g i v e n t h e f l o w p a t t e r n a t S t a t i o n 7,
b u t q u a l i t a t i v e a s p e c t s o f t h e s e e p a g e s u g g e s t s some s t o r m w a t e r
influence.
Flows e m a n a t i n g from e a c h d e l i n e a t e d s u b - w a t e r s h e d a r e
r o u g h l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e a r e a i n v o l v e d , w i t h some a d j u s t m e n t
f o r v a r i a t i o n s i n runoff c o e f f i c i e n t s and p i p i n g arrangements.
Delivery of runoff t o t h e discharge p o i n t is rapid, with
s u b s t a n t i a l flows observed within t e n minutes of t h e s t a r t of a
downpour. The s t o r m hydrograph f o r e a c h p i p e i s t h e r e f o r e h i g h l y
d e p e n d e n t on t h e p a t t e r n o f r a i n f a l l w i t h i n e a c h s t o r m .
 FIGURE 11
STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM
OF THE BUTTONWOOD POND WATERSHED
 Recorded s t o r m f l o w s (Appendix B) a r e h i g h l y v a r i a b l e ,
v a r y i n g with the r a i n f a l l intensity and among s t a t i o n s . The
g r e a t e s t f l o w was r o u t i n e l y o b s e r v e d a t t h e i n l e t ( S t a t i o n I ) , a s
most o f t h e r u n o f f g e n e r a t e d d u r i n g s t o r m s p a s s e s i n t o t h e pond
a t t h i s p o i n t . Other p o i n t s of s p e c i f i c i n t e r e s t a r e S t a t i o n s 4
( s t o r m d r a i n d i s c h a r g e f o r Area 7 ) , 9 ( r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e f l o w from
A r e a s 8, 9 and 1 0 ) , and 12 ( r e p r e s e n t i n g most o f Area 1 0 ) .
D u r i n g minor p r e c i p i t a t i o n e v e n t s t h e f l o w from Area 7 ( S t a t i o n
4 ) u s u a l l y c o n s t i t u t e s t h e b u l k volume o f t h e i n l e t f l o w . During
m a j o r e v e n t s t h e i n l e t f l o w i n c l u d e s m a j o r c o n t r i b u t i o n s from
A r e a s 7, 8 and 10, w i t h t h e breakdown among t h e s e major s o u r c e s
d e p e n d i n g on t h e p a t t e r n o f r a i n f a l l i n t e n s i t y and t i m e o f
measurement d u r i n g t h e s t o r m . Each i s c a p a b l e o f p r o d u c i n g
s u b s t a n t i a l f l o w s , b u t t h e r u n o f f from A r e a 7 i s d e l i v e r e d s o o n e r
t h a n t h a t o f Area 8, which i n t u r n r e a c h e s t h e pond s o o n e r t h a n
t h e r u n o f f from Area 10, s i m p l y a s a f u n c t i o n o f d i s t a n c e
travelled.
Flows a t o t h e r p o i n t s w i t h i n t h e s y s t e m a r e e i t h e r minor o r
a r e d e r i v e d from t h e f l o w s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e . Flows r a r e l y e x c e e d
1 . 0 c f s a t t h e o t h e r s t o r m d r a i n s t a t i o n s ( S t a t i o n s 5, 6, 8, 1 4
a n d 1 5 ) o r i n any o f t h e p i p e s a l o n g R o u t e 1 4 0 . On a v e r a g e , f l o w
t e n d s t o i n c r e a s e i n t h e downstream d i r e c t i o n a s e x p e c t e d , b u t
p o i n t f l o w s a t S t a t i o n 12 a r e sometimes l a r g e r t h a n t h o s e a t
S t a t i o n s 9 o r 10, l a r g e l y a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y i n
t h e w e t l a n d a r e a a n d d i t c h downstream o f t h e e x i s t i n g d e t e n t i o n
b a s i n . Flows a t S t a t i o n s 9 a n d 1 0 t e n d t o be less e x t r e m e t h a n
a t the o t h e r s t a t i o n s , a d e s i r a b l e f e a t u r e f o r flood control.
Added t o t h e f l o w s from o t h e r s t a t i o n s , most n o t a b l y t h a t o f
S t a t i o n 4 ( t h e 0.9 m d r a i n ) , t h e y c a n s t i l l c a u s e f l o o d i n g w i t h i n
t h e p a r k , however.
S e v e r e f l o o d i n g was n o t o b s e r v e d d u r i n g any o f t h e sampled
storm events, although such flooding did occur t w i c e during t h e
d u r a t i o n o f t h e m o n i t o r i n g program. T h e a f t e r m a t h o f t h e
f l o o d i n g was o b s e r v e d , however, a n d t h e i n l e t c h a n n e l came v e r y
c l o s e t o f l o o d i n g on two o c c a s i o n s when BEC p e r s o n n e l were
p r e s e n t . Now t h a t t h e i n l e t c h a n n e l h a s b e e n deepened and
c l e a r e d , and Buttonwood Pond i s u s e d a s a r u n o f f s t o r a g e
f a c i l i t y , f l o o d i n g f r e q u e n c y s h o u l d d e c l i n e . However,
c a l c u l a t i o n s by G e o t e c h n i c a l E n g i n e e r s , I n c . (Walker-Kluesing
D e s i g n Group 1986) i n d i c a t e t h a t f l o o d i n g i s s t i l l l i k e l y on a n
annual b a s i s , r e p r e s e n t i n g a hazard f o r p a r k v i s i t o r s and t h e
a n i m a l s i n t h e zoo downstream o f t h e pond. Storm w a t e r q u a n t i t y
w i l l be g i v e n f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e H y d r o l o g i c Budget
s e c t i o n of t h i s report.
The q u a l i t y o f s t o r m w a t e r r u n o f f e n t e r i n g t h e Buttonwood
Pond s y s t e m i s h i g h l y v a r i a b l e o v e r s p a c e a n d t i m e , b u t i s
t y p i c a l l y q u i t e u n d e s i r a b l e from t h e p e r s p e c t i v e of pond
management ( T a b l e 4 , Appendix B ) . N i t r o g e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e
 TABLE 4
SELECTD PARAMmR RPNCES FOR SR)W WATERS AT STATIONS I N ?HE FOND SYSIEM

SATION
.....................................................................
PARPMGIER (UNITS) BU-1 RU-3 BU-4 80-5 W 6 BU-8 EU-9 BU-10 ElJ-11 BU-12 BU-13 80-14 BU-15
.......................................................................................
MINIMU4
MAXIMlM

MINIMU4
MAXIMU4

MINIMU4
MAXIM

MINIMLM
MAX=

MINIMLM
MAXIMlM

MINIMLM
MAXm

M I N m
M A X m

MINIMU4
MAXm

MINIMW
MAXIFILM

MINIMUM
MAXIMUM

MINIMU4
MAXIERM
most o f t e n m o d e r a t e , w h i l e p h o s p h o r u s l e v e l s a r e h i g h most o f t h e
time a t most s t a t i o n s . Values f o r t o t a l suspended s o l i d s ,
c o n d u c t i v i t y , and c h l o r i d e s were q u i t e v a r i a b l e w i t h i n s t a t i o n s ;
t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s a r e s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d by s e a s o n , a n t e c e d e n t
w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s , and t h e i n t e n s i t y a n d d u r a t i o n o f
p r e c i p i t a t i o n . The pH o f samples composed p r i m a r i l y o f s t o r m
w a t e r r u n o f f was s l i g h t l y a c i d i c . Given t h e more a c i d i c n a t u r e
o f r a i n f a l l i n N e w England, s u b s t a n t i a l a l k a l i n i t y i s a p p a r e n t l y
i m p a r t e d t o t h e r u n o f f by a c c u m u l a t e d s t r e e t p o l l u t a n t s .
C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f f e c a l b a c t e r i a w e r e e x c e s s i v e i n most
s a m p l e s , a l t h o u g h wash-out d i d o c c u r d u r i n g l o n g e r s t o r m s ,
r e s u l t i n g i n some low v a l u e s . The s t a t e s t a n d a r d f o r f e c a l
c o l i f o r m s i n w a t e r s u s e d f o r c o n t a c t r e c r e a t i o n was c o n t r a v e n e d
by most samples, however. F e c a l s t r e p t o c o c c i outnumbered f e c a l
c o l i f o r m s i n most samples, i n d i c a t i n g t h e s o u r c e s o f t h e b a c t e r i a
t o b e non-human ( M i l l i p o r e Corp. 1 9 7 2 ) . P e t s , b i r d s , a n d u r b a n
w i l d l i f e a r e t h e l i k e l y s o u r c e s i n t h i s w a t e r s h e d . However,
t h e r e h a v e been r e c o r d e d i n c i d e n t s o f human sewage c o n t a m i n a t i o n ,
most r e c e n t l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o S t a t i o n 4 ( d r a i n i n g Area 7 ) , s o
s u c h c o n t a m i n a t i o n c a n n o t be c o m p l e t e l y r u l e d o u t .
L e v e l s o f o i l and g r e a s e a n d s e l e c t e d heavy m e t a l s w e r e
a s s e s s e d d u r i n g two s t o r m e v e n t s ( 0 9 / 1 6 / 8 6 a n d 04/28/87)
(Appendix B ) . O i l and g r e a s e l e v e l s w e r e low t o m o d e r a t e d u r i n g
t h e f i r s t s t o r m a n d moderate d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d s t o r m . These
compounds most l i k e l y a r e derived from g a s o l i n e o r motor o i l
s p i l l e d o n t o roadways o r i n t o d r a i n s , a c c i d e n t a l l y o r o t h e r w i s e .
While v i s i b l y d e t e c t a b l e s p i l l s have been r e p o r t e d i n t h e p a s t
(Souza 1 9 8 7 ) , t h e o b s e r v e d v a l u e s d o n o t r e p r e s e n t any s e r i o u s
h a z a r d . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f heavy m e t a l s w e r e g e n e r a l l y low,
a l t h o u g h i r o n , manganese, a n d z i n c w e r e o f t e n p r e s e n t a t l e v e l s
d i s t i n c t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e o f t h e o t h e r m e t a l s a s s e s s e d . While
t h e s e p o l l u t a n t s may a c c u m u l a t e i n t h e s e d i m e n t s o f t h e pond and
e v e n t u a l l y d e g r a d e e n v i r o n m e n t a l q u a l i t y , t h e o b s e r v e d l e v e l s do
n o t i n d i c a t e s u b s t a n t i a l adverse impacts i n t h e s h o r t run.
Several elements of t h e f i n a l storm sampling warrant s p e c i a l
m e n t i o n . T u r b i d i t y was added t o t h e l i s t o f p a r a m e t e r s t o be
a s s e s s e d d u r i n g t h e l a s t s t o r m e v e n t s a m p l e d , t o p r o v i d e some
r e f e r e n c e v a l u e s f o r t h i s u s e f u l p a r a m e t e r (which was n o t
r e q u i r e d f o r t h e m o n i t o r i n g p r o g r a m ) . V a l u e s were m o d e r a t e t o
high o v e r a l l , with t h e highest values a s s o c i a t e d with storm
d r a i n a g e d i s c h a r g e p i p e s t a t i o n s ( S t a t i o n s 4 , 5 , 6, 8, 1 4 and
1 5 ) . V a l u e s f o r w a t e r e x i t i n g t h e e x i s t i n g (and g e n e r a l l y
u n u s e d ) d e t e n t i o n b a s i n were h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e f o r w a t e r j u s t
beyond t h e downstream w e t l a n d and d i t c h a l o n g Route 1 4 0 .
D e t e c t a b l e removal o f s o l i d s i n t h i s a r e a i s i n d i c a t e d . The
t u r b i d i t y o f w a t e r l e a v i n g Buttonwood Pond ( S t a t i o n 3 ) was
n o t i c e a b l y less t h a n t h a t o f w a t e r a t t h e i n l e t , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t
s u b s t a n t i a l q u a n t i t i e s o f s o l i d s were s e t t l i n g i n t h e pond.
Resuspension a t a l a t e r d a t e is considered highly probable.
A d d i t i o n a l l y , a sample was t a k e n a t t h e i n l e t immediately
p r i o r t o t h e s t a r t o f t h e f i n a l e v e n t sampled. Obvious i n c r e a s e s
i n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t o t a l suspended s o l i d s , t u r b i d i t y ,
o r t h o p h o s p h o r u s , t o t a l phosphorus, t o t a l k j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n ,
ammonia n i t r o g e n , a n d f l o w were n o t e d f o r t h i s s t a t i o n d u r i n g t h e
s t o r m (Appendix B) . The pH a l s o r o s e a p p r e c i a b l y . N i t r a t e
n i t r o g e n and f e c a l c o l i f o r m b a c t e r i a l e v e l s d e c l i n e d , w h i l e
c o n d u c t i v i t y , c h l o r i d e and f e c a l s t r e p t o c o c c i d i d n o t change
a p p r e c i a b l y from p r e - s t o r m c o n d i t i o n s .
A n o t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g a s p e c t o f t h e l a s t s t o r m e v e n t was t h e
t i m e series s a m p l i n g p e r f o r m e d a t S t a t i o n s 4 and 9. Waters
p a s s i n g t h e s e s t a t i o n s combine t o p r o v i d e n e a r l y a l l o f t h e f l o w
t h r o u g h t h e i n l e t , and appear t o c a r r y the bulk of t h e p o l l u t a n t
l o a d t o t h e pond. The wash-out phenomenon was o b s e r v e d a t
S t a t i o n 4 w i t h r e s p e c t t o ammonia n i t r o g e n , t o t a l k j e l d a h l
n i t r o g e n , o r t h o p h o s p h o r u s , t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s , c h l o r i d e , and
c o n d u c t i v i t y (Appendix B ) , a s v a l u e s f o r t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s a l l
d e c l i n e d w i t h t i m e d u r i n g t h e s t o r m . The pH o f t h e w a t e r a t
t h e s e s t a t i o n s a l s o decreased over t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e storm; a s
t h e r a i n washed away t h e a c c u m u l a t e d s t r e e t l o a d o f a l k a l i n e
s u b s t a n c e s , t h e a c i d i c pH o f t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n was l e s s a l t e r e d .
T o t a l suspended s o l i d s , t u r b i d i t y , a n d f l o w v a r i e d w i t h t h e
i n t e n s i t y o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n , which e x h i b i t e d s e v e r a l p e a k s d u r i n g
t h e storm.
A t S t a t i o n 9, r e p r e s e n t i n g s t o r m w a t e r f l o w s from Areas 8, 9
a n d 1 0 , t h e r e was much less o f a p a t t e r n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e t i m e
series s a m p l e s . Only d u r i n g t h e f i n a l heavy downpour o f t h e
s t o r m e v e n t ( a s s o c i a t e d w i t h Sample 9E) was t h e r e any e v i d e n c e o f
c h a n g i n g p o l l u t a n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . P o l l u t a n t l o a d i n g may be less
i n t e n s e i n t h e s e a r e a s , b u t some i n f l u e n c e by t h e w e t l a n d s
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s t r e a m c o r r i d o r i s p o s t u l a t e d . Flows a t
S t a t i o n 9 were o b s e r v e d t o be m o d e r a t e d i n o t h e r sampled s t o r m
e v e n t s , and it a p p e a r s t h a t t h e a s s e s s e d p a r a m e t e r s a r e s i m i l a r l y
i n f l u e n c e d . Water q u a l i t y a t S t a t i o n 9 c o u l d n o t be c o n s t r u e d a s
good, b u t it was c o n s i d e r a b l y b e t t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e w a t e r
e m a n a t i n g from t h e l a r g e p i p e a t S t a t i o n 4 .
A t h i r d i n t e r e s t i n g a s p e c t o f t h e f i n a l s t o r m w a t e r sampling
i s t h e d a t a g e n e r a t e d r e g a r d i n g t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f selected
p o l l u t a n t s w i t h v a r i o u s p a r t i c l e s i z e f r a c t i o n s (Appendix B ) .
S i z e f r a c t i o n a t i o n o f t o t a l suspended s o l i d s , n i t r a t e n i t r o g e n ,
t o t a l k j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n , and t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s was performed f o r
c o m p o s i t e samples o b t a i n e d a t S t a t i o n s 4 , 1 0 and 1 2 . A
s u b s t a n t i a l p o r t i o n o f t h e l o a d s of t h e s e p o l l u t a n t s was
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l a r g e p a r t i c l e s a t S t a t i o n 4, t h e l a r g e s t o r m
drainage pipe serving Area 7. Even with the large particle (>250
um) size fraction removed, however, remaining loads were still
quite high in an absolute sense. There was only a slight
decrease in the concentrations of the assessed parameters over
the range of size fractions analyzed for Stations 10 and 12.
Much of the pollutant load passing these stations is associated
with very small particles (<I0 um) or is dissolved.
Sediment Analysis
Soft sediment depths do not exceed 0.5 m in the open water
portion of the pond (Figure 12), but average about 1.0 m in the
filled, or emergent wetland, area of Buttonwood Pond. Much of
the pond area actually has soft sediments less than 0.3 m (1 ft)
deep. The entire pond area is underlain by coarse sand, although
the upper 0.3 m of underlayment (coarse substrate) includes
detectable quantities of silt. While the absolute quantity of
soft sediment in Buttonwood Pond is not great, the shallowness of
the pond makes any accumulation of soft sediment appear
substantial. Although the average depth of the sediments in the
emergent wetland is only 1.0 m, this is enough to produce dry
land in that area most of the time; only during flooding is this
area submerged.
Soft sediments include topsoil, sand, and silt eroded from
the watershed and organic matter produced primarily in the pond.
In the filled area along the northern side of the pond, debris
such as tires and plastic products have accumulated as well as
eroded soils. The organic content of the soft sediments is not
especially high, indicating that organic matter is not the
primary component of the sediment; inputs from past erosion are
the primary agents of infilling at Buttonwood Pond.
Soft sediments collected from two stations in Buttonwood
Pond (Figures 2 and 12) were analyzed for selected metals,
nutrients, oil and grease, and organic content (volatile solids)
(Table 5). Comparison of recorded values with reference values
obtained by the United States Geological Survey (USGS 1977)
indicates that the sediments of Buttonwood Pond do not contain
any of the assessed compounds at extremely high levels; all are
less than the reference values representing the lower limits for
samples in the upper 10 to 15% of USGS samples. This does not
mean that sediment quality is acceptable, only that it is not
extremely poor, relative to other sites evaluated by the USGS.
Comparison of sediment parameter values with the reference
values established by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA 1977) for evaluating sediment quality in Great
Lakes reveals that Buttonwood Pond would be considered heavily
polluted with respect to arsenic, lead, zinc, oil and grease,
total kjeldahl nitrogen, and volatile solids. The pond would be
rated as moderately polluted with respect to copper, and
 FIGURE 12
SOFT SEDIMENT DEPTH AND SEDIMENT SAMPLING LOCATIONS
IN BUTTONWOOD POND, BUTTONWOOD PARK. NEW BEDFORD, MA

EMERQENT

-
FULLER AVE.

SCALE: l c m : 10 m

+ INDICATES S E O I M E N T
~ ~ M P L I N LOCATION
G
 TABLE 5
C H E M I C A L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F BUTTONWOOD ]?OND S E D I M E N T S
C O L L E C T E D I N AUGUST, 1 9 8 6

C O N C E N T R A T I O N ( MG/KG )
A T EACH S T A T I O N
BU-S1 BU-S 2

ARSENIC
C ADM IUM
CHROMIUM
COPPER
I RON
LEAD
MANGANESE
MERCURY
NICKEL
VANADIUM
ZINC
VOLATILE SOLIDS ( % )
O I L AND G R E A S E
NITRATE NITROGEN
TKN
T O T A L PHOSPHORUS
u n p o l l u t e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o chromium, manganese, n i c k e l , and t o t a l
phosphorus. The USEPA r a t i n g s y s t e m i s r a t h e r s t r i n g e n t ; most
u r b a n l a k e s e d i m e n t s would be c o n s i d e r e d h e a v i l y p o l l u t e d .
Based on t h e M a s s a c h u s e t t s D i v i s i o n o f Water P o l l u t i o n
C o n t r o l s t a n d a r d s f o r d r e d g e d m a t e r i a l d i s p o s a l (MDWPC 1 9 7 9 ) , t h e
s e d i m e n t i n Buttonwood Pond i s c l a s s i f i e d a s C a t e g o r y I w i t h
r e s p e c t t o a l l a p p r o p r i a t e p a r a m e t e r s e x c e p t z i n c and l e a d , which
y i e l d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f C a t e g o r y I1 a n d 111, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Based on t h e e s t a b l i s h e d c r i t e r i a f o r o i l and g r e a s e and o r g a n i c
c o n t e n t , t h e s e d i m e n t s i n Buttonwood Pond a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s Type
B. I n terms o f d i s p o s a l , pond s e d i m e n t s c a n be c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s
m o d e r a t e l y o r g a n i c w i t h above a v e r a g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f o i l a n d
g r e a s e , l e a d , and z i n c . Upland d i s p o s a l i s p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t
h a z a r d , b u t e f f l u e n t r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e l i k e l y t o b e a p p l i e d t o any
d e w a t e r i n g a r e a . The c h e m i c a l n a t u r e o f t h e s e d i m e n t s i s
i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e u r b a n w a t e r s h e d a n d a s s o c i a t e d t r a f f i c by g a s -
powered v e h i c l e s .
One n o t a b l e a s p e c t o f s e d i m e n t c h e m i s t r y i s t h e r e l a t i v e l y
low p h o s p h o r u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( T a b l e 5 ) . T h i s may be a
consequence of h i g h i n o r g a n i c c o n t e n t ( o r g a n i c s o i l s r e t a i n
p h o s p h o r u s b e t t e r ) o r low l e v e l s o f p h o s p h o r u s i n t h e incoming
s e d i m e n t . A s s e d i m e n t p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e w a t e r s h e d and i n t o t h e
pond i s t h o r o u g h l y washed and a g i t a t e d on t h e way, a l l s o l u b l e
p h o s p h o r u s would be e x p e c t e d t o b e removed by t h e t i m e t h e
s e d i m e n t s e t t l e d t o t h e bottom o f t h e pond. The low p h o s p h o r u s
l e v e l s u p p o r t t h e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t l i t t l e phosphorus i s r e t a i n e d
by t h e pond.
I n a n t i c i p a t i o n o f any d r e d g i n g w h i c h may t a k e p l a c e i n t h e
pond, s e t t l i n g r a t e s , b u l k i n g f a c t o r s , a n d r e s i d u a l t u r b i d i t i e s
w e r e a s s e s s e d f o r t h r e e samples ( t h e two i n - l a k e s t a t i o n s shown
i n F i g u r e 2 and a c o m p o s i t e o f s e v e r a l s i t e s i n t h e f i l l e d a r e a
a t t h e n o r t h e n d o f t h e pond) ( F i g u r e 1 3 ) . While much o f t h e
s o l i d s c o n t e n t s e t t l e d o u t o f t h e columns w i t h i n t e n m i n u t e s ,
r e s i d u a l t u r b i d i t i e s never reached an a c c e p t a b l e level f o r
e f f l u e n t d i s c h a r g e (<lo N T U ) , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t a s u b s t a n t i a l
p o r t i o n of t h e sediment p a r t i c l e s a r e v e r y f i n e ( s i l t o r c l a y
r a n g e ) . This p a r t l y e x p l a i n s t h e p e r s i s t e n c e of t u r b i d i t y i n t h e
pond a f t e r s t o r m e v e n t s o r windy p e r i o d s , and s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e
e f f l u e n t from any d r e d g e d m a t e r i a l c o n t a i n m e n t a r e a w i l l r e q u i r e
treatment before discharge t o a s u r f a c e water resource.
B u l k i n g f a c t o r s were a l l v e r y s i m i l a r , r a n g i n g from 1 . 2 3 t o
1.29. I n i t i a l l y , any d r e d g e d m a t e r i a l w i l l occupy a b o u t 2 5 t o
30% more volume i n t h e d i s p o s a l a r e a t h a n it d i d i n t h e pond.
However, t h e moderate o r g a n i c c o n t e n t o f t h e s o f t s e d i m e n t i n t h e
pond s u g g e s t s t h a t d e c o m p o s i t i o n , s h r i n k i n g , and compaction
should approximately o f f s e t t h e b u l k i n g f a c t o r , r e s u l t i n g i n a
f i n a l d i s p o s a l volume a b o u t e q u a l t o t h e d r e d g e d volume.

54
 FIGURE 13
RESUHlM TURBIDITY: S1

0 10 20 30 40 50
TIME (HR)

RESIDUAL TURBIDITY :S2

TIME (HR'I

RESIDUAL TURBIDITY :S3 (WETLAND AREA)

lrnh
90 BULKING FACTOR = 123
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton, or algae suspended in the water column, are
an important link in aquatic food webs, but may also be
responsible for reduced water clarity and detectable color and
odor in lakes. One useful measure of phytoplankton quantity is
chlorophyll a, a pigment critical to photosynthesis. It is the
same pigmentthat makes grass and leaves green. Chlorophyll a
usually represents 0.5 to 2% of the total phytoplankton biomass
and has been correlated with production and standing crop at
various levels of the food web, water clarity, and phosphorus
concentration (e.g., Jones and Bachmann 1976, Oglesby and
Schaffner 1978, Hanson and Leggett 1982, Vollenweider 1982).
Chlorophyll levels in Buttonwood Pond ranged from 3.8 to 91 ug/l,
with an annual mean of 33.4 ug/l and a summer mean of 57 ug/l
(Appendix B).
Chlorophyll levels are closely tied to phosphorus
concentrations in many lakes. Yet summer chlorophyll levels
(Appendix B) in Buttonwood Pond are about 18 to 33% lower than
would be predicted from phosphorus data (Jones and Bachmann 1976,
Oglesby and Schaffner 1978). Some of the phosphorus in the water
column may be unavailable for algal uptake, but the presence of
orthophosphorus at levels appreciably greater than 10 ug/l during
most of the summer suggests that phosphorus availability is not a
chronic limiting factor. Low zooplankton densities suggest that
grazing by zooplankton is not a substantial, constant influence,
and there is no evidence to suggest that there is any severe,
persistent toxicity problem in the pond.
A slight light limitation of algal growth is postulated for
Buttonwood Pond, given the sediment-induced turbidity observed in
the pond, but this is more apt to affect taxonomic composition
than biomass in this very shallow system. Frequent flushing
undoubtedly impedes the accumulation of planktonic algal biomass
in this system; distinct monthly fluctuations in chlorophyll
concentration appear to be linked to local precipitation
patterns. Annual mean and maximum chlorophyll levels (Table 3)
are about what would be predicted from equations (Vollenweider
1982), however, suggesting that the anticipated production is
often realized in the pond. Algal blooms are therefore possible,
and do occur, but the phytoplankton community of Buttonwood Pond
is subject to marked temporal instability resulting from erratic
flushing and accompanying high turbidity.
Phytoplankton biomass is likely to constitute a major
influence on water clarity in Buttonwood Pond at times, although
sediment-induced turbidity is also likely to be an important
influence. The mean summer secchi disk reading from Buttonwood .
Pond is consistent with the 0.8 m value predicted from
chlorophyll measurements (Oglesby and Schaffner 1978), but the
annual mean secchi disk reading was appreciably lower than the
1.6 m value predicted from the mean chlorophyll level
(Vollenweider 1982) (Appendix B). This is to some degree a
consequence of the shallowness of the pond (maximum depth = 1.3
m), but the pond bottom was visible at its deepest point on only
three sampling dates. Non-algal turbidity (i.e., resuspended
sediment) certainly decreases water clarity in this system during
periods of wind or substantial precipitation.
Secchi disk transparency, a measure of water clarity, ranged
from 0.5 to 1.3 m during this study, with a mean of 1.0 m.
Summer values were usually rather low, averaging 0.8 m. As the
state standard for secchi disk transparency in waters used for
contact recreation is 1.2 m (4 ft), Buttonwood Pond cannot be
considered suitable for contact recreation (e.g., swimming) at
this time.
Assessment of phytoplankton composition and relative
abundance revealed marked shifts in the nature of the
phytoplankton community over the course of this study (Figure 14,
Appendix B). Bacillariophytes (diatoms) and cryptophytes (a
group of small flagellates) were numerically dominant during
spring, with diatoms comprising nearly all of the biomass at that
time. A variety of chlorophytes (green algae) became numerically
abundant during summer, but represented a major portion of the
biomass only during fall, when cryptophytes and chrysophytes were
also numerically abundant. Cyanophytes, or bluegreen algae,
became numerically abundant in the summer, but constituted the
dominant biomass component only during a dry spell in August.
Pyrrhophytes, or dinoflagellates, were never numerically
dominant, but the large size of most cells allowed this group to
dominate the algal biomass during much of the summer and early
fall.
Mats of Spirogyra, a filamentous green alga, covered the
pond bottom during much of the year, and sometimes floated to the
surface; these mats were not included in the phytoplankton
analyses, however. This macrophytic alga appears to thrive under
low light conditions, and may be utilizing nutrients regenerated
near the sediment-water interface. As with the other algae in
Buttonwood Pond, it can be flushed from the system during storm
events, but some portion of the benthic mat usually remains
intact ,to act as a seed for further growths.
The composition of the true phytoplankton of Buttonwood Pond
appears to depend on flushing rate as much as any other influence
on the system. Physical removal rates and light limitations
induced by turbulence are postulated as the primary determinants
of phytoplankton composition and relative abundance in the pond.
During warm periods of relative calm and little precipitation,
bluegreen algal blooms or floating Spirogyra mats are the most
visible aspects of the algal assemblage. During periods of peak
 FIGURE 14
PHYTOPLANKTON DENSITY (CELLS/ML) I N BU7TONWOOD POND
12000 1

50 100 150 200 250 300 S33 400

MAR APR H A Y JUNE J U t Y 115UG SEPT OCT N W K C JAN fTB
JULlAW DATE 1 ~~

PHYTOPLANKTON DENSITY (UG/L) IN BUTTONWOOD POND

50 150 250 3.50

MAR APR MAY JUWE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAM FEE
flow, non-algal turbidity obscures most evidence of the
phytoplankton community. The relative abundance o f p h y t o p l a n k t o n
species at other times appears to be a function of multiple
influences, such as nutrient ratios, temperature, availability of
organic compounds, and light intensity. As conditions may change
rapidly in this small system, the phytoplankton community is
inherently unstable. Yet it does generally exhibit the
properties commonly associated with eutrophic environments
(Wetzel 1983), and is capable of causing unsightly conditions in
the pond.
Macrophytes
Thirteen species of macrophytes were identified in
Buttonwood Pond (Figure Is), with two generally distinct
assemblages occurring. The open water portion of the pond is
covered by Elodea canadensis (waterweed) at variable densities,
with some Nitella and mats of Spirogyra (not shown in Figure 15)
present as well. The "emergent wetland" portion of the pond,
which is largely the result of deltaic build-up of eroded soils,
is covered by a dense plant assemblaae dominated bv T v ~ h a
latifolia (cattail), s&irpus sp. (rush), and ~e~haianthus
.
occidentalis (buttonbush) Lythrum (loosestrife), Nymphaea
(white water lily), Sagittaria (arrowhead), Polygonum
(smartweed), and Pontederia (pickerelweed) are found at the
interface between open water and the sediment delta. Isolated
patches of Carex (t;ssock sedge), Lemna (duckweed), and Vaccinium
macrocarpon (cranberry) were also detected.
Macrophyte densities in Buttonwood Pond are variable over
space and among years, but were generally considered moderate
during the study year (Figure 16). The delta area exhibited
dense growths, there were several dense patches of waterweed on
the bottom of the open water portion of the pond, and Spirogyra
mats were sometimes extensive (not shown on Figure 16), but
conditions have reportedly been worse in other years. Weather
conditions are likely to greatly influence the annual development
of the macrophyte community of Buttonwood Pond.
Nuisance growths of smartweed and duckweed have been noted
in the past (Souza 1987), but the current problem species are
mainly waterweed and Spirogyra. Waterweed growths did not reach
the surface of the pond during this study, but did interfere with
paddleboating and fishing. waterweed growths have reached the
surface during other years, however (Souza 1987). Spirogyra mats
were observed floating on the surface on several sampling dates,
but the most obvious incident of recreational and aesthetic
impairment occurred the summer after field work was completed.
During an especially prolonged dry period in August, mats covered
 FIGURE 15
-
Distribution of Aquatic Macrophyte Taxa in Buttonwood Pond
New Bedford, MA; August 1 986.

'i--.-/ Buttonwood Pond, New Bedford, MA-

 FIGURE 16
Density of Bottom Coverage Dy Aquabc Macrophytes
in Buttonwood Pond, New Bedford MA; August 1986.

Key t o Cover % Buttonwood Pond, N e w Bedford, M A

much of the pond surface. A summer storm eventually flushed the
floating mats from the pond and through the zoo area, but not
before pond conditions evoked many complaints from park visitors
and the paddleboat concessionnaire.
The species associated with the entire delta area could also
be considered nuisances, depending upon one's perspective.
Certain aspects of this human-induced emergent wetland enhance
wildlife habitat, and a bordering fringe of emergent vegetation
can be quite attractive, but the former pond area encompassed by
emergent vegetation is of minimal utility to human park visitors
and has only marginal value as a wildlife habitat. The dominant
bird species in this area is the red winged blackbird (a very
common species often considered a nuisance), and the area is
largely inaccessible to fish.
Zooplankton
Spring and late summer zooplankton samples were collected
from Buttonwood Pond and analyzed for composition, relative
abundance, biomass, and mean length of individuals. Zooplankton
densities, either as individuals or micrograms per liter, were
quite low, and the mean individual length was very small
(Appendix B). Small-bodied cladocerans were the dominant
component of the zooplankton community, but were never abundant.
A combination of wash-out and predation by abundant planktivores
appears responsible for the observed features of the zooplankton
community. Grazing potential is minimal, so control of algal
populations by zooplankton is not expected.
Macroinvertebrates
Macroinvertebrates were not quantitatively studied in this
investigation. Dragonflies and damselflies were observed at
Buttonwood Pond, and chironomids were detected in the bottom
sediments of the pond. Other benthic invertebrate taxa were not
abundant, either as a consequence of physical conditions or I
predation by a fairly dense fish assemblage.
Fish
Little information is available regarding the history of the
fish community in Buttonwood Pond. Private and public stocking
of the pond has occurred, resulting in the establishment of
populations of several warm water fish species. Bass, pickerel,
and sunfish were placed in Buttonwood Pond mainly to provide
fishing opportunities for area children, while shiners appear to
have been introduced from the bait cans of anglers seeking bass
and pickerel. Yellow perch and black crappie have also been
introduced into the pond. No record of any formal survey by the
Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife was encountered
by BEC while researching the historic biology of Buttonwood Pond.
 BEC conducted a fish survey of Buttonwood Pond in August,
1986. A total of 396 specimens were examined, representing seven
species (Table 6). Bluegills were by far the most abundant fish,
at 57.1% of the catch. Golden shiners and pumpkinseeds comprised
another third of the individuals captured. Largemouth bass and
chain pickerel, the game fish species in Buttonwood Pond,
represented only 7.5% of the catch by number; these fish
represent a greater percentage by weight, but are still a
relatively minor component of the fish community. A few yellow
perch and black crappie were also captured. Bullheads and carp,
species suited to the habitat of Buttonwood Pond, were not
captured or observed at any time during this study.
The mean sizes for most species were small, but growth rates
were assessed as fair to good (at or above the state average,
based on MDFW 1979). The population is dominated by smaller,
younger individuals, probably as a consequence of fishing
pressure on larger specimens. BEC personnel have observed
anglers with large bass and pickerel on several occasions, and
children often keep even the sunfish and shiners which they
catch. The Buttonwood Pond fishery is productive and popular,
but could be greatly improved through proper management. A
reduction in panfish density and enforcement of size and creel
limits for gamefish are desirable.
Comparison with Other Studies
There has been little scientific study of Buttonwood Pond
until recently. In 1976 the New Bedford ~ e a l t hDepartment
investigated a report of a massive algal bloom in the pond during
June, finding mats of Spirogyra covering 75% of the pond surface
(Cambra 1976a). Fly larvae (probably chironomids) were also
noted, and collected samples revealed very low coliform bacteria
counts. A private contractor was retained to remove accumulated
algal mats and treat the pond (chemically) for prevention of
future blooms (an erroneous assumption, given the detention time
of the system). Samples collected from the pond and brook
shortly after the treatment indicated low concentrations of fecal
bacteria. The next day a storm deposited over 2.5 cm of rainfall
on the watershed. Samples taken all along Buttonwood Brook and
in the pond several days after the storm revealed elevated levels
of fecal bacteria. Filamentous algae were noted in the Rockdale
West detention basin, including Spirogyra.
Mr. Cambra concluded that further investigation was needed
to isolate bacterial sources along Route 140 and at the upstream
end of the park. He speculated that the Rockdale West detention
basin might be the source of the algae in Buttonwood Pond. Mr.
Cambra recommended that the brook within the park area upstream
of the pond be cleared of debris, and that a source of clean
water for dilution and flushing be provided to the pond.
Subsequent correspondence between Mr. Cambra, various City
 TABLE 6
FISH POPULATION DATA FOR BIITTONWOOD POND

FISH SPECIES COMMON NAME # CAPTURED % OF CATCH MEAN LENGTH ( M M ) GROWTH FATE

~ e p o r n i sm a c r o c h i r u s Bluegill 226 57.1

~ o t e m i g o n u sc r y s o l e u c a s Golden S h i n e r 84 21.2
Lepomis g i b b o s u s Pumpkinseed 48 12.1 Good
Micropterus salmoides Largemouth Bass 28 7.0 Fair
Pomoxis n i g r o m a c u l a t u s Black Crappie 5 1.3 Good
P e r c a fl a v e s c e n s Y e l l o w Perch 3 0.8 Fair
Esox n i g e r Chain P i c k e r e l 2 0.5

TOTAL 396 100

NOTE: T h e r e a r e a b o u t 2 5 mm i n a n i n c h , or 4 i n c h e s p e r 1 0 0 mm.
o f f i c i a l s , and t h e o p e r a t o r s o f t h e Rockdale West d e t e n t i o n b a s i n
indicate that a physical clean up effort was requested and made
i n and around t h a t d e t e n t i o n f a c i l i t y , under t h e assumption t h a t
t h i s would r e d u c e t h e p o l l u t i o n o f Buttonwood Pond. F u r t h e r
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s by t h e N e w Bedford H e a l t h Department (Cambra
1976b) r e v e a l e d a t l e a s t one i l l e g a l sewage c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e
s t o r m d r a i n s y s t e m emptying i n t o t h e Rockdale West d e t e n t i o n
b a s i n . The problem was s o l v e d s h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r by p r o p e r
c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e s a n i t a r y sewer s y s t e m .
Problems w i t h S p i r o g y r a m a t s c r o p p e d up a g a i n i n 1977, a n d
w e r e d e a l t w i t h t h r o u g h c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t (Cambra 1 9 7 7 ) .
R e c u r r e n t a l g a l m a t s and a f i s h k i l l w e r e o b s e r v e d i n 1979
(Cambra 1 9 7 9 ) ; c h e m i c a l t r e a t m e n t was a g a i n recommended, a l o n g
w i t h t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f a n a e r a t o r i n t h e pond. No s u c h a c t i o n
a p p e a r s t o have b e e n t a k e n , however. Removal o f d e a d f i s h was
hampered by f l u c t u a t i n g w a t e r levels, r e s u l t i n g i n u n p l e a s a n t
s h o r e l i n e c o n d i t i o n s . S i m i l a r p r o b l e m s a p p e a r t o have s u r f a c e d
i n subsequent years. I n 1982 t h e Whaling C i t y F e s t i v a l Committee
i n q u i r e d a s t o t h e e f f i c a c y of holding an a q u a t i c event i n t h e
pond, w i t h w a t e r c o n t a c t l i k e l y f o r many p a r t i c i p a n t s (Lawrence
1 9 8 2 ) ; t h e e v e n t was d i s c o u r a g e d a n d a p p a r e n t l y n o t h e l d .
P o t e n t i a l sewage c o n t a m i n a t i o n i n t h e Buttonwood Pond
w a t e r s h e d i s n o t e d i n s e v e r a l o f M r . Cambrars l e t t e r s ( e - g . ,
Cambra 1 9 7 9 ) , a p p a r e n t l y b a s e d on h i g h f e c a l c o l i f o r m l e v e l s .
The i n f l u e n c e o f s t o r m w a t e r r u n o f f i s n o t e x p l i c i t l y c o n s i d e r e d ,
a n d i s a more l i k e l y s o u r c e o f t h e detected b a c t e r i a . No
s u b s t a n t i v e e v i d e n c e o f sewage c o n t a m i n a t i o n was found d u r i n g t h e
BEC s t u d y , a l t h o u g h t h e r e have b e e n r e c e n t r e p o r t s o f s e w a g e - l i k e
plumes e m a n a t i n g from t h e s t o r m w a t e r d r a i n a g e p i p e a t S t a t i o n 4
(Sousa 1 9 8 7 ) . The problems w i t h a l g a l m a t s , s p e c i f i c a l l y
Spirogyra, continue t o t h e present t i m e , but appear t o o r i g i n a t e
w i t h i n t h e pond a n d n o t u p s t r e a m i n t h e Rockdale West d e t e n t i o n
basin.
The 1978 208 Water Q u a l i t y P l a n (SRPEDD 1978) c o n t a i n e d no
a c t u a l water q u a l i t y data, but did n o t e t h e e x t e n t of a r e a s
served by s a n i t a r y sewers and t h e p l a n s t o e x t e n d c o v e r a g e t o t h e
e n t i r e w a t e r s h e d o f Buttonwood Pond. T h a t c o v e r a g e i s now
c o m p l e t e . No p o i n t s o u r c e d i s c h a r g e s a r e shown f o r t h e
Buttonwood Pond w a t e r s h e d , and none w e r e detected by t h e BEC
investigation.
Buttonwood Pond was s u r v e y e d by t h e M a s s a c h u s e t t s D i v i s i o n
o f Water P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l (MDWPC 1984) i n August o f 1984, t o
o b t a i n necessary information r e l a t e d t o p r i o r i t y ranking of l a k e s
a n d ponds f o r which P h a s e I (Diagnostic/Feasibility) s t u d y f u n d s
h a d b e e n r e q u e s t e d . The MDWPC r e s u l t s c o r r e s p o n d w e l l w i t h d r y
w e a t h e r v a l u e s o b t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e BEC s t u d y . A few s p e c i e s o f
m a c r o p h y t e s n o t d e t e c t e d i n t h e BEC s t u d y were l i s t e d a s p r e s e n t
by the MDWPC, and several species encountered by BEC were not
noted by the MDWPC. Dominant species, taxonomic distribution,
and coverage were in general agreement between the two studies.
Characterizations of the phytoplankton community made by the
MDWPC and BEC were also in general agreement.
The MDWPC classified the pond as mesotrophic based on its
own data. While the results of the one-day survey conducted by
the MDWPC generally support that classification, the more
extensive data base collected during the BEC investigation funded
by the MDWPC suggest more eutrophic conditions. The concept of
trophic state is somewhat nebulous with respect to Buttonwood
Pond, however, as water quality and certain biological features
of the pond can change drastically and rapidly in response to
changing weather patterns.
Other studies dealing with the Buttonwood Brook system have
all been directed toward the flooding problems experienced in the
park and elsewhere in the system (Tibbetts Engineering Corp.
1970, SCS 1976, GHR Engineering Corp. 1980, Walker-Kluesing
Design Group 1986). The reports generated by these
investigations will be discussed in association with the
hydrologic budget and the management options evaluation included
in this report.
 HYDROLOGIC BUDGET
Flow data collected from Buttonwood Pond and Brook (Appendix
B) suggest a highly variable and unstable flow regime for this
system. Peak flows can be two orders of magnitude higher than
the low background (dry weather) flows. This phenomenon has been
investigated several times over the last two decades. Peak flow
estimates (at Buttonwood Pond) calculated by other firms
(Appendix C) range from 495 to 867 cu.m/min (290 to 510 cfs) for
a storm event with an occurrence probability of once every 10
years (10-yr storm). These calculations employ either the
rational (Dunne and Leopold 1978) or SCS (SCS 1975~)method of
flow estimation, and are not based on direct observations. The
assumptions implicit in these methods may not be met throughout
the Buttonwood Pond watershed, and overestimates are usually
expected. This is desirable from an engineering viewpoint, as it
provides an automatic safety factor in design work. From a water
quality standpoint, however, structures designed to handle such
extreme flows may not provide any water quality benefits at lower
actual flows.
A peak inflow of 255 to 340 cu.m/min (150 to 200 cfs) was
calculated by BEC (Appendix C) using the Weiss (1983) Method, an
empirical approach based on many years of actual flow
measurements for numerous watersheds. While there is certainly
error incorporated into this estimate, we believe that it more
accurately represents the actual peak flow likely to be observed
during a 10-yr storm. Pipe diameters and slopes, debris dams,
and some storage capacity upstream of the pond are likely to
prohibit much greater flows. Localized flooding near catch
basins and wetland areas is likely during major storms, reducing
the peak flow to Buttonwood Pond and subsequent flooding within
the park.
Whichever peak flow estimate one chooses to adopt, it is
clear that peak flows occurring over the last several decades are
not effectively handled by the drainage system and stream
channels in the watershed. Even with the most recent
channelization of the Buttonwood Pond inlet, flows of over 80 to
100 cu.m/min (47 to 59 cfs) cause flooding within the park above
the pond, and only by using the pond as a flood storage facility
can downstream flooding be reduced to a tolerable level. At
greater flows, corresponding to larger storms or similar ones of
greater duration, flooding often occurs even when the pond is
used as a flood control structure.
In the Park Design Master Plan prepared by the Walker-
Kluesing Design Group (1986), calculations and discussion of the
flooding problem by GEI, Inc. indicate that Court Street (Fuller
Ave.) is overtopped several times each year, resulting in
substantial flooding of the zoo area and downstream edge of the
p a r k a t Hawthorne a n d Brownell S t r e e t s . The t i m i n g o f i n p u t s t o
t h e pond a n d t h e i n a d e q u a c y o f f l o w c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e s w i t h i n t h e
p a r k a r e c i t e d a s t h e p r i m a r y c a u s e s of t h i s f l o o d i n g . A
s y n o p s i s o f t h e G E I f i n d i n g s i s i n c l u d e d i n Appendix A.
A r e p o r t by GHR E n g i n e e r i n g C o r p o r a t i o n (1980) i n d i c a t e s
t h a t t h e low p e r m e a b i l i t y o f w a t e r s h e d s o i l s , t h e r a p i d r o u t i n g
of storm water r u n o f f t o t h e stream channel, and continued
development o f t h e w a t e r s h e d r e s u l t i n e x t r e m e f l o w s which a r e
t h e n n o t a d e q u a t e l y h a n d l e d by t h e s t r u c t u r e s w i t h i n t h e p a r k .
T h e s e s t r u c t u r e s ( e . g . , c h a n n e l s , pond o u t l e t , downstream
c u l v e r t ) were b u i l t b e f o r e t h e w a t e r s h e d became d e v e l o p e d , s o t h e
resultant flooding is not surprising.
D u r i n g d r y p e r i o d s t h e f l o w i n Buttonwood Brook c a n d e c l i n e
t o u n d e t e c t a b l e levels. The mean low f l o w m a i n t a i n e d o v e r s e v e n
d a y s i s less t h a n 0.2 cu.m/min once e v e r y two y e a r s a n d
u n d e t e c t a b l e ( z e r o ) once e v e r y t e n y e a r s (USGS 1984) a t a p o i n t
downstream o f Buttonwood P a r k . Flows r a r e l y e x c e e d e d 1 . 0
cu.m/min d u r i n g d r y p e r i o d s i n 1985 t h r o u g h 1987, b u t w e r e n e v e r
undetectable. S u r f a c i n g ground w a t e r ( s p r i n g s ) a t t h e u p p e r edge
o f t h e Buttonwood Pond w a t e r s h e d s u p p l i e d s e v e r a l t e n t h s o f a
cu.m/min a t a l l t i m e s , and much o f t h i s r e a c h e d t h e pond. Flows
s l i g h t l y above t h e background l e v e l w e r e o b s e r v e d f o r s e v e r a l
d a y s a f t e r s t o r m e v e n t s , b u t t h e r e were f e w t r u l y i n t e r m e d i a t e
f l o w s ; h y d r o l o g i c i n p u t s t o Buttonwood Pond a r e e i t h e r - h i g h o r
low a t most p o i n t s i n t i m e , w i t h low f l o w s d o m i n a t i n g any long-
t e r m record.
Given t h e w a t e r s h e d a r e a o f 198 h a (489 a c ) , and a y i e l d
c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0.7 t o 1 . 0 cu.m/min p e r s q u a r e k i l o m e t e r ( 1 . 0 t o
1 . 5 c f s p e r s q u a r e m i l e ) o f d r a i n a g e a r e a (Sopper and L u l l 1 9 7 0 ) ,
a n a v e r a g e f l o w o f 1 . 4 t o 2.0 cu.m/min ( 0 . 8 t o 1 . 2 c f s ) would be
e x p e c t e d t o p a s s t h r o u g h Buttonwood Pond. Based on t h e a v e r a g e
a n n u a l N e w E n g l a n d r u n o f f v a l u e o f 5 3 . 3 cm/yr (Sopper a n d L u l l
1970, H i g g i n s a n d C o l o n e l l 1 9 7 1 ) , an a v e r a g e f l o w o f 2.0 cu.m/min
would be e x p e c t e d . The l i m i t e d number o f measured f l o w s
(Appendix B ) y i e l d s a n a n n u a l mean o f o v e r 3.0 cu.m/min,
s u g g e s t i n g f l o w s g r e a t e r t h a n , w a t e r s h e d i n f o r m a t i o n would
i n d i c a t e . T h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e p o t e n t i a l f o r e r r o r , however,
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e mean d e r i v e d from a f e w a c t u a l measurements
i n a system w i t h such v a r i a b l e flows. I t i s not t h e v a r i a t i o n
among e x p e c t e d a n d a c t u a l means which i s a l a r m i n g , however, b u t
r a t h e r t h e extreme temporal v a r i a t i o n i n observed o r c a l c u l a t e d
flows.
P r e c i p i t a t i o n i s t h e major d e t e r m i n a n t o f f l o w a n d
consequently i n f l u e n c e s t h e hydrologic budget t o a g r e a t e x t e n t .
The l o n g - t e r m monthly p r e c i p i t a t i o n p a t t e r n ( T a b l e 7 ) i n d i c a t e s
t h a t p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s g r e a t e s t d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r months, a l t h o u g h
t h e r e i s a l s o a pronounced peak i n r a i n f a l l d u r i n g August. N e w
 TABLE 7
PRECIPITATION DATA FOR NEW BEDFORD, MASS.

( c e n t i m e t e r s o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n as r a i n )

Month Long-term NOAA Data S t u d y Year

Total

Maximum

Minimum

Data a r e from t h e NOAA N e w B e d f o r d P r e c i p i t a t i o n M o n i t o r i n g

S t a t i o n , as r e p o r t e d i n t h e monthly NOAA summary r e p o r t s f o r N e w
England.
B e d f o r d r e c e i v e s r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e snow, a n d f a l l i n g snow r a r e l y
l a s t s a s snow c o v e r f o r more t h a n a week. T h i s d e c r e a s e s t h e
i m p o r t a n c e o f s p r i n g thaw r u n o f f , a l t h o u g h p r e c i p i t a t i o n e v e n t s
during s p r i n g can c e r t a i n l y generate extreme flows.
Long-term t r e n d s f r e q u e n t l y b e a r l i t t l e r e s e m b l a n c e t o
a n n u a l p a t t e r n s , however. The mean a n n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n a t t h e
N e w Bedford m o n i t o r i n g s t a t i o n (from NOAA d a t a c o l l e c t e d between
1950 a n d 1980) i s 111.6 c m , w h i l e t h e t o t a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n d u r i n g
t h i s one-year s t u d y was 133.9 c m ( T a b l e 7 ) . J u l y a n d August
e x h i b i t e d p r o n o u n c e d p r e c i p i t a t i o n p e a k s , w h i l e March a n d
September w e r e u n u s u a l l y d r y months. E a r l y w i n t e r s t o r m s w e r e
s e v e r e , b u t l a t e w i n t e r and s p r i n g e x h i b i t e d below a v e r a g e
precipitation. While t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n f a l l i n g on N e w B e d f o r d
d u r i n g t h i s s t u d y was w e l l above a v e r a g e , it was f a r below t h e
r e c o r d maximum o f 181.7 c m . The r e c o r d minimum a n n u a l
p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s 55.5 c m , f u r t h e r u n d e r s c o r i n g t h e i n h e r e n t
v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h e hydrologic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e study area.
While mean f l o w s a r e o f l i t t l e management v a l u e w i t h r e s p e c t
t o Buttonwood Pond, t h e p a r t i t i o n i n g of f l o w among p o t e n t i a l
s o u r c e s i s a u s e f u l e x e r c i s e which y i e l d s i n f o r m a t i o n r e l e v a n t t o
t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f management o p t i o n s . P r e c i p i t a t i o n f a l l i n g
d i r e c t l y on t h e pond c o n t r i b u t e s an a v e r a g e o f 0.05 cu.m/min
( 0 . 0 3 c f s ) , w h i l e g r o u n d w a t e r s e e p a g e i n t o t h e pond p r o v i d e s no
more t h a n 0 . 0 3 cu.m/min (0.02 c f s ) (Appendix C ) . Direct d r a i n a g e
from p a r k l a n d i s a l s o s l i g h t , a d d i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y a n o t h e r 0.03
cu.m/min, b a s e d on t y p i c a l r u n o f f c o e f f i c i e n t s a n d t h e a r e a o f
t h e p a r k l a n d s d r a i n e d t o t h e pond (Appendix C, WPCF 1970, Dunne
a n d Leopold 1 9 7 8 ) . F u r t h e r employing r u n o f f c o e f f i c i e n t s i n t h e
r a t i o n a l a p p r o a c h , it a p p e a r s t h a t t h e 0.9 m d r a i n ( S t a t i o n 4 )
c o n t r i b u t e s an a v e r a g e o f 0.45 cu.m/min ( 0 . 3 c f s ) , a n d t h e o t h e r
d i r e c t e n t r y o r p r o x i m a l d r a i n s ( S t a t i o n s 5, 6, 8, 14 a n d 1 5 )
p r o v i d e a f l o w o f 0 . 1 1 cu.m/min ( 0 . 0 6 cfs) .
Using t h e same a p p r o a c h , t h e f l o w g e n e r a t e d by D r a i n a g e
A r e a s 8 t h r o u g h 10 ( F i g u r e 7 ) a v e r a g e s 1 . 2 1 cu.m/min ( 0 . 7 1 c f s ) .
From t h e f l o w d a t a o b t a i n e d on d a t e s which were p r e c e d e d by a t
l e a s t t h r e e d a y s o f d r y w e a t h e r , t h e background f l o w i n
Buttonwood Brook i s a b o u t 0.7 cu.m/min ( 0 . 4 1 c f s ) . By
s u b t r a c t i o n , t h e f l o w c o n t r i b u t e d by s t o r m w a t e r r u n o f f i n A r e a s
8 t h r o u g h 1 0 a v e r a g e s 0 . 5 1 cu.m/min ( 0 . 3 c f s ) .

E v a p o r a t i o n from Buttonwood Pond a v e r a g e s 0.03 cu.m/min

(0.02 c f s ) (Appendix C, H i g g i n s and C o l o n e l l 1971) , a n d ground
w a t e r o u t f l o w i s c a l c u l a t e d a t 0.15 cu.m/min (0.09 c f s ) . Ground
w a t e r s e e p s o u t o f t h e pond a t t h e s o u t h end, e s p e c i a l l y a r o u n d
t h e o u t l e t s t r u c t u r e . A s a consequence o f t h e u s e o f Buttonwood
Pond a s a f l o o d c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e , measured o u t f l o w v a l u e s may
n o t be v e r y m e a n i n g f u l . Assuming t h a t o u t f l o w must e q u a l i n f l o w
on average, the mean outflow v i a surface water i n Buttonwood
Brook must be 1 . 7 cu.m/min ( 1 . 0 c f s ) . T h i s i s a c t u a l l y n o t t o o
d i f f e r e n t from t h e o u t l e t f l o w o f 1.24 cu.m/min measured by BEC.
The p a r t i o n e d f l o w v a l u e s a r e summarized i n T a b l e 8 and
F i g u r e 1 7 . Over 90% o f t h e w a t e r p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e pond e n t e r s
a n d e x i t s v i a Buttonwood Brook. Between a q u a r t e r a n d a t h i r d o f
t h e w a t e r p a s s i n g t h e i n l e t e n t e r s t h e b r o o k j u s t above t h e i n l e t
w i t h i n t h e p a r k , however, a s r u n o f f i n s t o r m d r a i n s ( S t a t i o n s 4 ,
5 a n d 8 ) . The 0 . 9 m d r a i n ( S t a t i o n 4 ) c o n t r i b u t e s a l m o s t 24% o f
t h e w a t e r e n t e r i n g t h e pond. The s i n g l e l a r g e s t s o u r c e of w a t e r
( a t j u s t o v e r 37%) i s t h e background f l o w i n Buttonwood Brook,
c o n t r i b u t e d m a i n l y from Area 10 ( F i g u r e 7 ) . T h i s r e l a t i v e l y
c o n s t a n t s o u r c e i s augmented by s p o r a d i c i n p u t s o f s t o r m w a t e r
r u n o f f from A r e a s 8 t h r o u g h 10, c o n t r i b u t i n g s l i g h t l y more t h a n
27% o f t h e t o t a l i n f l o w t o t h e pond. The r e s u l t a n t mean t o t a l
i n f l o w i s 1 . 8 8 cu.m/min (1.1 c f s ) . Most o b s e r v e d v a l u e s a r e
s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t from t h e mean, however, a s it i s a c h i e v e d
o n l y f o r a b r i e f p e r i o d a f t e r s t o r m s , a s t h e brook r e t u r n s t o d r y
weather flows.
D i v i d i n g t h e volume o f t h e pond by t h e mean i n f l o w , a mean
d e t e n t i o n t i m e o f 0.02 y e a r s , o r 8 d a y s , i s o b t a i n e d .
F l u c t u a t i o n s i n a c t u a l flow r e s u l t i n a d e t e n t i o n t i m e range of
l e s s t h a n 0 . 1 day t o a b o u t 30 d a y s , however ( T a b l e 8 ) . T h i s
e q u a t e s t o a f l u s h i n g r a t e o f 1 2 . 5 t o 1000 t i m e s p e r y e a r , w i t h a
mean o f a b o u t 50 f l u s h i n g s p e r y e a r . T h i s s u p p o r t s t h e
observation t h a t t h e character of t h e a q u a t i c h a b i t a t of
Buttonwood Pond c a n change r a p i d l y i n r e s p o n s e t o h y d r o l o g i c
events.
The r e s p o n s e t i m e , c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o D i l l o n and R i g l e r
( 1 9 7 5 ) , i s between 12 and 21 d a y s f o r Buttonwood Pond ( T a b l e 8 ) .
The r e s p o n s e t i m e i s a n e s t i m a t e o f t h e d e t e n t i o n t i m e n e c e s s a r y
f o r i n p u t p o l l u t a n t s t o f u l l y e x p r e s s t h e i r p o t e n t i a l impact on
t h e s y s t e m . I n t h e c a s e o f Buttonwood Pond, t h e n e c e s s a r y
response t i m e i s exceeded only d u r i n g extended d r y p e r i o d s . If
t h e d r y p e r i o d i s p r e c e d e d by a s t o r m which l o a d s t h e pond w i t h
n u t r i e n t s a n d o t h e r p o l l u t a n t s , s e r i o u s w a t e r q u a l i t y and
b i o l o g i c a l problems might be e x p e c t e d . Even when t h e r e s p o n s e
t i m e i s n o t e x c e e d e d , however, w a t e r q u a l i t y o r b i o l o g i c a l
p r o b l e m s may o c c u r a s a consequence o f o n l y p a r t i a l e x p r e s s i o n o f
t h e i m p a c t o f a l a r g e p o l l u t a n t l o a d on t h i s r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l
s y s t e m . Given t h a t s t o r m w a t e r r u n o f f r e p r e s e n t s a p p r o x i m a t e l y
two t h i r d s o f t h e w a t e r e n t e r i n g Buttonwood Pond, t h e p o t e n t i a l
f o r w a t e r q u a l i t y problems i s g r e a t .
 TABLE 8
HYDROLOGIC BUDGET FOR BUTTONWOOD POND

Inputs % of Total

B u t t o n w o o d Bk. B a c k g r o u n d 0.70 37.2

B u t t o n w o o d Bk. S t o r m Flow
(@Kempton S t . , Bu-9) 0.51 27.1
36" S t o r m D r a i n ( B u - 4 ) 0.45 23.9
A l l Other Proximal Storm
Drains (Bu-5,6,8,14,15) 0.11 5.9
Direct Drainage
( P a r k Lands ) 0.03 1.6
P r e c i p i t a t i o n (Direct
Input) 0 .05 2.7
Ground W a t e r ( D i r e c t
Input) 0 .03 1.6
Total 1.88 100

outputs

O u t l e t (Bu-3
Evaporation
Ground Water
Total

D e t e n t i o n Time Years Days

Mean
A n n u a l Range

R e s p o n s e Time 0.034-0.057
 FIGURE 17

HYDROLOGIC INPUTS TO BUTTONWOOD POND

HYDROLOGIC OUTPUTS FROM BUTTONWOOD POND

8.0%
 NUTRIENT BUDGETS
Phosphorus
Export coefficients for phosphorus can be used in conjunction
with land use data to estimate the load generated in the
Buttonwood Pond watershed. The best of a wealth of literature
values for areal phosphorus export have been summarized by
Reckhow et al. (1980), and values can be selected from the range
presented after evaluation of specific watershed traits such as
vegetative features, soil types, and housing density. Estimation
of internal loading of phosphorus is facilitated by coefficients
of release given by Nurnberg (1984), who summarized another
pertinent body of literature.
: Chosen export coefficients and corresponding justification
are presented in Table 9. The coefficients, corresponding land
areas, and the results of their multiplication are given in Table
10. Based on this analysis, 464 kg of phosphorus are generated
in the watershed each year. Nearly all of this phosphorus can be
expected to reach Buttonwood Pond, given the watershed
configuration and mode of delivery (i.e., storm flows) for most
pollutants.
Another model approach to quantifying inputs involves the
use of empirical equations which rely on in-lake concentrations
and hydrologic features of the system to estimate the load to the
lake. These equations depend upon certain assumptions, however,
which appear to be violated at Buttonwood Pond. The primary
problem is the short detention time; in-lake concentrations
should approximate inlet concentrations, except during prolonged
dry spells.
Vollenweider (1968) established loading criteria based on
system morphology and hydrology; a phosphorus load of less than
17 kg/yr would be considered permissible under this scheme, while
a load in excess of 34 kg/yr would be deemed critical (in a
detrimental sense). This approach is subject to considerable
underestimate of the tolerable load in systems with shallow
depths and short detention times, however. Yet even if the
permissable and critical loads were increased by an order of
magnitude, the phosphorus load to Buttonwood Pond would be likely
to exceed them.
The most reliable approach to load assessment involves
direct measurement, although not all inputs are amenable to this
approach. A combination of direct measurements and calculations
based on empirical data or export coefficients was therefore
applied. The mass flow of phosphorus past the inlet station (Bu-
1, Table 11) suggests that careful consideration of storm-induced
inputs is warranted, as much lower values are obtained when storm
flows are adjusted to emulate the more frequent dry weather flow
 TABLE 9
NUTRIENT EXFORT COEFFICIENTS FOR LAND USES AND OTHER SOURCES I N THE
WATERSHED OF BWIWWO3D POND

NUTRIENT SOURCE NITROGEN PHOSPHORUS SELECTION CRITERIA

..................................................................................................
LAND USE:
Residential-High Density 10 .O 3.0 Above a v e r a g e f o r urban l a n d
Residential-Low Density 4 .O 1.1 Below a v e r a g e f o r urban l a n d
Cammercial 8 .O 2.0 Near average f o r urban l a n d
Transportation 5.5 1.5 Median f o r urban l a n d
Recreation/Park 5.2 1.5 Mean f o r open/pasture s e t t i n q
W n 2 .O .8 Below average f o r p a s t u r e s e t t i n g
Cernete ry 5.2 1.5 Mean f o r q e n / p a s t u r e s e t t i n g
Forest 2.5 .2 Mean f o r f o r e s t
Wetland 0 .O 0 .O Assumes no n e t change
OTHER SOURCES:
A m s p h e r i c Deposition 17 .O .6 L m u r b a n h i g h rural r a n g e
Groundwater 5 .O .25 Below average f o r ground water
Aquatic B i r d s 1.O .2 Mean f o r b i r d i n p u t s
I n t e r n a l Loadim 0 .O 0 .O Assumes no i n t e r n a l l o a d
 TABLE 10
NUTRIENT JDAD GENERATION BY SOURCES IN ?HE WATERSHED OF BUTTONWOOD POND

M D USE:
Residential-high dens.
Residential-low dens.
Comnercial
Transportation
mreation/Park
open
Cemetery
Forest
Wetland
r n E R SOURCES:
Atmospheric Deposition
Groundwater
Aquatic Birds
Internal Loading
 TABLE 11

MASS FLOW PAST GIV!ZN STATION (KG/YR)

With Major Storm Flaws Without Major Storm Flows*

T o t a l Phosphorus 591 75 175 75

Orthophosphorus 342 20 98 20

Ikrmonia Nitrogen 1214 55 665 55

Nitrate Nitrogen 2251 358 1102 358
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 4669 580 1695 580
T b t a l Nitrogen 6920 938 2797 938

*To ad j u s t values, flows on two d a t e s (7/2/86 and 9/16/56 ) were reduced to 2.07
cu.m/min, the average of t h e flows on t h e o t h e r 15 sampling d a t e s .
 conditions. Depending upon whether or not flows are adjusted,
t h e t o t a l phosphorus load passing t h e i n l e t s t a t i o n ranges from
175 to 591 kg/yr. The corresponding orthophosphorus load range
is 98 to 342 kg/yr, representing 56 to 58% of the total
phosphorus load. The actual phosphorus loads are probably
intermediate to the values given. As storm flows are not
represented at the outlet station (Bu-3, Table ll), the listed
values are considered to be substantial underestimates, not
representative of the actual load passing that site.
The range of phosphorus mass flow estimates generated is
consistent with the phosphorus load generation predicted from
land use data (Tables 10 and 11). The mass flow estimates given
thus far are subject to considerable potential error, however;
the storm-induced component should be further evaluated. By
multiplying the mean flow times the mean concentration of various
nutrients at each station sampled during a given storm event,
estimates of the loads passing those stations during specific
storm events are obtained (Table 12). By summing the load
estimates for each parameter and adjusting for the ratio of
represented precipitation to total annual precipitation, an
estimate of the total annual wet weather load of each nutrient
passing each station can be derived. Estimates of precipitation
related total phosphorus (and total nitrogen) loads for the study
year and an average hydrologic year are provided (Table 12).
As a consequence of the use of Buttonwood Pond as a water
storage (flood control) facility, flow out of Buttonwood Pond was
very low whenever measured. Loads at Station 3 are therefore
considered to be unrepresentative of actual conditions. The wet
weather total phosphorus load at the inlet (Station 1) is
approximately 243 to 292 kg, with most of that load attributable
to inputs at the 0.9 m storm drainage pipe (Station 4, Table 12).
The storm drainage lines represented by Stations 5, 6, 8, 14 and
15 contribute relatively minor loads of phosphorus. The pipe
represented by Station 4 therefore appears to contribute the bulk
of the phosphorus load. This appears to be true for individual
storms as well as the annual load estimate. A similar pattern
l
emerges for orthophosphorus data, with orthophosphorus comprising
over half of the total phosphorus load in most instances.
I
Substantial attenuation of the phosphorus load is apparent
between Stations 10 and 12 on the west side of Route 140 (Figure
1, Table 12), possibly as a function of the associated wetland
areas and/or dilution from less phosphorus-rich water from the
land in this area. This is not a function of the existing
detention basin, as water flows quickly through one corner of
that basin, receiving virtually no detention during typical storm
events. The phosphorus load builds slightly along the east side
of Route 140, although the east side load is considerably smaller
than the west side load. Inputs from three drainage pipes
 ESTIMATED NUTRIMT LOADING FROM SII)RM EVENTS IN 'IHE WATERSHED OF BUTIDNWCX)D WND
.. LOAD (KG)

aATE NUTRIENT

07/02/86 M - N
08/28/86 AMM-N
09/ 16/86 M-N
04/28/87 AMM-N

07/02/86 NITRATE-N
08/28/86 NITRATE-N
09/ 16/86 NITRPITE-N
04/28/87 NITRATE-N

KNITW)
KNITm
KNIrn
KNITW)

OFmD-P
ORTHO-P
OR-P
ORTHO-P

07/02/86 TOTAL P
08/28/86 TOTAL P
09/16/86 nnaL P
04/28/87 TOTAL P

SUM OF KNIrnNITRATE-N
SUM OF TOTAL P

REPRESENTED RAINFALL (CM)

W E D ON PRECIP. IN STUDY YEAR:

PKUECTED ANNUAL KG OF 'IN 2401.7
FFOJECTED ANNUAL KG OF TP 29 1 .7
BASED CN MEAN PNKlAL F'REIP.:
PFOJDCTEDANNUAL K G O F 'IN 2001.7
P W E C I E D ANNUAL KG OF TP 243 . 1
serving residential areas east of Route 140 may be responsible
for this trend, as well as runoff from Route 140 itself. The sum
of the loads at Stations 10 and 11 closely approximates the load
at Station 9, and the sum of the loads at Stations 4, 5, 8 and 9
is roughly equivalent to the load at Station 1 immediately
downstream.
Multiplying the estimated background flow at Station 1 (0.7
cu.m/min) by the mean total phosphorus concentration during
periods of background flow (20 ug/l) , a background load of 7.4
kg/yr is calculated (Appendix C). Employing the same approach
with the storm water component above Station 9 (mean flow of 0.51
cu.m/min, mean TP of 116 ug/l), a corresponding wet weather load
of 31.1 kg/yr is derived. This suggests that most of the
phosphorus load enters the system during wet weather. Furthering
this approach to include data for the individually assessed storm
drainage systems (Appendix C), a load of 150.4 kg/yr is obtained
for Station 4 and a combined load of 6.9 kg/yr is derived for
Stations 5, 6, 8, 14 and 15.
Other potential sources of phosphorus for Buttonwood Pond
include birds (mainly waterfowl and pidgeons), direct drainage
(overland runoff), internal loading, ground water inflow, and
atmospheric deposition. No internal load is assumed as a
function of release of phosphorus from bottom sediments, as no
anoxia was observed. Some pumping of phosphorus from the
sediments into the water column by macrophytes is likely,
however; a calculation based on the research of Smith and Adams
(1986) produces an estimated annual release of 15 kg (Appendix
C). The atmospheric and ground water contributions estimated
from export coefficients have been retained, and the direct
runoff load is calculated as the product of the mean flow and the
observed background concentration of phosphorus (Appendix C).
Bird counts were made on each trip to Buttonwood Pond, and have
been used in conjunction with literature load coefficients for
different bird groups to calculate a bird-induced phosphorus load
(Appendix C) .
The resultant range of the total phosphorus load (Table 13)
suggests that a rather large load is entering Buttonwood Pond,
relative to its size and probable capacity to assimilate
pollutants. The approximate partitioning of this load among
potential sources (Table 13, Figure 18) strongly indicates that
storm water runoff is the major contributor of phosphorus to
Buttonwood Pond (77 to 87%), with the load from Drainage Area 7
(Station 4) constituting the major component of that contribution
(61 to 62% of the total load). Inputs from birds account for 8
to 12% of the total load, far less than the percentage associated
with storm water runoff, but greater than all remaining sources
 TABLE 13
NUTRIENT LOADS TO BO
D- JXND BASED @ EMPIRICAL
I
MTA AND SELECTED EXPORT COEFFICIENTS

Total N i t m e n T o t a l Phosphorus
% of % of
total kg/~r total
Source

Buttonwood Bk . Background 13.5-19.2

Buttonwood Bk. Storm Flow

(@KemptonS t . , Ru-9) 18.9-33.3

36" Storm Drain (Fu-4 ) 40.6-47.8

A l l Other Proximal Storm

Drains (Ru-5,6,8,14,15) 4.8-6.1

Direct Drainage
(Park Lands) 0.6-0.8

Precipitation
( Direct Input ) 1.1-1.5

Ground Water
( D i r e c t Input ) 0.3-0.5

E i r d Inputs
( D i r e c t Input) 4.5-6.5

I n t e r n a l Load
( Macrophy te Rrmpinq 0

Total 100
 FIGURE 18
TOTAL NITROGEN INPUTS TO BUTTONWOOD POND
1.3% 6.5%

IGUBKDRY
6u B Km.
fl W M A p J
OTHER DRAINS
C] DIRECT RUNOFF
PREClPITAlON
GROUND WATER
TJ WATERFOVL
WERN AL LOAD
(None detected)

TOTAL PHOSPHORUS INPUTS TO BUTTONWOOD POND

2 -6%
+ DtRECT RCllYOFF (0.1 95) AND GROUFlO
5.1% / Y ATER (0.4461, NOT SHOWN

IBUBKBRY
5 BUSK.\dET
0U-4 DRAIN
OneR DRAINS
DIRECT R W F
PREClPlTAlON
El (IWOUND WATER
I3 WATERFOWL
f3 INTERNAL LOAD
combined. The load and breakdown presented in Table 13
represents the best available appraisal of phosphorus loading to
Buttonwood Pond, and will be employed in the evaluation of
management options.
Only a very small percentage of the total phosphorus load
remains in Buttonwood Pond, which appears to have a very small
retention coefficient (probably less than 0.05). However, a
small fraction of a very large load is still a substantial load
and can facilitate water quality deterioration. The Buttonwood
Pond system contains sufficient phosphorus to allow excessive
productivity most of the time; concentrations in the water column
are usually appreciable, and the seemingly small sediment
reserves are apparently adequate to fuel dense macrophyte growths
and algal mat production.
Nitrogen
Derivation of a nitrosen budset was approached in the same
manner as was the phosphor;s budg&. E X ~ O ; coefficients
~ and
resulting loads are given in Tables 9 and 10. Mass flow of three
nitrogen forms and total nitrogen past the inlet and outlet of
Buttonwood Pond are presented in Table 11, while a more detailed
accounting of storm-induced mass flows is given in Table 12. A
breakdown of the total nitrogen load by source is presented in
Table 13 and shown in Figure 18. Calculation of individual
loading components is presented in Appendix C.
Based on the chosen nitrogen export coefficients (Table 9),
a total of 1720 kg of nitrogen are generated within the
Buttonwood Pond watershed each year (Table 10). The mass flow
estimates for total nitrogen, however, are considerably greater
than that predicted from land use data and export coefficients.
Considerably more nitrogen may be added to the system from
residential areas (particularly Area 7, Figure 7) than was
assumed in the export coefficient analysis (use of a higher
export coefficient might have been appropriate). Considerable
variability and potential error is associated with the basic mass
flow analysis (Table ll), however. The more detailed analysis of
mass flows of nitrogen during storm events (Table 12) indicates
nitrogen loading to be intermediate to the loads suggested by the
other analyses. A total nitrogen load of between 2630 and 3746
kg/yr represents the best available estimate of the nitrogen
contribution to Buttonwood Pond (Table 13), with storm water
runoff accounting for 65 to 88% of this load.
Except for rapid conversion of ammonia to nitrate during dry
(low flow) conditions, there was little detectable
interconversion of nitrogen forms in the Buttonwood Pond system.
The short detention time, particularly during storms, does not
facilitate noticeable changes between inlet and outlet waters.
The conditions are appropriate for conversion of ammonia to
n i t r a t e t o o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n compounds, a s oxygen and suspended
solids levels are moderate to h i g h (oxygen i s n e c e s s a r y t o t h e
c o n v e r s i o n r e a c t i o n s , and most r e a c t i o n s a r e performed by
b a c t e r i a u s u a l l y associated with p a r t i c l e s ) . Nitrogen loads
s i m p l y move t h r o u g h t h e system t o o f a s t t o e x h i b i t s u b s t a n t i a l
form c h a n g e s u n d e r most c i r c u m s t a n c e s .
 DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
Buttonwood Pond is a small water body in a relatively large,
urban watershed in which most storm water runoff is piped
directly to the inlet stream channel or pond. The shallow pond
is characterized by high concentrations of nutrients and
generally low transparency. Eroded watershed soils have filled
in a substantial portion of the pond over the last few decades,
and emergent wetland vegetation has grown on this fill. The
remaining open water portion of the pond is subjected to frequent
and extensive coverage by algal mats, and submerged rooted
vegetation sometimes reaches the surface in late summer.
Hydrologic conditions are highly variable, resulting in
considerable water level fluctuation and consequent flooding and
shoreline erosion. Although pollutant inputs are diffuse, one
storm drainage pipe serving a densely residential portion of the
watershed delivers a majority of the nutrient load to the pond.
Loads from other sources are substantial, however, necessitating
a multilevel approach to water quality management in this
watershed.
Once a popular site for swimming, boating, fishing, ice
skating, and other water-based activities, Buttonwood Pond has
experienced diminishing recreational utility as a consequence of
sedimentation and water quality deterioration. Although the pond
was desiqned as a focal point within Buttonwood Park and still
functions in that capacity, its present use is limited to fishing
by children, bird watching, occasional paddleboating, and
marginal aesthetic appeal. A master plan for park restoration
consistent with the original design intent and landscape
architecture principles of F. L. Olmsted has recently been
prepared, and the park will be modified in accordance with this
plan over the coming years. Alteration of Buttonwood Pond is
part of the master plan. Work in the park has already commenced,
and the time is right for a restoration of the pond which will
reduce flooding within the park and substantially improve the
water quality and recreational utility of the pond.
 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

To improve Buttonwood Pond t o a c o n d i t i o n a p p r o p r i a t e t o i t s

d e s i r e d u s e s and s t a t u s a s a r e c r e a t i o n a l f o c a l p o i n t of t h e
r e s t o r e d Buttonwood P a r k , it w i l l be n e c e s s a r y t o manage t h e
s t o r m w a t e r r u n o f f g e n e r a t e d i n t h e w a t e r s h e d and t o t a k e a c t i o n
w i t h i n t h e pond t o r e v e r s e s e d i m e n t a t i o n , s e d i m e n t r e s u s p e n s i o n ,
s h o r e l i n e e r o s i o n , a n d p l a n t n u i s a n c e s . A s it i s u n l i k e l y t h a t
t h e q u a n t i t y o f r u n o f f g e n e r a t e d w i t h i n t h e w a t e r s h e d can be
s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e d u c e d , it w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y t o r o u t e , impound,
a n d / o r t r e a t t h e r u n o f f t o improve i n l e t w a t e r q u a l i t y and r e d u c e
p e a k f l o w s t h r o u g h t h e pond. W i t h i n t h e pond i t s e l f , a major
r e s t r u c t u r i n g o f t h e pond i s c a l l e d f o r by t h e p a r k m a s t e r p l a n ,
and i s necessary t o e l i m i n a t e c u r r e n t nuisance conditions ( p l a n t s
and t u r b i d i t y ) .
The key t o s u c c e s s f u l management o f Buttonwood Pond l i e s i n
p r o v i d i n g a l t e r n a t e sites f o r f l o o d c o n t r o l and sediment
a c c u m u l a t i o n . The pond c u r r e n t l y p l a y s a c r i t i c a l r o l e i n t h i s
r e g a r d , b u t i s n o t d e s i g n e d t o h a n d l e t h e maximum p o s s i b l e f l o w s .
A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e r e i s no p r o v i s i o n f o r p e r i o d i c r e s t o r a t i o n o f
d e t e n t i o n c a p a c i t y ( s e d i m e n t r e m o v a l ) . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e pond
f a i l s t o p r o v i d e a d e q u a t e f l o o d c o n t r o l u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s which
o c c u r a t l e a s t a n n u a l l y , and h a s e x p e r i e n c e d impairment o f i t s
r e c r e a t i o n a l p o t e n t i a l , h a b i t a t q u a l i t y , and a e s t h e t i c appeal i n
t h e p r o c e s s . A c t i o n s must be t a k e n u p s t r e a m t o r e d u c e t h e need
t o u s e Buttonwood Pond a s a f l o o d c o n t r o l f a c i l i t y , and e f f o r t
must now be expended w i t h i n t h e pond t o r e s t o r e t h e d e s i r a b l e
q u a l i t i e s l o s t through e x c e s s i v e l o a d s o f water, sediment, and
other pollutants.
 PART II

FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT
 EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
Management Objectives
The establishment of management objectives is critical to
the evaluation of management options and necessary to the
development of priorities for restoration activities. Through
meetings with the New Bedford Municipal Advisory Committee and
questionnaires filled out by area residents, the Walker-Kluesing
Design Group was able to itemize issues of concern related to
Buttonwood Park (Appendix A). Flooding around the pond and along
the brook was recognized as a serious problem in need of
attention. Area residents are aware of the deterioration of
water quality in the Buttonwood Brook system, but did not link
this deterioration, flooding, and storm water runoff together at
the beginning of this study.
Park users and officials desire to use Buttonwood Pond for
boating, fishing, nature observation, and as an aesthetically
appealing backdrop for walking, running, and picnicking. There
is some public interest in swimming, but park and City officials
have no plans to bring back swimming at Buttonwood Pond. Pond
features and water quality are not currently suitable for contact
recreation, and may never be suitable on a continuous basis. The
desired attributes of the pond include a reasonably stable water
level, clear water, minimal visible vascular plant growth (except
for an intermittant peripheral fringe), and rewarding fishing
opportunities.
Available Techniques
The number of actual techniques available for lake and
watershed management is not overwhelming (Table 14). The
combination of these techniques and level of their application,
however, result in a great number of possible management
approaches. Since each lake is to some extent a unique system, a
restoration and management program must be tailored to a specific
waterbody. Techniques are essentially taken "off the rack" and
altered to suit the individual circumstances of a specific lake
ecosystem.
Review of the management options in light of the
characteristics and problems of Buttonwood Pond and its watershed
allows ,eliminationof certain alternatives from further
consideration. As there is no hypolimnion in Buttonwood Pond,
hypolimnetic withdrawal or aeration is not possible, and neither
is warranted in this system. Given the rate at which water and
nutrients pass through the pond, the use of dyes, biocidal
chemicals, and nutrient-inactivating compounds will be
ineffective for more than a very brief period. Waste water is
already diverted from the watershed via sanitary sewer lines, and
 LAKE RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
Technique Descriptive Notes
A. In-Lake Level Actions performed within a water body.
1. Dredging Removal of sediments under wet or dry
conditions.
2. Macrophyte Harvesting Removal of plants by mechanical means.
3. Biocidal Chemical Treatment Addition of inhibitory substances
And Dyes intended to eliminate target species.
4. Water Level Control Flooding or drying of target areas to
aid or eliminate target species.
5. Hypolimnetic Aeration Mechanical maintenance of oxygen levels
Or Destratification and prevention of stagnation.
6. Hypolimnetic Withdrawal Removal of oxygen-poor, nutrient-rich
bottom waters.
7. Bottom Sealing/Sediment Physical or chemical obstruction of
Treatment plant growth, nutrient exchange, and/or
oxygen uptake at the sediment-water
interface.
8. Nutrient Inactivation Chemical comlexing and precipitation
of undesirable dissolved substances.
9. Dilution And Flushing Increased flow to minimize retention of
undesirable materials.
10. Biomanipulation/Habitat Facilitation of biological interactions
Management to alter ecosystem processes.
B. Watershed Level Approaches applied to the drainage area
of a water body.
1. Zoning/Land Use Planning Management of land to minimize
deleterious impacts on water.
2. Stormwater/Wastewater Routing of pollutant flows away from a
Diversion target water body.
3. Detention Basin Use Lengthening of time of travel for
And Maintenance pollutant flows and facilitation of
natural purification processes.
 TABLE 14 (CONTINUED)
4. Provision Of Sanitary Community level collection and treatment
Sewers of wastewater to remove pollutants.
5. Maintenance And Upgrade Proper operation of localized systems
Of On-Site Disposal Systems and maximal treatment of wastewater to
remove pollutants.
6. Agricultural Best Application of techniques in forestry,
Management Practices animal, and crop science intended to
minimize impacts.
7. Bank And Slope Stabilization Erosion control to reduce inputs
of sediment and related substances.
8. Increased Street Sweeping Frequent removal of potential runoff
pollutants from roads.
9. Behavioral Modifications Actions by individuals.
a. Use Of Non-Phosphate Elimination of a major wastewater
Detergents. phosphorus source.
b. Eliminate Garbage Grinders Reduce load to treatment system.
c. Minimize Lawn Fertilization Reduce potential for nutrient loading
to a water body.
d. Restrict Motorboat Activity Reduce wave action, vertical mixing, and
sediment resuspension.
e. Eliminate Illegal Dumping Reduce organic pollution, sediment loads
and potentially toxic inputs to a water
body.
no evidence of leaks or misconnections was uncovered. There is
no agriculture or on-site waste water disposal in the watershed
of Buttonwood Pond, and motorboats are prohibited from the pond.
Not all of the applicable management techniques are
appropriate for Buttonwood Pond, either. Macrophyte harvesting
by large machines would be difficult in this shallow system, and
would create great turbidity. Physical removal on a smaller
scale has proven ineffective in the past. Water level control is
currently practiced at Buttonwood Pond, but the use of the pond
as a detention facility is precisely what must be avoided. Water
level control for the sake of a drawdown would greatly impair the
recreational utility and aesthetic appeal of the pond unless the
pond were deepened substantially. Chemical treatment of the
sediment for nutrient inactivation or oxidation would produce
undetectable benefits, and would require at least annual
application as a consequence of wash-out and new loadings.
Geotechnical Engineers, Inc., working for the Walker-
Kluesing Design Group, has recommended major modifications of the
pond outlet structure and stream channel within the park to
minimize flooding (Walker-Kluesing Design Group 1986). The
calculations appear correct and conclusions are logical within
the context of the available data, but the limitation of flood
prevention activities to the portion of Buttonwood Brook inside
the park is not justified. While it was demonstrated that flood
frequency could be greatly reduced by modification of the pond
outlet, such modification will not result in improved water
quality and may be avoidable through upstream actions.
The techniques which will be most appropriate for the long-
term management of the Buttonwood Pond system are those which
deal directly with runoff quality and quantity above the pond.
The SCS, in a preliminary report to the New Bedford Planning
Department (SCS 1976), recommended improvements both within and
upstream of the park for the minimization of flooding. GHR
Engineering Corporation, in a study of the entire Buttonwood
Brook watershed performed for the Town of Dartmouth (GHR 1980),
emphasized the importance of establishing and maintaining
detention basins in the upper reaches of the watershed to control
flooding and protect water quality. The poor permeability of
watershed soils, rapid routing of storm water runoff to stream
channels, and continued development of the watershed have all
been cited as major factors contributing to the generation of
large flows in this system. These factors are now largely
uncontrollable, making it necessary to manage large quantities of
water rather than prevent their generation. A substantial amount
of remedial action within the pond will also be necessary as a
consequence of past abuses; this system will not recover on its
own.
 Management techniques remaining for consideration therefore
include :
1. Dredging
2. Bottom sealing
3. Dilution and flushing
4. Biomanipulation and habitat management
5. Zoning and land use planning
6. Storm water diversion
7. Detention basin use and maintenance
8. Bank and slope stabilization
9. Increased street sweeping
10. Behavioral modifications
Evaluation of Viable Alternatives
Dredging is the only available technique which will deepen
the pond and actually remove accumulated sediments. The features
of Buttonwood Pond make it amenable to a conventional (dry)
dredging job; the pond can be drained, the soft sediments are not
especially deep, and there is adequate disposal area within
Buttonwood Park. Dredging will reduce turbidity from
resuspension of fine sediments, remove macrophytes (including
root stocks and seed beds), and eliminate internal nutrient
reserves. Dredging can be used to restructure the physical
contours of the pond, making it more attractive and functional,
and bringing it into line with the park master plan.
Dredging by conventional means will necessitate at least
temporary elimination of the Buttonwood-Pond fishery, although
desirable fish can be salvaged and restocked later. Removal of
any portion of the fill at the northern end of the lake
constitutes work within an emergent wetland, and will be subject
to a rigorous permit process. Dredging of the open water portion
of the pond will also require permits. Sediment disposal may
also be tightly controlled, given the lead content of the pond
sediments.
Dredging is also an expensive proposition. The cost of each
dredging project varies with the location, sediment volume to be
removed, disposal area location and features, and environmental
constraints (BEC 1987). A cost in the vicinity of $15 to $20 per
cubic yard (or cy; contractors work in english, not metric units)
is anticipated for smaller dredging projects over the next few
years. This would cover all aspects of the project, including
design and survey work, permit acquisition, contractor selection,
containment area preparation, sediment removal, and grading of
the disposal area. In the case of Buttonwood Pond, it would also
allow for some necessary outlet repairs and bank stabilization.
There are about 14,200 cy (10,824 cu.m) of soft sediment
under the open water portion of the pond, and another 18,200 cy
(13,869 cu.m) in the filled, or emergent wetland area (Appendix
C). The coarse sand underlying the soft sediment is "clean" at
depths of over 0.3 m, but the upper layer does have some silt
mixed in. Assuming that this layer were removed from most of the
pond bottom, an additional 9,800 cy (7,500 cu.m) of sediment
would be dredged, bringing the total dredged volume to about
42,800 cy (32,500 cu.m) (Appendix C). This suggests a dredging
cost of between $642,000.00 and $856,000.00.
None of the other applicable techniques will restore open
water area or increase pond depth, but there are alternatives for
controlling turbidity and macrophyte growths in Buttonwood Pond.
The use of a bottom sealant could restrict resuspension of
sediments and macrophyte growths. A variety of sealants, or
benthic barriers, are commercially available, with material
prices ranging from about $25,000.00 to over $60,000.00 per
hectare covered, exclusive of installation costs (Cooke et al.
1986). Installation costs raise the total expenditure by
approximately 50%, suggesting a figure of $40,000.00 to
$90,000.00 per hectare. Covering the 2.4 ha of open water at
Buttonwood Pond would therefore cost on the order of $100,000.00
to $200,000.00. Reapplication would be necessary, with the time
interval dependent on sedimentation rates and pond usage.
Assuming that the tractive bed sediment load is curtailed and
there is no unusual disturbance of the benthic barrier by boats,
reapplication is likely to be necessary every five years.
Dilution and flushing have the potential to give the pond a
more appealing appearance without actually reducing pollutant
loads. Accumulated sediment could not be removed through this
approach, but the quality of water in the pond after storm events
could be greatly improved. Flushing under the natural flow
regime has already been demonstrated to reduce algal biomass in
Buttonwood Pond, but the erratic pattern of natural flushing in
this system creates problems. Controlled dilution and flushing
would involve supplying large volumes of low nutrient, high
clarity ("clean") water to the pond during dry spells and shortly
after storms to flush out and/or dilute poor quality water and
accumulated algae.
To make dilution and flushing effective, a complete
replacement of the water in the pond should be affected about
once every week to keep the detention time well below the
response time for the pond. This would require an auxilliary
flow of almost 2.2 cu.m/min (1.3 cfs, or 567 gpm). The only
suitable source of water for such an operation would be the City
water system, but flows of that nature would require a separate
line to avoid lowering water pressure in residential lines. The
cost of running a separate water main to the upstream end of the
pond, including road repair and operation/maintenance, would be
prohibitive, however, and there is no guarantee that the needed
water would be continually available.
 The idea of an auxilliary water source has been suggested by
others ( e , g . , Wm, Williams in the 1 8 9 0 t s ) , but never provided for
reasons of cost and practicality. It might be practical,
however, to supply some water to the pond from local fire
hydrants under emergency conditions (e.g., major algal blooms,
oil spill reaching the pond). Such an operation was considered
in August of 1987 when mats of Spirogyra covered the pond, but a
storm flushed the mats from the pond several days later.
Biomanipulation is a process whereby the biological
components of a system are altered to cause interactions that
result in a desired condition or set of conditions. Examples
include the stocking of predatory fish to reduce panfish
densities and improve fishery quality, and the addition of
nutrients to encourage the growth of certain algal species over
others or to foster an overall increase in system productivity.
A more recently developed biomanipulation approach involves
removing panfish and stocking large zooplankton capable of
heavily grazing algal populations. By maintaining a dense
population of large zooplankters, algal biomass is reduced and
water clarity increased (Shapiro and Wright 1984, Wagner 1986).
Biomanipulative approaches may provide the finishing touches
to a comprehensive management plan, but they cannot alleviate the
sedimentation and water quality problems currently being
experienced by the pond. The fishery requires a complete
overhaul to be conducive to the development of a large
zooplankton population, and the often rapid flushing of the
system may prohibit maintenance of such a population, especially
since there are no upstream lakes from which the pond could be
quickly recolonized. A restructuring of the fishery will be
necessary to produce the desired angling opportunities, but this
should be done only after other substantive restoration measures
have been implemented.
Zoning and land use planning are never inapplicable, but the
benefits of these tools are small and slow in coming when an area
is already developed. The Buttonwood Pond watershed is already
quite urban, and less than 20% of its area remains to be
developed (Table 2, Figure 6). Of the undeveloped land, 2.3% is
wetland which is clearly unsuitable for development and generally
protect,ed by law. Another 14.2% of the land in the watershed is
classified as forest, although some of this land is actually
forested wetland. Much of this land is either part of St. Mary's
Cemetery on the west side of Route 140 or part of the Buttonwood
Brook headwaters tract off Hathaway Road. The remaining
developable forested tracts are generally landlocked (little
possibility of road access), but the deeds to most are held by
private citizens, creating the possibility of future development.
Approximately 2.5% of the watershed is open or vacant land; these
tracts have the highest probability of development.
 With such a small percentage of the watershed remaining to
be developed, zoning and land use planning must largely take the
form of by-laws restricting activities or future modifications
related to developed tracts. While it is important to consider
such legislation to protect any investment made in the pond and
to potentially improve long-term conditions, gains made through
this approach will yield little relief from the conditions
brought about by the current land use pattern. Prohibition of
activities which increase the pollutant load to the storm sewer
system (e.g., car washing, raking leaves into the street,
fertilizing lawns) would be useful, but enforcement is difficult
and public response usually sluggish. Prevention of illegal
actions (e.g., littering, waste oil disposal) is also difficult,
even though the public is aware of associated penalties. Tough
enforcement and stiff penalties can increase the effectiveness of
a by-law, but some loss of overall public cooperation should be
expected under such circumstances. The restoration and
management of Buttonwood Pond must be a cooperative effort if it
is to succeed, and any action which disrupts or disheartens the
community should be avoided.
Before any by-law dealing with pollutant loading of the
storm sewer system can become effective, a massive public
eduction campaign will probably be necessary. Such an effort
would best be carried out by the Friends of Buttonwood Park or a
similar group of New Bedford residents. The dissemination of
educational information and suggestions for minimizing
residential impacts on the pond would meet with greater
acceptance if performed by "insiders." Even then, it is not
reasonable to assume that a dramatic improvement in water quality
will be realized in a short time span; other measures will
certainly be necessary.
The diversion of storm water from the watershed of
Buttonwood Pond to a point on Buttonwood Brook below the pond has
great potential for markedly improving water quality in the pond
and reducing flood potential. Diversions must be carefully
considered, however, as they do not represent the amelioration of
a problem, but rather the translocation of it. The SCS suggested
the installation of a leaping weir at Kempton Street (Route 6) to
allow high flows to pass from the northeast branch of Buttonwood
Brook (the one with Buttonwood Pond on it) to the next most
eastern branch, which runs parallel to Brownell Street just
inside the Dartmouth town line (SCS 1976). The passage of storm
water runoff across municipal lines in artificial channels or
pipes is typically unacceptable to the receiving municipality,
however, given the transfer of flooding potential. The
recommended diversion channel was never constructed.
 The d i v e r s i o n u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n a t t h i s p o i n t i n t i m e
involves t h e 0 . 9 m storm drainage pipe serving D r a i n a g e Area 7
( F i g u r e 7 a n d S t a t i o n 4 , F i g u r e s 1 a n d 2 ) . The i n p u t s from t h i s
p i p e c o n s t i t u t e j u s t u n d e r 24% o f t h e w a t e r l o a d , b u t r e p r e s e n t
4 1 t o 48% o f t h e n i t r o g e n l o a d and 61 t o 62% of t h e phosphorus
l o a d t o t h e pond. The w a t e r l o a d from t h i s s o u r c e i s delivered
o n l y d u r i n g s t o r m s , t h e r e b y c o n t r i b u t i n g t o f l o o d i n g and n o t t o
t h e background f l o w t o t h e pond. A minimal amount o f t h e
n u t r i e n t l o a d i s r e t a i n e d by Buttonwood Pond, s o t h e r e i s no r e a l
downstream b e n e f i t t o h a v i n g t h e w a t e r from D r a i n a g e Area 7 p a s s
t h r o u g h t h e pond. If t h i s w a t e r c a n be d i v e r t e d downstream
w i t h o u t c r e a t i n g a d d i t i o n a l downstream f l o o d h a z a r d , s u c h
d i v e r s i o n would be h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e .
The h y d r o l o g i c r e s p o n s e o f t h e 0 . 9 m d i s c h a r g e p i p e s e r v i n g
D r a i n a g e Area 7 i s v e r y r a p i d , and w a t e r from t h i s p i p e c o m p r i s e s
t h e b u l k o f t h e w a t e r l o a d t o Buttonwood Pond d u r i n g t h e e a r l y
s t a g e s o f a storm event. This water usurps t h e s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y
o f t h e pond, s u c h t h a t when t h e f l o w s g e n e r a t e d f u r t h e r u p s t r e a m
( D r a i n a g e A r e a s 8, 9 a n d 1 0 , F i g u r e 7 ) r e a c h t h e pond, t h e y c a u s e
f l o o d i n g a r o u n d t h e pond and p a s s downstream t h r o u g h t h e zoo
where t h e y c a u s e a d d i t i o n a l f l o o d i n g . C o n t i n u e d p r e c i p i t a t i o n
r e s u l t s i n a n a d d i t i v e e f f e c t between Buttonwood Brook and t h e
d r a i n p i p e a t S t a t i o n 4 , e x a c e r b a t i n g t h e f l o o d i n g problem.
If t h e w a t e r from t h e p i p e a t S t a t i o n 4 were r o u t e d a r o u n d
t h e pond t o t h e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r o f t h e p a r k , it would n o t
i n t e r a c t with t h e water generated upstream during s h o r t storms.
If u p s t r e a m w a t e r was d e t a i n e d i n t h e e x i s t i n g b a s i n ( a t S t a t i o n
1 2 ) , t h e r e m i g h t be minimal o v e r l a p i n t h e a r r i v a l t i m e s o f w a t e r
from S t a t i o n s 4 and 12 d u r i n g l o n g e r p r e c i p i t a t i o n e v e n t s . T h i s
a r r a n g e m e n t c o u l d i n no way i n c r e a s e f l o o d i n g s e v e r i t y o r
f r e q u e n c y , a n d might s o l v e t h e f l o o d i n g problem t h r o u g h o u t t h e
park, e x c e p t d u r i n g extreme events.
I t would n o t b e d i f f i c u l t o r much more e x p e n s i v e t o t i e i n
t h e s t o r m d r a i n a g e s y s t e m s r e p r e s e n t e d by S t a t i o n s 5 , 6, 1 4 a n d
15 t o any p i p e l i n e r o u t i n g w a t e r from S t a t i o n 4 a r o u n d t h e pond.
By v i r t u e o f i t s p o s i t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o Kempton S t r e e t a n d t h e
brook, t h e p i p e discharging a t S t a t i o n 8 could not be e a s i l y t i e d
i n t o t h e envisioned d i v e r s i o n pipe. A s t h e storm drainage system
r e p r e s e n t e d by S t a t i o n 8 i s o f minimal i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e
management o f Buttonwood Pond, i t s e x c l u s i o n i s n o t c a u s e f o r
c o n c e r n . By t y i n g i n t h e o t h e r n o t e d d r a i n a g e s y s t e m s , t h e
p h o s p h o r u s l o a d t o Buttonwood Pond c o u l d be r e d u c e d by up t o 68%
w i t h a n a p p r o x i m a t e 2 9 % d e c l i n e i n a v e r a g e s t o r m f l o w and no
change i n t h e background ( d r y w e a t h e r ) f l o w .
The c o s t o f t h e above d i v e r s i o n would depend on t h e s i z e of
p i p e used, t h e d i s t a n c e t r a v e r s e d , and t h e d i f f i c u l t y a s s o c i a t e d
with installation. The p i p e can r u n w i t h i n t h e p a r k boundary,
and must cross only Court Street (Fuller Ave.) to reach the
southwest corner of the park. Buttonwood Brook must also be
traversed, but this does not represent a difficult operation.
Slightly less than 1000 m (3200 ft) of 0.9 to 1.2 m diameter (3
to 4 ft) pipe would be necessary, along with manholes and tie-
ins. Including engineering aid, a cost of around $500 per linear
meter ($150 per linear foot of pipe) is expected. Assuming that
the pipeline follows the existing pathway within the park (the
logical route to follow), an additional cost approaching $100,000
may be incurred for replacing the path and associated
landscaping. A total cost between $500,000 and $600,000 is
anticipated.
The use and maintenance of detention basins is receiving
increased attention as a mitigating measure for development as
water quality becomes an important issue in developing areas
(Walker 1987). Detention basins have long been recognized as an
effective means to reduce flood potential, and the use of
detention facilities has been recommended previously for the
Buttonwood Brook system (GHR Engineering Corporation 1980). A
certain amount of natural detention capacity exists within the
system, usually in association with wetlands, and limitations on
flow imposed by pipe sizes and slopes create further detention of
water. This detention capacity is insufficient, however, to
moderate the runoff flows generated in the watershed of
Buttonwood Pond.
One obvious source of additional detention is the existing
but largely unused detention basin at the southeast corner of the
Rockdale West development area in Drainage Area 10 (Figures 5, 7
and 11). This detention facility was apparently designed to hold
water in response to flows which rarely occur at its inlet,
probably as a consequence of flow calculation overestimates and
engineering safety factors. As a result, the detention basin
very rarely impounds water (no one contacted during this study
had ever seen standing water in this basin). Although prevention
of flooding is a desirable objective, occasional high flows
through the pond have less impact on water quality than more
frequent moderate flows, and the capacity of this basin should be
used regularly to facilitate natural treatment of runoff and
minimize peak flows to Buttonwood Pond.
B~ placing a V-notch weir or perforated stoplogs at one of
the two outlets to the existing detention basin and sealing off
the other (conversion to a crested weir), water could be retained
in proportion to the magnitude of the flows experienced. By
setting the base of the weir or log pile at an elevation slightly
above the current floor of the basin, a permanent standing pool
could be created. Standing pools harbor organisms which improve
pollutant removal processes, thereby increasing the efficiency of
the detention basin (Walker 1987). By removing accumulated
debris and excavating t h e basin slightly, detention capacity
could also be increased.
The current area of the basin is just over 0.5 ha (58,500
sq.ft or 1.34 ac), with a possible depth of 1.2 to 1.8 m (4 to 6
ft), yielding a volume of 6600 to 9900 cu.m (234,000 to 351,000
cu.ft). A 10-yr storm will result in peak flows of 75.5 to 182.8
cu.m/min (44.4 to 107.5 cfs) at Station 12 (Figure I), by the
calculation method of Weiss (1983) (Appendix C). Under these
circumstances, water could be detained for 0.6 to 2.2 hrs, and
particles larger than 14 to 20 um would settle out (Appendix C).
Given the distribution of the pollutant load among the particle
size fractions examined (Appendix B), this situation would yield
only slight water quality improvement. It would, however, reduce
the probability of flooding at the pond considerably, and would
be unlikely to cause any flooding around the detention basin
(Appendix C), unless the pipes delivering water to the basin
became clogged or backed up under the head pressure that could be
created.
A much larger detention basin area would be necessary to
hold the runoff generated by a 10-yr storm and allow any
substantial reduction in pollutant load. A basin with a volume
of 57,300 cu.m (over 2 million cu.ft) would be necessary to hold
the runoff generated by a 10-yr storm. At a depth of 1.5 m (5
ft), such a basin would have an area of almost 4 ha (almost 9
ac). A basin with an area of up to 1.7 ha would be necessary to
settle out particles of 10 um in diameter, but 1 um particles
could not be settled out in a basin smaller than that necessary
to completely detain the runoff generated by a 10-yr storm. As
an alternative to the construction of a very large detention
facility, it would be possible to manipulate storm flows to place
the best quality water in Buttonwood Pond at the conclusion of
large storms. Small scale upstream detention would play a major
role in that manipulation.
As much detention capacity should be supplied as is
conveniently possible, but more emphasis should be placed on
detaining runoff from storms with high probabilities of
occurrence. The action of physical settling and biological
uptake on these smaller water volumes will do more to improve the
water quality of Buttonwood Pond than the detention of very large
volumes of runoff. The low retention coefficient for phosphorus
in Buttonwood Pond suggests that the quality of water passing
through the pond during a major storm is much less important than
the quality of the water left in the pond at the conclusion of
elevated flows. Detention of larger volumes of runoff would be
primarily for the purpose of flood control. Water quality
impacts should be considered in any proposed flood control
program.
 During a 2-yr storm approximately 8.6 cm (3.4 in) of rain
(SCS 197533) falls on the 94 ha (232 ac) watershed draining into
the existing detention basin. Assuming a runoff coefficient of
0.5 for this area (WPCF 1970), about 40,600 cu.m (over 1.4
million cu.ft) of runoff would be generated over a 24 hr period.
On average, the existing detention facility could provide up to
almost 6 hr of detention, although the detention time could be as
low as 1.4 hrs during peak flows of 29.4 to 78.0 cu.m/min (17.3
to 45.9 cfs) (Appendix C).
At these flow rates the water level in the basin should
never exceed 1.2 m (4 ft) above the pre-storm level, precluding
flooding around the basin. Flooding downstream should be sharply
curtailed, and particles greater than 8 to 14 um should settle
out in the detention basin. This will still not result in the
removal of a majority of the nutrient load, based on the observed
distribution of pollutant loads among particle size fractions
(Appendix B), but additional removal is expected in conjunction

Ii
with detention in downstream wetland areas. lso, the creation
of a standing pool in the detention basin wil improve removal
efficiency, and this analysis addresses only hysical settling
and not chemical reactions or biological upta e. A substantial
improvement in water quality is anticipated d ring events as
large as a 2-yr storm.
Lesser storm events will receive increas'ng detention and
treatment, and modifications of the outlet st ucture which would
selectively impound the most phosphorus-laden waters in the
"first flush" are possible. The runoff gener ted by a rainfall

I
of up to 1.1 cm (0.4 in) could be completely etained by the
proposed detention facility. Almost 71% of t e daily
precipitation events recorded in 1986 deposit d less than 1.1 cm
each. The use of various angles in the V-not h weir (a right
angle is assumed in this analysis), employmen of perforated
stoplogs or crested weirs (better detention, ut more risk of
localized flooding), and installation of a ba fle system (to
lengthen the flow path and facilitate shunting) should be
considered in the design phase of the project. Factors of
concern include the elevation of the existing pipes discharging
I
into the basin, the partitioning of outflow a ong the two basin
outlets, and basin maintenance. A total cost,of less than
$100,000 is anticipated for likely modificatibns of the existing
detention basin, including design costs.
Other sources of detention include the wooded wetland tract
immediately north of the existing detention basin, the channels
on each side of Route 140, and portions of Burtonwood Park. This
last option is not a realistic one, given the planned use of park
lands (Figure 10) and the extreme capacity whkch would be needed
to handle flows from either Buttonwood Brook br the 0.9 m storm
drain pipe (Station 4). The unappealing lagopn which would be
c r e a t e d would be a b o u t a s l a r g e a s Buttonwood Pond; it makes more
sense t o modify Buttonwood Pond for legitimate use as a d e t e n t i o n
f a c i l i t y t h a n t o c r e a t e an e y e s o r e w i t h i n t h e p a r k . I t makes
more s e n s e y e t t o s t r i v e f o r a d e q u a t e u p s t r e a m d e t e n t i o n o f
runoff.
The o t h e r a r e a s mentioned a s p o s s i b l e d e t e n t i o n s i t e s
( F i g u r e 1 9 ) c o v e r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 11 h a a n d c o u l d p o t e n t i a l l y
impound a volume o f 163,500 cu.m o f w a t e r . The e a s t e r n s i d e o f
Route 140 b o r d e r s a r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a which i s a t an e l e v a t i o n n o t
much h i g h e r t h a n t h e d i t c h s u g g e s t e d a s a d e t e n t i o n s i t e ( # 3 ) .
A s t h i s s i t e has t h e smallest c a p a c i t y o f t h e t h r e e sites noted,
a n d p o s e s t h e most r i s k t o s u r r o u n d i n g p r o p e r t y , i t s u s e i s n o t
recommended. S i t e #2 p r o v i d e s some d e t e n t i o n c a p a c i t y now, a s
t h e c u l v e r t u n d e r Route 140 a t i t s s o u t h e r n e n d r e s t r i c t s f l o w s
d u r i n g m a j o r s t o r m s . Expanded c a p a c i t y i s p o s s i b l e i n t h i s a r e a ,
however, a n d i t s p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s ( p r i m a r i l y a l i n e a r w e t l a n d )
make it a n i d e a l c a n d i d a t e . S i t e # l impounds r u n o f f g e n e r a t e d i n
D r a i n a g e Area 9 ( F i g u r e 7 ) , a n d i s m i n i m a l l y l i n k e d t o t h e
r e m a i n d e r o f t h e w a t e r s h e d . T h i s a r e a c o u l d be m o d i f i e d t o
a c c e p t r u n o f f from D r a i n a g e Area 10, b u t t h e c o s t would b e
s u b s t a n t i a l ( m u l t i p l e h u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s of d o l l a r s ) .
S i t e #2 i s t h e r e f o r e t h e l o g i c a l c h o i c e f o r a d d i t i o n a l
d e t e n t i o n c a p a c i t y , s h o u l d s u c h c a p a c i t y b e r e q u i r e d . The m a j o r
c o n c e r n w i t h t h i s s i t e i s i t s p r o x i m i t y t o Route 140 and t h e
cemetary. I t would be e s s e n t i a l t h a t a n y d e t e n t i o n d e s i g n
p r e v e n t f l o o d i n g o f t h a t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a r t e r y and a c t i v e
c e m e t a r y a r e a . The l a n d i n v o l v e d b e l o n g s p r i m a r i l y t o t h e
M a s s a c h u s e t t s Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d t o S t . Mary's
Cemetary. A t e s t o f t h i s a r e a ' s e f f e c t i v e n e s s c o u l d b e made by
c o n s t r u c t i n g a sandbag o r g a b i o n w e i r j u s t u p s t r e a m o f t h e
c u l v e r t u n d e r Route 140 on i t s w e s t e r n s i d e . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t
no f u r t h e r m o d i f i c a t i o n s w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y , and t h e h e i g h t o f t h e
w e i r c o u l d be a d j u s t e d t o a l t e r t h e d e p t h a n d a r e a o f t h e
d e t e n t i o n pond a s n e c e s s a r y .
A s much a s 84,000 cu.m o f d e t e n t i o n c a p a c i t y c o u l d be
p r o v i d e d i n t h i s manner, a l t h o u g h a r u n o f f r e c e p t i o n c a p a c i t y o f
h a l f t h a t volume i s more r e a l i s t i c , g i v e n t h e need t o p r e v e n t
flooding and provide a standing pool of water. A t a capacity of
a b o u t 49,000 cu.m, s u c h a d e t e n t i o n f a c i l i t y c o u l d impound o v e r
h a l f o f t h e r u n o f f g e n e r a t e d i n t h e d r a i n a g e a r e a which it would
serve d u r i n g a 10-yr s t o r m and o v e r 80% o f t h e r u n o f f g e n e r a t e d
by a 2 - y r s t o r m .
Negotiation f o r l a n d usage and t h e permit/approval process
a r e l i k e l y t o g r e a t l y delay t h e c r e a t i o n of a detention f a c i l i t y
a t S i t e #2, and it a p p e a r s a p p r o p r i a t e t o p o s t p o n e any a c t i o n on
t h a t s i t e u n t i l t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s s of t h e d i v e r s i o n and
p r e v i o u s l y discussed d e t e n t i o n o p t i o n s can be e m p i r i c a l l y
SITE AREA (HA) VOL. (CUM @ 1.5 M DEPTH)

1 4.5 67,500

2 5.6 84,000

3 hi! 12,000
appraised. This option should be held in reserve, however, as a
potentially powerful augmentation to the recommended management
program. Some investigation of flooding potential for adjacent
lands is likely to be required by permitting agencies, at a cost
of up to $10,000. A cost of no more than $50,000 should suffice
to implement this option, if no substantial site preparation is
required by permitting agencies.
Bank and slope stabilization are especially applicable
within the boundary of Buttonwood Park. Erosion of stream
channels and especially the shoreline of the pond has created
unsightly conditions and promotes further damage and flooding.
Complete channelization of the stream corridor is not practical
or wise, but modifications much like those recommended in the
past (e.g., by Williams in 1902, SCS in 1976, and GEI in 1986)
are warranted. Of primary importance, however, is the much
needed alteration of the pond shoreline to minimize erosion and
changes in pond area during water level fluctuations. The
diversion and detention options seek to minimize those
fluctuations, but it is still advisable to provide reinforced,
steeper banks at Buttonwood Pond.
Alteration of the shoreline can be accomplished in
association with the proposed dredging program. The primary
obstacle to bank stabilization is the need to avoid "hard edges"
(as would be created by rip-rap) if the project is to remain
consistent with Olmstedian principles of park landscape
architecture and the master plan for Buttonwood Park. Given that
constraint, it would be best to line the pond edge with filter
fabric or a similarly porous sheet material, cover it with soil,
and plant a dense vegetative cover. The impression of a "soft
edge" would thereby be created while providing erosion
protection.
One area where a hard edge is unavoidable is along Court
Street, where granite blocks are used to define the southern edge
of the pond. Fluctuating water levels and erosion in this area
has damaged some blocks and caused some to fall into the pond.
Repair/replacement of this shoreline is needed for structural and
aesthetic reasons. Eventual removal of Court Street would negate
the need for repairs to the southern shore and outlet structure,
but Court Street is expected to remain for the forseeable future;
repairs are therefore necessary. All bank stabilization measures
associated with Buttonwood Pond should be achievable for a cost
of under $50,000.
Increased street sweeping, along with routine catch basin
cleaning, might improve the quality of runoff entering Buttonwood
Pond, but a major effort would be necessary. Vacuum sweepers, at
a cost of over $100,000 each, would be necessary to ensure that
the very fine particulate matter with which the bulk of the
pollutant load is associated are removed from the streets.
Sweeping by one machine would have to be nearly continuous to
cover the watershed between storms (precipitation occurs once
every three days, on average). The use of two machines plus a
vacuum catch basin cleaner would be preferable, assuming non-
continuous use and some downtime. In addition to a capital cost
of approximately $350,000, operation and maintenance costs of
$70,000 to $90,000 per year (20 to 25% of capital cost, exclusive
of personnel costs) are anticipated.
Additional problems with street sweeping include
interference with parked or moving vehicles on many streets (some
are rather narrow), decreased efficiency of sweeping when
interference occurs, disposal of accumulated material (landfill
space is severely limited), and the policy of the Clean Lakes
Program (likely major funding source) not to fund operation and
maintenance costs. Given the potential for successful
environmental management through other approaches involving less
maintenance, increased street sweeping and the use of vacuum
sweepers are not viewed as preferable alternatives at this time.
Potentially applicable behavioral modifications for
residents of the Buttonwood Pond watershed include the
elimination of illegal dumping (including littering),
minimization of lawn fertilization, cessation of car washing at
residences or on the street in general, halting of leaf and grass
raking into the street, minimization of salt and sand usage in
the winter, and prevention of any activity which leads to the
entrance of oil, grease, fertilizer, or other pollutants into the
storm drainage system. Use of the storm drainage system as a
disposal facility for any substance must be avoided. Serious
changes in residential practices require serious effort by those
wishing to bring about those changes; old habits are hard to I

break, and behavioral modifications of this sort are difficult to

enforce.
Behavioral modifications can be effective in producing
decreased pollutant loadings only if participation is high among
watershed residents. In .areas where a watershed or lake
association is a strong entity with extensive support, behavioral
modifications can result in detectable water quality
improvements. In the absence of strong voluntary support,
legislative restrictions must be imposed. Such restrictions are
often unpopular and difficult to enforce. It is advisable to
cultivate support through education prior to any legislative
effort, as noted previously in connection with zoning and land
use bylaws. The educational effort is more likely to be
successful if it is initiated from within the community, as with
programs sponsored by the Friends of Buttonwood Park.
 One cost-effective approach to educating watershed residents
a b o u t t h e i r p o t e n t i a l impact on Buttonwood Pond involves t h e
production of a slide show which could be presented at public
meetings and at schools. Distribution of a brochure which
discusses recommended practices and detrimental actions in
residential areas may also be helpful. Although consultant aid
should be sought, the marketing of the "product" should be by
local citizens. A cost of approximately $10,000 should cover the
production of a slide show and brochure for watershed residents.
Environmental stewardship in the form of behavioral
modifications is a matter of civic pride and environmental
awareness. That pride and awareness must be fostered before any
gains can be realistically expected. Even then, behavioral
modifications will not be sufficient by themselves to improve
water quality to the desired level, and will in no way decrease
the probability of flooding. The problems at Buttonwood Pond are
largely a consequence of engineering actions, and must be
rectified by further engineering.
 RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT APPROACH
After consideration of pond and watershed characteristics
and the available options for improving the existing conditions,
the following actions are recommended for the management of
Buttonwood Pond:
1. The storm water drainage systems represented by
Stations 4, 5, 6, 14 and 15 should be routed around
Buttonwood Pond to the southwestern corner of Buttonwood
Park.
2. The existing detention basin serving Drainage Area 10,
located at the southeast corner of the Rockdale West
development, should be altered to detain as much runoff
as possible without causing localized flooding.
3. All soft sediment and the upper layer of sandy underlayment
should be removed from the open water portion of Buttonwood
Pond, and most of the filled, emergent wetland area
should be dredged if permitted under the Wetlands Act.
Peripheral emergent wetlands of moderate or high quality
should be preserved, however.
4. The majority of the Buttonwood Pond shoreline should be
graded and stabilized with a porous sheet material and
revegetated. The granite blocks along the Court Street
edge of the pond should be repaired/replaced as warranted.
The wetland nature of the northern shoreline should be
maintained.
5. An education program should be conducted to inform
watershed residents of their role in determining the
quality of water in Buttonwood Pond. A slide show
about watershed management should be prepared and
presented.
Recommended management actions #1, # 2 and #5 should be
implemented as soon as possible, with recommended actions #3 and
# 4 initiated after the effectiveness of the diversion and
detention programs have been evaluated and deemed sufficent.
Should additional detention capacity appear warranted, a test of
the effectiveness of Site # 2 (Figure 19) is recommended above the
other detention alternatives. A monitoring program will be
necessary to assess project progress and facilitate adjustments
in appr,oach. The logistics of providing water for dilution and
flushing on an emergency basis should also be further
investigated by the New Bedford Department of Public Works and
the Fire Department. Finally, a restructuring of the fishery is
recommended in conjunction with the dredging program.
Involvement in this effort by the Massachusetts Division of
Fisheries and Wildlife is desirable, if only in an advisory role.
 IMPACT OF RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT ACTIONS

The recommended management program w i l l r e s u l t i n

s u b s t a n t i a l changes i n t h e q u a l i t y and q u a n t i t y of water p a s s i n g
t h r o u g h Buttonwood Pond. With r e s p e c t t o w a t e r q u a l i t y , t h e
d i v e r s i o n program w i l l have t h e most i m p a c t , r e d u c i n g t h e
p h o s p h o r u s l o a d t o t h e pond by u p t o 68%, t h e n i t r o g e n l o a d by up
t o 54%, a n d i n - l a k e t u r b i d i t y by u p t o 20% ( T a b l e 1 5 ) . The
d e t e n t i o n program w i l l r e d u c e o v e r a l l n u t r i e n t l o a d s and
t u r b i d i t y by up t o 15%, b u t a lesser e f f e c t i s a n t i c i p a t e d d u r i n g
l a r g e s t o r m s a s d e t e n t i o n t i m e d e c r e a s e s . The l o a d d u r i n g l a r g e r
s t o r m s p a s s e s q u i c k l y t h r o u g h t h e pond, however, m i n i m i z i n g i t s
e f f e c t on t h e pond. D e t e n t i o n a n d p u r i f i c a t i o n o f r u n o f f
e n t e r i n g t h e upstream b a s i n near t h e end of t h e storm i s
i m p o r t a n t , however, a s t h i s w a t e r w i l l t h e n p a s s downstream a n d
i n t o t h e pond, d e t e r m i n i n g w a t e r q u a l i t y u n t i l t h e n e x t s t o r m
event.
I f s u c c e s s f u l , t h e e d u c a t i o n program might r e d u c e o v e r a l l
p o l l u t a n t l o a d s by 5 % . Macrophyte d e n s i t y i s u n l i k e l y t o be
a f f e c t e d by t h e d i v e r s i o n , d e t e n t i o n , a n d e d u c a t i o n programs.
The p r o p o s e d d r e d g i n g program w i l l a f f e c t macrophyte d e n s i t y ,
r e d u c i n g i t by 60 t o 80%. By removing t h e f i n e m a t e r i a l which i s
r e a d i l y r e s u s p e n d e d , d r e d g i n g w i l l a l s o y i e l d a 30 t o 60%
d e c r e a s e i n t u r b i d i t y . A s l i g h t r e d u c t i o n i n t h e phosphorus l o a d
i s a l s o a n t i c i p a t e d a s a consequence o f d r e d g i n g . The e n t i r e
p r o p o s e d p r o j e c t w i l l r e s u l t i n a 68 t o 89% d e c r e a s e i n t o t a l
p h o s p h o r u s l o a d , a 45 t o 95% d e c l i n e i n t o t a l n i t r o g e n l o a d , a 4 0
t o 95% r e d u c t i o n i n t u r b i d i t y , a n d a 60 t o 80% l o w e r i n g o f
m a c r o p h y t e d e n s i t y . The w a t e r q u a l i t y a n d p h y s i c a l a p p e a r a n c e of
Buttonwood Pond w i l l be improved m a r k e d l y .
F l o o d c o n t r o l b e n e f i t s a r e somewhat more d i f f i c u l t t o
q u a n t i f y . F l o o d a n a l y s i s depends on many u n c e r t a i n f a c t o r s , most
n o t a b l y t h e assumed s t o r m hydrograph. Once a " d e s i g n s t o r m " i s
c h o s e n , any o f s e v e r a l methods o f f l o o d r o u t i n g c a n be employed.
Assumptions r e l a t i n g t o r u n o f f g e n e r a t i o n and t i m e o f
c o n c e n t r a t i o n c a n g r e a t l y a f f e c t t h e a n a l y s i s . The w i d e l y
v a r y i n g v a l u e s o b t a i n e d by v a r i o u s f i r m s f o r t h e peak f l o w d u r i n g
a 1 0 - y r s t o r m (Appendix C ) a r e a good c a s e i n p o i n t . There w i l l
always b e a r i s k of flooding i n t h i s r a t h e r urban watershed, b u t
t h e proposed p r o j e c t w i l l reduce t h a t r i s k s u b s t a n t i a l l y .
The most a p p r o p r i a t e a p p r o a c h t o e v a l u a t i n g t h e impact o f
t h e p r o p o s e d p r o j e c t on f l o o d i n g would seem t o b e a comparison o f
f l o w s u n d e r p r e s e n t and proposed c o n d i t i o n s , a p p l y i n g t h e same
methods a n d a s s u m p t i o n s t o b o t h s i t u a t i o n s . While t h e g e n e r a t e d
numbers may be d i s p u t e d , a s s e s s m e n t o f o n e s i t u a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o
t h e o t h e r s h o u l d be v a l i d . Employing t h i s a p p r o a c h (Appendix C ) ,
one f i n d s t h a t u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s assumed f o r a 10-yr s t o r m , no
 TABLE 15
ANTICIPATED CHANGES I N BUTTONWOOD POND
TO RESULT FROM THE PROPOSED
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

% Decrease i n S e l e c t e d Parameters
Management Macrophy t e
P l a n Element TP-Load TN-Load Turbidity Density

Detention a t
R o c k d a l e West 0- 10 0-15 0-10

Diversion of 5
Storm Drain I n p u t s 64-68 45-54 10-20

Dredging o f
B u t tonwood Pond 4-6 0 30-60

Education 0-5 0-5 0-5 0

Total 68-89 45-74 40-95 60-80

NOTES: 1. A s o n e c a n o f t e n see t h e s h a l l o w b o t t o m now, e v e n a t

e l e v a t e d t u r b i d i t i e s , t h e 30% d e c r e a s e i n t u r b i d i t y
c a l c u l a t e d from a n t i c i p a t e d S e c c h i d i s k r e a d i n q s is
misleading. Water c l a r i t y s h o u l d improve q u i t e
perceptibly.

2. D e t e n t i o n , d i v e r s i o n , and d r e d g i n g w i l l a l s o r e s u l t
i n a pronounced d e c r e a s e i n t h e frequency of f l o o d i n g
w i t h i n Buttonwood P a r k .
flooding is expected under the average flows anticipated, but
that the post-project flows into and out of Buttonwood Pond are
over 27% lower than the pre-project flows.
The indication of no flooding under the average flows
produced by a 10-yr storm is very interesting, especially in
light of the occurence of floods in Buttonwood Park several times
each year. Flooding is more a function of peak discharge than
total volume of runoff generated, with precipitation of little
more than a centimeter in an hour capable of inducing flood
conditions. It is therefore the storm hydrograph, or
distribution of precipitation over time within a storm, which is
the most important determinant of flooding under current
conditions in Buttonwood Park.
Flows of less than 85 cu.m/min (50 cfs) are desirable in the
inlet channel to prevent flooding in that area, while a vertical
rise of less than 0.3 m (1 ft) is desirable within Buttonwood
Pond to prevent flooding around the shoreline and maintain an
outflow of less than 85 cu.m/min (50 cfs). Downstream at the
Hawthorne Street culverts, flows of more than about 145 cu.m/min
(85 cfs) cannot be passed without flooding. When precipitation
results in flows or head increases in excess of these limits,
flooding occurs.
Applying a "typical" hydrograph, one in which there is an
early peak of precipitation and a tapering off of rainfall
thereafter, it is easy to see why there is flooding throughout
Buttonwood Park during periods of intense precipitation (Appendix
C). For the precipitation associated with a 10-yr storm,
distributed according to the "typical" hydrograph, a peak flow of
almost 260 cu.m/min (152.5 cfs) is calculated for the inlet to
Buttonwood Pond. The resultant rise in the water level of the
pond is about 0.5 m (1.6 ft), yielding an outlet flow of almost
189 cu.m/min (111 cfs). The corresponding peak flow at Hawthorne
Street is almost 194 cu.m/min (114 cfs); flooding all along the
path of Buttonwood Brook should (and does) occur under these
conditions.
Applying the same hydrograph to the conditions which would
result from the proposed project, the peak flow in the inlet
channel*would be about 189 cu.m/min (111.1 cfs). This would
cause flooding of the land adjacent to the inlet channel for
about an hour, as compared to pre-project flooding of this area
at a 68% greater flow for at least two hours. The corresponding
rise in the water level of Buttonwood Pond under the proposed
conditions would be just under 0.3 m (0.9 ft), which is 44% less
than the rise associated with current conditions. The
anticipated inflow to Buttonwood Pond would result in a peak
outflow of just over 72 cu.m/min (42.6 cfs), or about 38% of the
outflow calculated for current conditions. The corresponding
peak flow at Hawthorne Street would be under 110 cu.m/min (64.4
cfs), which is only 56% of the predicted current flow at that
location. There should be no flooding of the pond perimeter, the
zoo area, or Hawthorne Street under the proposed conditions
during a 10-yr storm with the given hydrograph (Appendix C).
The key to flood prevention in Buttonwood Park is the
temporal separation of flow peaks generated at different points
in the watershed. While the peaks do not currently coincide,
they are close enough together in time to have a detrimental
additive effect. By further separating the peak flows from major
sub-watersheds, the proposed project reduces additive effects.
Certainly there will still be flooding in conjunction with
occasional high intensity precipitation events (e.g., several
consecutive hours of rain at over 1.3 cm/hr (0.5 in/hr)), but
these events are considerably more rare than the flood-inducing
rainfalls which now occur two or three times per year.
Additionally, the flooding which would occur under the proposed
conditions would be considerably less severe than that which
occurs now. A more formal analysis should be conducted when a
specific design for the detention area is prepared.
The anticipated physical, chemical and biological
improvements to Buttonwood Pond are expected to greatly enhance
recreational opportunities at the pond. The aesthetic appeal of
the pond will be markedly improved, making walks around the pond
on the promenade (part of the park master plan) far more
pleasant. Paddleboating will not stir up the pond bottom,
minimizing turbidity and maintaining water clarity. Additional
boating and possibly swimming will be facilitated, although there
are no current plans by the City to institute either at the pond.
Fish habitat will be enhanced in terms of physical and chemical
conditions. With some fishery manipulations made possible by the
dredging program (during drawdown), the park fishery should be
much more attractive to anglers; it would be possible to stock
the pond with trout for spring fishing.
In addition to facilitating the well-known warm-weather
activities, the proposed project should improve ice skating
conditions by stabilizing the hydrologic regime. Currently
erratic flushing causes unstable and intermittant ice conditions;
ice cover should be less affected by inflows after project
implementation. Winter ice fishing would also be accommodated.
Beyond the direct benefits to the pond and its users are
some overall park benefits; flooding of the zoo area downstream
of the pond and in areas peripheral to the pond would be
lessened. Such flood control is necessary to protect the
investment being made in the park through the Olmsted Historic
Landscape Preservation Program.
 DETENTION PROGRAM
The general format and premises of a potentially effective
detention program have been laid out in the previous section
regarding the evaluation of management options. Modification of
the existing detention basin at the Rockdale West development is
recommended. Debris removal, slight grading/deepening, and
alteration of the outlet structures is expected to yield
substantial flood control benefits during large storms and
considerable water quality benefits during smaller precipitation
events.
The debris and soil removal or regrading are intended to be
simple operations which will yield increased detention and more
effective use of the available space. Trenching to create a
baffle system during low flows may be desirable to lengthen the
flow path and facilitate pollutant removal. Cattails currently
cover most of the basin, and past growths have resulted in the
build-up of a substantial mat of organic debris. Leaf litter and
woody debris have apparently been tossed into the basin as a
means of disposal. It is estimated that 4 4 0 0 cubic yards (cy;
contractors prefer the use of english units) of material could be
removed from the existing detention basin and used deposited in a
landfill. Much of the material removed from the basin would make
excellent cover for the New Bedford landfill, if the necessary
tests for sediment quality are favorable.
Removal of the material by conventional equipment (backhoe,
front end loader, dump trucks) is easily facilitated by the dry
state of the basin. The potential for the ground water table to
be contacted during excavation is not a concern, as the creation
of a permanent standing pool of water is desirable for increased
runoff treatment efficiency. If a standing pool is not created
by excavation, the outlet structure will have to incorporate
provisions for maintaining a pool, decreasing the maximum storage
capacity of the basin slightly.
The outlets should be modified to facilitate greater
detention of low flows while maintaining the ability to pass
larger flows without causing localized flooding. With a basin
depth of 1.5 m (5 ft), exclusive of the standing pool depth, a V-
notch weir with a 90-degree angle would pass the maximum inflow
without overtopping the basin. Other outlet designs may be
equally plausible, and could yield increased detention of lower
flows.
 The major concern for flow management at the existing
detention basin involves the inlet pipes. At a basin depth of
1.2 m (4 ft), the major inlet pipe would just be flowing full,
while the smaller, adjacent pipe would already be submerged under
at least 0.3 m (1 ft) of water. The slope of these pipes appears
sufficient to prevent backflooding at the catch basins on the
streets served by these drainage pipes, even at the desired basin
depth of 1.5 m, but reduced flow passage is anticipated.
Two alternative conceptual designs are compared with the
current outlet structure in Figure 20. A mixture of regular and
perforated stoplogs would provide the most versatile detention
characteristics for the least expense, but maintenance costs are
likely to be higher, and manipulation of the logs during large
storms may be necessary to prevent overtopping of the basin.
Alteration of the angle used in the V-notch weir or a combination
of the two designs (V-notch with auxilliary stoplogs) is possible
as well.
The potential for using only one or both of the current
outlets from the basin adds additional flexibility to the design
process. The eastern outlet feeds the channel running along the
east side of Route 140. This channel has less capacity than the
one on the western side of the highway; it is therefore
recommended that the majority of the flow be passed through the
western outlet from the detention basin during high flow
conditions. By installing a crested weir at one outlet, which
would supply auxilliary outflow capacity during larger storms,
the outflow from the other weir could be further restricted to
supply greater detention during lower flows. The precise outlet
configuration is a subject for the design phase of this project;
several options are likely to be workable.
A summary of detention program elements and anticipated
costs is provided in Table 16. The major expense is associated
with sediment (and debris) removal from the basin. Up to $3,000
is allotted for the modification of each outlet structure. No
expenditures are included for any detention tests of the area
downstream of the existing detention basin (Site #2 in Figure
19), the most appropriate area for the creation of additional
detention capacity, if needed. An inexpensive sandbag weir for
such a test would cost only a few thousand dollars, and the test
could be performed by Department of Public Works personnel, if
desired in the near future. It is recommended that additional
detention areas not be created, however, until the performance of
the modified, existing basin can be evaluated. A total
expenditure of $76,300 is estimated for the recommended
modification of the existing detention facility.
 FIGURE 20
POSSIBLE OUTLET STRUCTURES FOR
THE EXISTING DETENTION BASIN
UPSTREAM OF BUTTONWOOD POND

EXISTING OUTLET
STRUCTURE

MODIFIED V-NOTCH
OPT l ON

PUNCTURED
STOP-LOG
OPT l ON
 TABLE 16

~stimated
Item/Task Cost /Unit Units Cost ($1
1. Engineering I L,: :im Lump sum
( S m ~ i n gt \ 1 1~1 design, . (Based on man hours
bid document , , l r , F - ) & direct costs)

2. Contractor St \ ,\,Tion
!
Lump Sum
(Actvertisenx.~\t, bid (Based on man hours
& d i r e c t costs)

3. Permits Lump Sum

OXR aPPlic';\c iO ~,Smeetings / (Based on man hours
hearings ) & direct costs)

5. Outlet r n o d i ~ i , . ; , ~ i ~ ~ $3,OOO/outlet 2 outlets

Total
 Although working during a dry weather period is clearly
desirable, the proposed modifications could be made at any time
during the year. All of the operations involved have rather
short timetables, facilitating rapid completion of tasks.
Sediment removal and outlet modifications could be made
simultaneously. Precautions should be taken, however, to trap
any sediments which may be suspended in the outflow during the
sediment removal operation. The use of filter fabric at the
outlets and slightly downstream should constitute a sufficient
preventative action.
 DIVERSION PROGRAM
Diversion of one major and four minor storm drainage
systems, as described in the previous section of this report,
will result in about a two thirds reduction of the phosphorus
load entering Buttonwood Pond. There will be no loss of
background flow, so dry weather detention time and water level in
the pond will not be altered by this action. During storms,
however, about a third of the storm water which now enters the
pond will be routed to the southwest corner of the park. By
arriving at that point several hours earlier than it would have
otherwise, peak flows from the diverted drainage pipes can pass
through the system with less interaction with peak flows
generated by other sources, reducing the probability of flooding.
The mechanics of the proposed diversion would include
continuing the existing 0.9 m (3 ft) discharge pipe at Station 4
across the stream (actually under it, as has been done with
sanitary sewer lines in the area) and out to the walkway along
the east side of Brownell Avenue (Figure 21). From that point a
pipeline of probably 1.2 m (4 ft) diameter would run nearly the
length of Brownell Avenue, discharging just upstream of the
Hawthorne Street culverts. There is a vertical drop of
approximately 4.6 m (15 ft) over this distance of about 915 m
(3000 ft), providing a slope of around 0.005. The pipe
discharging at Station 5 (Figures 1, 2 and 11) would be tied into
the pipe upstream of Station 4, while the pipes represented by
Stations 14, 6 and 15 would be tied into the new pipeline running
along Brownell Avenue. Manholes would certainly be installed at
the tie-in locations along Brownell Avenue, although additional
manholes may be desirable at other locations as well.
The proposed route for the new pipe is relatively
unencumbered by obstacles, but a few potential problem points do
exist. The continuation of the pipe at Station 4 across the
stream must be done carefully to avoid future leakage. Sanitary
sewer lines in the area must be avoided, but accurate location
maps are available from the City of New Bedford Public Works
Department. The new pipe will have to cross Court Street (Fuller
Ave.) near its western terminus, but no other street crossings
are necessary. Storm drains in this area which now discharge
into Buttonwood Brook below the pond but above the zoo could be
tied into the new line as well, if desired.
 FIGURE 21 ,

BASED ON THE MASTER PLAN MAP PREPARED BY WALKER-KLUESING DESIGN GROUP

 A total cost of $531,500 is anticipated for the proposed
diversion program (Table 1 7 ) . The cost of the new pipe, with
installation, represents the major expense involved. A
substantial amount of money has also been allocated for
refurbishing the pathway which will be disrupted by pipe
installation in accordance with the standards set by the
Buttonwood Park Master Plan. Funds from this allocation would
also be used to patch Court Street at the crossing point. The
work associated with the diversion program could be performed at
almost any time, although a dry weather period would be clearly
preferable. Minimum interference with park users would probably
be achieved by a late fall or winter installation.
Money has also been allocated under the permits budget to
perform a preliminary investigation of possible sources of sewage
pollution in the drainage area (Area 7) served by the pipe system
discharging at Station 4. The use of conductivity,
orthophosphorus, nitrate, and fecal bacteria as parameters in an
areawide sampling program is recommended. Final location and
elimination of sources of contamination are the responsibility of
the New Bedford Department of Health, but a preliminary survey
should reduce the size of the area requiring more detailed
investigation (e.g., individual house dye tests). Elimination of
any sources of sewage for the storm drainage system may be a
prerequisite to approval of the diversion program.
 TABLE 17
ELEMENTS AND CCXTS ASSOCIATED WITH
THE PROPOSED DIVERSION PROGRAM

Estimated
Cost ( $ )

Engineering Design Lump s u n $ 15,000

(Surveying, p i p e s e l e c t i o n (Based on m hours
b i d document prep. & d i r e c t costs)

Contractor S e l e c t i o n 3,000
(Advertisement, bidders meeting, (Fased on man hours
bid s e l e c t i o n supervision) & d i r e c t costs)

Permits Lump Sum 10,000 *

( EIR , a w l i c a t i o n s , meetings/ (Based on man hours
hearings ) & d i r e c t costs)

I n s t a l l Drainage Pipe S120/ft 3,200 f t 384,000

I n s t a l l Access Manholes S3,500/manhole 3 manholes 10,500

Tie-in smaller drainage p i p e s $1,50O/tie-in 4 tie-ins 6,000

Replace p a t h over p i p e l i n e $5/SF 19,200 SF 96,000

Construction supervision $5OO/day 8 days 4,000

Meetings, r e p o r t s , t r a v e l Lump sun 3,000

(Based on man hours
& d i r e c t costs)

Total $531, 500

* Permit/approval r e q u i r e r e n t s w i l l depend upon review of any proposed desiqn by t h e EDEA

MEPA Unit and t h e New Redford Conservation Comnission. Only E I R preparation, a t
approximately $7,000, is e l i g i b l e f o r funding under t h e MA Clean Lakes Program.
 DREDGING PROGRAM
The need to dredge Buttonwood Pond has been elucidated in
the section of this report in which management options were
evaluated. Except for the potential for high flows through the
pond during intense precipitation events, this is a relatively
easy dredging project. To minimize flood damage to dredged
areas, the dredging should be performed between August and
December after the detention and diversion programs have been
implemented. Once the pond is drained via the subsurface outlet
pipe, the substrate will support conventional excavation
equipment, which can move dredged material to a containment area
constructed adjacent to the pond (Figure 22). Despite the
moderately high lead levels in the soft sediment, initial
disposal and eventual reuse within Buttonwood Park does not pose
any special problems or hazards.
Conventional, or dry dredging is the method of choice in
this case, given the drawdown capability of the outlet structure,
pond sediment characteristics, and easy access to the pond for
excavation equipment. If the sediment in the pond dries as well
as expected when the pond is drained, work should proceed quickly
and the construction of the containment area need not be
elaborate. Creation of a small earthen berm by bulldozers around
the containment area perimeter will be necessary to control
runoff, but most of the features depicted in Figure 23 may not be
essential. Deposition and grading of dredged material to form a
gentle slope toward a berm with a channel at its base (directing
runoff to a small holding area and then back to the pond) is
recommended.
The critical aspect of the dredging program involves the
actual sediment removal operation, which must be sensitive to the
potential for water level fluctuations and the desirability of
preserving certain emergent wetland areas. Although the
potential for flooding will be greatly reduced by the proposed
detention and diversion programs, the pond drain cannot pass the
flows which will still result from even moderate precipitation
events. A drawdown can therefore not be sustained during any
precipitation except a light rainfall. The use of a haybale
barrier (Figure 24) or similar structure composed of sandbags is
recommended around each small (perhaps a half acre to an acre)
area where active dredging is occurring. This precaution will
limit resuspension and downstream transport of disturbed sediment
during wet or dry conditions.
Alternatively, the outlet structure could be removed to
allow greater flow through the drained pond, but the expense
associated with reconstructing the outlet would be quite high.
If the suggested eventual closing and removal of Court Street
were to take place prior to the dredging program, the outlet
i
BASED ON THE MASTER PLAN MAP PREPARED BY WALKER-KLUESING DESIGN GROUP
 FIGURE 24

0 0 .. .. 0 . a 8 . . -----
LIMIT OF

WORK

epcoo U W

F
4 W

HAYBALE SILT BARRILSR

c o u l d b e removed and n o t r e p l a c e d a t i t s c u r r e n t l o c a t i o n a t a l l .
Assuming t h a t some form of o u t l e t s t r u c t u r e w i l l be n e c e s s a r y a t
i t s c u r r e n t l o c a t i o n f o r some t i m e , however, it would b e more
economical t o maintain f l e x i b i l i t y i n t h e dredging p l a n than t o
i n c u r t h e c o s t o f o u t l e t replacement ( p a r t i c u l a r l y i f t h a t o u t l e t
s t r u c t u r e i s e v e n t u a l l y removed). Some money h a s b e e n i n c l u d e d
i n t h e accompanying c o s t e s t i m a t e f o r o u t l e t r e p a i r , b u t t h e
a n t i c i p a t e d r e p a i r s a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o p a t c h work i n t e n d e d t o
i m p r o v e w a t e r l e v e l c o n t r o l and s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r i t y .
Assuming t h a t t h e removal o f t h e f i l l i n much o f t h e
e m e r g e n t w e t l a n d a r e a o f t h e pond i s p e r m i t t e d , t h e r e w i l l s t i l l
be p o r t i o n s o f t h a t w e t l a n d which s h o u l d be p r e s e r v e d .
P e r i p h e r a l s t a n d s of vegetation a r e d e s i r a b l e f o r s h o r e l i n e
s t a b i l i z a t i o n and h a b i t a t d i v e r s i t y , a n d t h e r e a r e a f e w w e t l a n d
p o c k e t s i n t h e p r e s e n t c o n f i g u r a t i o n which m e r i t p r e s e r v a t i o n f o r
t h e i r v e g e t a t i v e beauty, h a b i t a t value, and e d u c a t i o n a l u t i l i t y
( e . g . , t h e c r a n b e r r y p a t c h a l o n g t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n s h o r e ) . The
i n t e n t o f t h e d r e d g i n g i n t h i s a r e a i s t o remove t h e s i l t , t i r e s
a n d t r a s h - l a d e n t o p s o i l and t h e e x t e n s i v e , d e n s e s t a n d s of
c a t t a i l and rushes a s s o c i a t e d with t h i s s o i l .
The d r e d g i n g c o n t r a c t o r must a l s o b e aware o f a n d a v o i d
damage t o t h e s a n i t a r y sewer l i n e which p a s s e s u n d e r t h e pond.
No s i g n o f t h i s p i p e was d e t e c t e d by v i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n o r p r o b i n g
o f t h e b o t t o m by a d i v e r , b u t it c o u l d be c o n t a c t e d d u r i n g
s e d i m e n t removal. Although no pond p r o b l e m s h a v e b e e n l i n k e d t o
t h i s r a t h e r o l d ( c a s t i r o n ) p i p e , o f f i c i a l s o f t h e C i t y of New
B e d f o r d s h o u l d e v a l u a t e t h e e f f i c a c y o f r e p l a c i n g it, a s t h e
drawdown a n d d r e d g i n g a c t i v i t i e s w i l l p r o v i d e a n e x c e l l e n t
o p p o r t u n i t y t o do s o , i f d e s i r e d .
A p p r o x i m a t e l y 42,800 c y ( a g a i n , c o n t r a c t o r s p r e f e r t o d e a l
w i t h e n g l i s h u n i t s ) o f sediment would b e removed from t h e pond
a r e a d u r i n g t h e p r o p o s e d d r e d g i n g program. Spread over a s i x
a c r e c o n t a i n m e n t a r e a (up t o 7 a c a v a i l a b l e ) , a n a v e r a g e d e p t h o f
l e s s t h a n 4 . 5 f t would be a c h i e v e d . A f t e r a n a p p r o p r i a t e d r y i n g
p e r i o d ( w e a t h e r d e p e n d e n t , p r o b a b l y several m o n t h s ) , t h i s
m a t e r i a l would b e a v a i l a b l e f o r u s e i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h p l a n n e d
p a r k r e v i t a l i z a t i o n p r o j e c t s . Some o f t h e d r e d g e d m a t e r i a l would
p r o b a b l y be u s e d i n t h e recommended bank s t a b i l i z a t i o n .
he b a d l y e r o d e d banks a l o n g t h e e a s t a n d w e s t s h o r e l i n e s
s h o u l d be s t a b i l i z e d w i t h a p o r o u s s h e e t m a t e r i a l u n d e r s o i l and
d e n s e v e g e t a t i o n ( w e t l a n d p l a n t s o r g r a s s ) t o minimize f u t u r e
damage i n a manner c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e p a r k m a s t e r p l a n . Some
f i l l w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y t o r e e s t a b l i s h s h o r e l i n e s h a p e and s l o p e
i n t h e s e a r e a s ( F i g u r e 2 2 ) . The g r a n i t e b l o c k s which form t h e
s h o r e l i n e a l o n g C o u r t S t r e e t s h o u l d be r e p o s i t i o n e d o r r e p l a c e d ,
a s n e e d e d , u n l e s s t h e Court S t r e e t removal c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e
d r e d g i n g program.
 The resultant shape of the pond would approximate that
requested in the park master plan, although the islands and
certain cosmetic/aesthetic shoreline features have been deleted
from the dredging plan proposed in this report; these do not
appreciably affect water quality or system hydrology and could
not be funded by the Massachusetts Clean Lakes Program (Haynes
1988). The functional intent of the dredging program is to
provide a hydrologically more stable system in which turbidity
and plant nuisances are kept to a minimum. Increased aesthetic
appeal will also result from the proposed dredging program.
The general sequence envisioned for this program involves
construction of the containment area during summer, drawdown of
the pond around Labor Day, establishment of one or a few work
areas with haybale or sandbag barriers, and commencement of
sediment removal during early to mid-September. As dredging is
completed in delineated areas, new, adjacent areas would be
established and dredged. Dredging would be halted during
precipitation events producing inflows of more than about 15 cfs.
Outlet repair would be performed during the dredging operation,
as would periodic grading of the containment area. When dredging
was completed, shoreline stabilization would commence. All
construction work could be completed as early as December,
weather permitting. Contractors should expect weather delays
after early December, as precipitation (as rain, seldom snow) is
generally greatest during winter in the New Bedford area. A
single dredging season should be planned, lasting no later than
to the beginning of May, to minimize interference with park
activities.
The anticipated total cost of the proposed dredging program
is $775,900 (Table 181, although there is the potential for a
substantial cost savings related to the containment area, if
simple, small, bulldozed berms are deemed sufficient. The
majority of the cost is associated with actual excavation and
final disposal ($256,800 each), which are assumed to have a unit
cost of $6.00/cy. An allottment of $107,000 has been made for
containment area construction. All other itemized tasks have
associated cost estimates of less than $50,000 each.
 TABLE 18
ELEMENTS AND COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH
THE PROPOSED DREDGING PRM;RAM

Estimated
Cost /Unit Units Cost ($1
Engineering Design $ l / ~ 42,800
(Surveying, equiprent selection,
containment area design, dredging
plans/specs)
Contractor Selection Lump sum
(Advertisanent , bictkrs meeting, (Based on man hours
bid selection supervision) & direct costs)

Permits Lump sum

(EIR, applications, meetings/ (Based on man hours
hearings ) & direct costs)

Containment Area Construction

(Clearing, access road, berms,
security)
Protective haybales o r sandbags $20/LF 500 L??
(Around areas being dredged)
Outlet Repair Lump Sum
(Patch work, spillway repair) (Based on materials/labor)
Excavation
Bank Stabilization
a. R e p l a m t of stone blocks $2OO/block 30 blocks
b. 6" Sand/loam over filter
fabric/enkamat $25/sq.yd. 1500 sq.yd
U l t i m a t e Disposal and Grading $Wcy 42,800 cy
of Dredged Material
Construction Supervision $5OO/day 30 days
Other W t i n g s , Reports, Travel Lump Sum
(Based on man hours
& direct costs)

Total

* Only EIR preparation, a t approximately $10,000, is e l i g i b l e f o r funding under the MF!

Clean Lakes Program.
 EDUCATION PROGRAM
Environmental education is critical to the improvement and
safeguarding of natural resources, as the potential impacts
arising out of human demand can exceed the technological and
economic capacity to repair the damage once it is done. By
informing watershed residents of their role in determining the
quality of water resources, it is hoped that many impacts can be
avoided or reduced in magnitude, making technological fixes
unnecessary or at least affordable. In the case of Buttonwood
Pond, much damage has already been done, and the necessary
technological solution is an expensive one. An appropriate
educational program, therefore, should be directed at preserving
the improvements which technology (and many dollars) will
provide, and at avoiding additional hazards not currently
threatening the pond.
A dual approach is recommended, involving the presentation
of a slide show and distribution of a brochure to watershed
residents. The slide show should be specific to the Buttonwood
Pond watershed, depicting the activities and features which
affect water quality and quantity, and emphasizing the link
between human actions and conditions in the pond. This slide
show should be presented at public meetings and special park
events, such as those sponsored by the Friends of Buttonwood
Park, and in the New Bedford school system. The brochure should
provide a suymary of the relationships elucidated in the slide
show, and make specific recommendations regarding residential
practices which affect water quality. Although the brochure may
be prepared by a consultant it should be distributed under the
auspices of a New Bedford organization, such as the Office of
Neighborhood Development or the Friends of Buttonwood Park.
The primary target of the brochure (and to some extent the
slide show) should be the storm water drainage system as a link
between residents and the Buttonwood Brook system. The concept
of a watershed was not found to be especially familiar to public
meeting participants, and is greatly complicated by the largely
unseen storm drainage system. It is important that residents
recognize that the inputs to that system reach natural water
courses without treatment. The impact of the use of the storm
drainage system as a disposal facility for waste oil, wash water,
or solid refuse must be made clear. Residential practices which
minimize inputs to this system (e.g., washing cars only on grass
and with a minimum of water, and bagging leaves or grass
clippings) should be stressed.
 In addition to residential practices which impact water
quality, there should be some emphasis placed on proper land
stewardship by abutters and park users. Disposal of leaves,
grass clippings, and other refuse on park property is neither a
right nor a privilege. Keeping vehicles off vegetated areas is
another necessity, one which will become more critical as money
is spent on ornamental horticulture in the park.
A total of $10,000 has been allocated for an educational
program. Certainly a descriptive slide show and informational
brochure can be developed for this price, and several thousand
brochures produced as well. The choice of presentation or
distributional mode is left to City officials, but an approach
which involves as many local citizens as possible in the actual
transfer of information is desirable. Distribution at the zoo is
one possible approach with much merit and low cost.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

The detention and diversion programs constitute watershed
management programs, although they are aimed more at controlling
inputs than at curtailing them. The education program should
result in some reduction in pollutant loadings, but few of the
other watershed management techniques are readily applicable to
the Buttonwood Pond watershed. There is little developable land
left in the watershed, the watershed is already sewered, there is
no active agricultural land involved, and only education or a '
very expensive vacuum street sweeping program would appreciably
alter the quality of runoff in this urban watershed. The street
sweeping program was judged unworkable, and the educational
program has already been recommended and discussed. Erosion
control is always applicable, but most of the erosional damage
has already been done by past development projects. With few
such projects possible in the watershed today, only clean-up and
minor precautionary efforts are possible.
The problem with managing the Buttonwood Pond watershed is
that it largely involves engineering an already heavily
engineered system. With each layer of engineering, the
complexity of the system increases and the factors which must be
considered in future engineering efforts multiply. What is
needed is a clear set of priorities by which to govern watershed
management. If the competing interests of transportation,
housing, utilities, parks, wildlife, and water quality are to be
satisfactorily resolved, it will be necessary to reach a
consensus on what attributes of the urban environment are most
important to its residents. The questionnaire survey conducted
by the New Bedford Municipal Advisory Committee (Appendix A) was
an important step in this direction, and continued efforts of
this type are encouraged.
 MONITORING PROGRAM '

A monitoring program will be necessary to assess the success

of management actions and aid in the formulation of appropriate
management policies and supplementary management programs. Of
primary interest are the water flow through the system,
concentrations of phosphorus and fecal coliform bacteria, the
turbidity level, and the density of macrophytes. Changes in the
depth of water and soft sediment in the pond should be monitored
as well. Samples of sediment from the pond should be tested for
settling rate and residual turbidity.
Macrophyte coverage, water depth, and the distribution of
soft sediment can be measured annually in the pond, while flow
and the water quality parameters should be assessed monthly at
the inlet and outlet of both Buttonwood Pond and the upstream
detention basin. In addition to monthly sampling at four
stations, flow and water quality along Buttonwood Brook upstream
of Hawthorne Street should be evaluated during three storm events
per year. The storm water quality assessment should incorporate
size fractionation of the phosphorus load at several key stations
(basin inlet and outlet, inlet of Buttonwood Pond).
This monitoring program will allow evaluation of the
effectivenss of the detention, diversion and dredging programs,
along with the need for further management actions.
Establishment of a layperson flow monitoring program much like
that employed near the beginning of this study is also advisable
to gather additional flow data. This will facilitate a better
analysis of the impact of the overall project on flooding in the
park. A total annual monitoring cost of $23,300 is anticipated
(Table 19), with costs rising slightly each year after the
initial year of monitoring. Some cost savings could be realized,
however, if park personnel were trained to perform certain
repetitive or simple monitoring tasks.

FUNDING ALTERNATIVES
Several sources of funding are available for management
activities in Buttonwood Pond and its watershed (Table 20). The
Clean Lakes Program, which sponsored this study, is the likely
key source of support. Special grants from the Massachusetts
Department of Environment Management (DEM), through the Olmsted
Historic Landscape Preservation Program, Rivers and Harbors
Program, or as legislative budgetary line items, could provide
substantial funding as well. A project of this magnitude will
likely require multiple sources of funding. Other sources noted
in Table 20 are less stable or appropriate to the proposed
 TABLE 19
ELEMENTS FND COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH
A ONE YEAR MONITORING PROGRAM

Cost ( $ ) / Estimated
Frequency Units Cost ($1

1. Macrcphyte Monitoring
a . Field evaluation of Annual
assemblage composition
and d e n s i t y

2. Sediment Monitoring
a. Prepare bathymetric Annual
and s o f t sediment
isopach maps. Assess
sediment f e a t u r e s
(settling rate,
residual turbidity)

3. Surface Water Quality

Monitoring
a. Assessment of t o t a l Monthly
phosphorus, ortho-
phosphorus, t u r b i d i t y ,
f e c a l coliform & flow
a t i n l e t & cutlet of
d e t . basin, i n l e t &
o u t l e t of Button-
Pond
b. Assessment of above
parameters a t up to
10 s t a t i o n s during
storm e v e n t s (canposite
samples), with s i z e
f r a c t i o n a t i o n a t up t o
3 stations

4. Meetings and Reports

T o t a l Per Year

NOTE: I n f l a t i o n is l i k e l y to r a i s e costs s l i g h t l y each year.

 TABLE 20
POTENTIAL FUNDING SOURCES FOR THE PROPOSED
MANAGEMENT OF AUTIWWXD POND

Funding
Source Level Notes

Massachusetts Clean Lakes 75% Sound program: J u l y 1

Program (Ch. 628 of t h e application deadline;
A c t s o f 1981, DEQE) l i k e l y source.

Federal Clean Lakes Program 50% F i n a n c i a l l y restricted; few

(Set. 314 o f PL 92-500, USEPA) new p r o j e c t s accepted .
Rivers and Harbors Program 75% Recently reorganized, Jan.
( D i v i s i o n o f FBterways, Dm) 15 d e a d l i n e . I f renewed i n
subsequent FY a p p r o p r i a t i o n s
it could supply 50% f u n d i q .
Small Watershed P r o t e c t i o n (up to) Requires high c o s t - b e n e f i t
Program (PL 83-566, SCS) 100% ratio. Funding cutbacks have
l i m i t e d t h i s program.

Resource Conservation and (up to) Requires e s t a b l i s h e d RC&D

C e v e l o p n t Program 100% d i s t r i c t , very l i m i t e d funding
(Food & Agric. A c t of opportunities a t present.
1962, SCS)

Federal Land and mter 50% A c q u i s i t i o n of l a n d s f o r

Conservation Fund ; outdoor r e c r e a t i o n ; could be
Division o f Conservation u s e f u l i n o b t a i n i n g land f o r
S e r v i c e s , EOEA ( F e d e r a l additional detention capacity,
Pass Thrcugh) i f warranted.

Mass. S e l f Help Program (up t o ) Grants to Conservation

M.G.L. Chap. 132A, .Set. 11 80 % Conmissions f o r land
( DCS/M)EA) a c q u i s i t i o n ; r e q u i r e s an
approved open space plan.
Funds a v a i l a b l e .

Line items i n DEM budget: ( u p to) Possible allocations related

p o s s i b l e g r a n t s through 100% to f u r t h e r 'park improvements.
t h e Olmsted Parks Requires consistency with
R e s t o r a t i o n Program e s t a b l i s h e d Master Plan.
 TABLE 21
PERMITS AND APPROVALS REQUIRED I N CONNECTION W I T H
THE PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS TO BVITONFKX)D POND

Contact Off ice/Telephone No.

Mass. C m i s s i o n Against Canmission Against Discrimination

Discrimination 1 Ashburton P l a c e
Approval Boston, MA 02108
(617) 727-7309

Executive Order 215 Executive O f f i c e o f C a m u n i t i e s &

( F a i r Housing Order) Development
Approval 100 Cambridge S t r e e t , Room 1404
Bxton, M A 02202
(617) 727-7130

C e r t i f i c a t i o n o f T i t l e to D K E r DkJPC
P r o j e c t Site Westview Building
Lyman School Grounds
Westborough, MA 01581
(617) 366-9181

Division of F i s h e r i e s and Southeast W i l d l i f e District

Wildlife Bournedale mad
Notification Buzzards Bay, MA 02532
(617) 759-3406

Historical C a m i s s i o n Historical C m i s s i o n
Approval 294 Washington S t r e e t
Roston, MA 02108
(617) 727-8470

N a t u r a l H e r i t a g e Program Natural H e r i t a g e Program

Review 100 Cambridge S t r e e t
Eoston, MA 02202
(617 727-9194

Mass. Environmental Executive O f f i c e o f Environmental

Policy A c t Affairs
Review MEPA Unit
100 Cambridge S t r e e t , 20th Floor
Boston, MA 02202
( 617 ) 727-5830

Wetlands P r o t e c t i o n A c t New Bedford c o n s e r v a t i o n C m i s s i o n

Permit City Hall
W i l l i a m s Street
New Bedford, PA 02740
(617) 999-2931
 TABLE 21 (CONTINUED)
Contact Office/Telephone No.

Army Corps of Engineers ACOE

Sec. 404 Permit Regulatory Rranch
424 Trapelo Road
Walthan, MA 02254
1-800-362-4367

Chapter 91 Waterways License Division of Waterways/Wetlands

Regulation
DEQE
1 Winter S t r e e t
EQston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5517

Water Quality C e r t i f i c a t e Permits Section

m
1 Winter S t r e e t
Roston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5673

New Redford Dept. of Public NBDPW

Wxks City Hall
Approval W i l l i a m s Street
New Bedford, MA 02740
(617) 999-2931

Buttonwood Park Master Plan Office of Neighborhoods

Consistency City Hall
Approval W i l l i a m s Street
New Bedford, MA 02740
(617) 999-2931
 The review by the EOEA (MEPA unit) will be initiated by the
filing of the attached ENF (Appendix D); New Bedford officials
(presumably the Office of Neighborhood Development) shoyld file
this document at their earliest convenience. The New Bedford
Conservation Commission will be reviewing this report, but a
formal Notice of Intent should be filed by City officials to
initiate the approval process associated with the Wetlands
Protection Act.
The remaining three approval processes are directly related
to the proposed dredging of Buttonwood Pond. An application must
be filed with the Division of Waterways and Wetlands Regulation
in Boston to receive approval of the operation and acquire a
dredging permit (Chapter 91 Waterways License). The City of New
Bedford is responsible for filing this application, but the Phase
I1 consultant can assist in its preparation; this application is
not filed until a definitive dredging plan has been drafted.
An ACOE permit, known as a Section 4 0 4 permit, must also be
obtained through application to the ACOE in Waltham. This permit
is required for any fill activities in wetlands (including ponds)
and for state-sponsored dredging programs. This application is
also filed by City officials, but the Phase I1 consultant should
assist in its preparation as with the Chapter 91 Waterways
License request.
The Water Quality Certificate, issued by the MDWPC, endorses
a project as consistent with water quality goals in the project
area. Review of the project by the MDWPC is initiated along with
the Chapter 91 and Section 4 0 4 permit approval processes. A copy
of the application to be filed is attached to the ENF (which it
also accompanies) in Appendix D.
Although the Division of Fisheries and Wildlife will already
have reviewed the proposed project, additional notification
should be given about a month before the pond is drained for
dredging. Aside from being a requirement for pond draining in
Massachusetts, it would be wise to seek input and possible
assistance from the DFW in any fish salvage operation which may
be performed.
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
In addition to review by the agencies mentioned in the
Environmental Evaluation section of this report, the public at
large was involved with the development of management
alternatives. To date, two public meetings and numerous informal
discussions have been conducted by BEC in the City of New
Bedford. In addition to the official public meetings required by
the Clean Lakes Program, BEC representatives attended 10 meetings
of the New Bedford Municipal Advisory Committee, which were open
to the public, and participated in the public meeting regarding
the park master plan.
Participants in meetings were encouraged to express their
views and make recommendations. Local support for the project
has been high, as it is perceived as one of the major elements of
the park revitalization program now underway. The Advisory
Committee, which is itself comprised of private citizens and City
officials, has steered the development of management alternatives
in accordance with the technical, economic, social, and political
constraints perceived in New Bedford. All comments received from
participants of public meetings are included in Appendix E.

RELATION OF PROJECT TO EXISTING PLANS AND PROGRAMS

The proposed project is intended to be entirely consistent
with the Buttonwood Park Master Plan for restoration and
maintenance under the Olmsted Parks Restoration Program sponsored
by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management.
Care has been taken to minimize interference with any public
works projects currently underway or slated for the near future.
Construction schedules which minimize interference with park
visitors and activities have been recommended.
 FEASIBILITY SUMMARY
An evaluation of possible management options was conducted,
and those alternatives which were not appropriate or feasible
were eliminated from further consideration. Remaining options
included storm water diversion and detention, dredging of
Buttonwood Pond, bank and slope stabilization, environmental
education, emergency dilution and flushing, and fishery
management in conjunction with dredging. The primary elements of
the recommended management plan are the diversion and detention
of storm water and the dredging of the pond with concornmittant
shoreline stabilization.
A tentative implementation schedule and associated costs are
presented in Table 22. An implementation monitoring program and
the production of an educational slide show and brochure are
included. The total anticipated cost of the management program
is $1,455,350.00. Potential funding sources have been discussed,
with the Massachusetts Clean Lakes Program targeted as the likely
primary source. Additional funding through programs sponsored by
the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management is also
possible and is being pursued.
The anticipated impacts of the proposed management plan
include reduction of the phosphorus load to Buttonwood Pond by 68
to 89%, reduction of the corresponding nitrogen load by 45 to
74%, a 40 to 95% decline hturbidity, a 60 to 80% decrease in
macrophyte density, and a reduction of flooding potential of 30
to 50%. Storm water runoff in the watershed will be managed to
minimize impacts on the pond. The physical features of the pond
itself will be altered to produce a more functional and
aesthetically appealing water body consistent with the park
master plan.
 TABLE 22
SWMARY OF W G E M t 3 I T ACTIONS, IMPLFMENTATION SCHEDULE!, AND ASSWIATED COSTS

Spring- Spring-
Fall Winter @rina S m r Fall Winter Sprirg Sunner Fall Winter Fall
Itenflask 1989 1990 1990 1990 1990 1991 1991 1991 1991 1992 1992

Grant Arrargenents Unde-

w/WE, Line up termined
Potential M d i t i o n a l Adminis.
Fundirg Sources X X cost

Penni ts

Cetention P w r a r n

Diversion ~ r q r a n

IXedging Prcqram

m n i t o r i n g Prcqram

Education Progran

m t a l Cost ($1 X X

NOIF: Should a d d i t i o n a l d e t e n t i c n f a c i l i t i e s be warranted, a d d i t i m a l costs

would be incurred under the detention prqram. I f performed under the e x i s t i n g
(kder of C a d i t i m s , t h e proposed detention program m l d be s h i f t e d forward in
time t o 1988-89 and reduced in c m t . Additional detention f a c i l i t i e s would
still be e l i g i b l e f o r funding under t h e Clean Lakes Prqram.
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 APPENDIX A

INFORMATION PROVIDED BY MEMBERS OF THE NEW BEDFORD MUNICIPAL

ADVISORY COMMITTEE
 MEMBERS -
OF THE
-OLMSTED
MUNICIPAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Robert C. Bromley, Chairman Jean Bennett, Co-Chairperson

David A. Kennedy, City Planner Roland Hebert, NB Tennis
Edward Lowney, Supt. of Parks Thalia Cartwright, Zoo Soc.
Kathleen Burns, Commissioner DPW Carole Farrell
Joseph Arsenault, Asst. Supt Parks Donna Huse
Karen McAfee-Bromley, Zoo Director Bonnie Oliveira
Phil Paleologos, NB Park Board Linda Houston
Denise Bunnewith, City Planning Atty. Bruce W. Lider
Dana Souza, OHAND Claire McDonald
Edward Girard, Mayor's Office Susan Underwood
Sharon Pinho, Buttonwood Library Brenda R. Ross
Peter F. Jackson, DEM Rick Taylor
Walker-Kluesing Design Group Allen C. Haskell
Dr. Kenneth Wagner, BEC
 BUTTONWOOD PARK: HISTORIC SUMMARY
Joy Kestenbaum, Historic Consultant
Olmsted Historic Landscape Preservation Program
Buttonwood Park was acquired as part of the City of New
Bedford's first effort to create a municipal park system. In 1892
three sites were obtained in the three undeveloped districts:
the North, West, and South Ends. Located one mile from the city
center at the western limit of the city near the border of, the
Town of Dartmouth, Buttonwood Park was intended to be the central
park of this system. While i t was the intention of Stephen A .
Brownell, the principal advocate of the New Bedford park system,
that the parks of the North and South End border, respectively,
the Acushnet River and Buzzards Bay, Buttonwood Park was
envisioned as an inland park, its main feature being a large pond
which would encourage both winter and summer recreational
activities.

In 1894, two years after the acquisition of park lands,

Stephen A . Brownell, mayor-elect and Chairman of the Park
Commissioners, sought the advice of Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot.
After touring the principal park areas in the company of city
officials, Eliot offered recommendations for the development of
these parks in the form of a written report of his visit. By the
end of the year the Olmsted firm was under contract to prepare a
preliminary plan for Buttonwood Park. In February of 1895 Eliot,
as the principal designer, completed the plan and accompanying
report in which he elaborated upon the ideas contained in the
report of his visit.
Eliot's plan for Buttonwood Park would have created a
quintessential Olmsted park. The Eliot design was a
crystaliza'tion of the principles found in the large country parks
designed by Olmsted and his partners, only cn a smaller scale and
for a smaller city. For what was intended as a park of roughly
i50 acres, Eliot proposed the two principal elements of pastoral
scenery, the pond and the meadow. Following the wishes of the
New Bedford Park Commissioners, he proposed the enlaryeunt of
the existing ice pond of some six acres to a lake of twenty acres
bordered by a picturesque shoreline. He designed the large
meadow to provide expansive views and, like the pond, to provide
for passive as well as active recreation. The plan incorporated
the separation of ways that the Olmsted firm had devised for
their other large city parks. The one vehicular drive was
restricted to the perimeter so that the interior, with its
strategically planned footpaths, was accessible only to
pedestrians. And in order to provide restful scenery "removed
from the noise and sights of the town", a dense mass of trees and
shrubbery was to be planted around the perimeter of the park so
as to conceal the bordering streets.
Unfortunately, the Olmsted firm was not retained to execute
this plan, which, with the aid c;f surveys, was carefully adapted
to improve this rather flat, undeveloped site. The plan was not
formally adopted, but only placed on file. The economic and
political climate in New Bedford in the late nineteenth century
didn't encourage generous spending on public parks, and in fact,
the ambitious scheme for the muncipal park system, as was the
case for Buttonwood Park, was postponed and never actually
developed according the original intent. Today New Bedford has
68 recreational grounds including playgrounds and parks which are
located throughout the city; however, none of the three major
scenic parks of the early system was developed according to a
cohesive plan.
The early development of Buttonwood Park diverged from the
proposed Eliot plan. Initially the park was only about sixty
acres. Despite the recommendations of the Olmsted firm and the
park board to acquire additional acreage, during the first ten
years of its independent existence, the park retained its
irregular and awkward boundaries. Early development as executed
by the park superintendent and city engineer was restricted to
this area. From 1903 to 1935 several additional parcels were
added, but these additions have not been successfully integrated
into the overall design of the park. By the early years of the
twentieth century the park had more or less taken its present
form. Court Street was substantially laid out through the park,
and the roadway above the newly constructed stone dam formed its
western extension. In 1894 a small menagerie was begun. The
animal collection and related facilities have continued to grow
over the years. Encouraged by the formation of the local
zoological society, the greatest expansion has occurred during
the past twenty years. From the earliest years, the large
rectangular field of about ten-and-a-half acres to the west of
Rockdale Avenue was designated as a ball field.
As early as 1905 Warren H. Manning, consnlting landscape
designer and former Olmsted associate, had recommended that
another general plan of the whole park be prepared which would
take into consideration the present uses and boundaries of the
park. At this time Manning was hired primarily to prepare a
planting plan for what was then the southwestern portion of the
park, the area which contained the zoo and which was plagued by
flooding and drainage problems. He recommended the creation of a
lagoon dotted with islands the whole length of the newly
constructed canal; he believed that the lagoon would resemble the
central feature of the 1895 plan and would be the least expensive
way to improve upon the design of the canal, which he felt to be
"neither distinctly formal or distinctly informal." As with the
Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot plan, Manning's recommendations were not
adopted.
During the course of the twentieth century Buttonwood Park
has fulfilled the prediction of the early park commissioners and
has become the largest and most frequented park in the New
Bedford park system. Its central location in the city, its
opportunities for active and passive recreation, and the
continuing presence of a collection of animals have added to its
popularity over the years. With the advent of the automobile the
park has become more accessible to the community at large.
However, this intensive use has created certain stresses on
the limited acreage of this small "country park," which is faced
today with certain ongoing problems. Unresolved hydrological
problems and water quality have worsened in recent years due to
increased building and roadway construction in the watershed area
to the north as well as inside the park. Extensive vegetative
decline and traffic congestion create safety hazards for park
users and detract from the park's scenic intent. Limited park
appropriations over the years have severely affected the park.
Buildings, monuments, and site furnishings have not received
adequate routine maintenance and are in varying states of
disrepair.
The Olmsted Historic Landscape Preservation Program provides
an opportunity to correct the long-term problems of Buttonwood
Park, particularly as related to flooding and drainage and
circulation. The park is in need of an improved and well-thought
out circulation plan and of a defined program for tree planting
and removal and vegetation management. The principles contained
within the original Eliot plan provide a guide for intelligent
park planning. The 1895 plan created a balance between active
and passive recreation, between scenic values and utilitarian
needs. The master planning of Buttonwood Park must establish
methods for correcting the ongoing problems, and, at the same
time, must address the value of the original design intent, the
early developments and later additions, and the contemporary
needs of park users.
 SUMMARY CHRONOLOGY OF BUTTONWOOD PARK, NEW BEDFORD
Joy Kestenbaum, Historic Consultant
Olmsted Historic Landscape Preservation Program
1892 On January 26 the first regular meeting of the Park
Commission of New Bedford is held with the joint
special committee of the City Council to discuss the
establishing of a park system.
An Act of the Legislature, Chapter 150, is passed on
April 6 , authorizing New Bedford to borrow money for
park purposes by the issuing of bonds to the amount of
$100,000.
The Board of Park Commissioners buys about 62 acres of
land at the West End for $34,000.
1894 On March 16 Park Commissioners and Superintendent Drake
of the Public Works inspect West End Park to determine
what improvements need to be made.
On April 20 the lands previously acquired for park
purposes are legally declared as such; West Elid Park is
named Buttonwood Park.
May 11: Mayor Stephen A . Brownell, Chairman of Park
Commission, writes to Charles Eliot seeking advice
about New Bedford parks.
May 31: Mayor Brownell and William F. Williams, City
Land Surveyor, visit the office of Olmsted, Olmsted &
Eliot requesting consultation regarding the laying out
of the parks.
June 7: Charles Eliot tours the parks of New Bedford
and adjoining sites in the company of city officials.
June 13: Eliot prepares a written report of his 'visit
to New Bedford parks.
During the summer, following the report of Williams,
pond is dredged and its depth increased and the mud
used to grade the surrounding land. Other minor
improvements are made for the convenience and enjoyment
of park visitors. Menagerie is started.
October 3: George F. Bartlett , Park Commissioner,
calls on Eliot to discuss possible employment for West
or Buttonwood Park.
On December 7 New Bedford Park Commission sends a
communication to the City Council recommending further
appropriation for purchase of additional park property
and improvements of park lands.
On December 21 Park Commissioners vote to enter into
contract with Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot to furnish
preliminary plans for Buttonwood park; on December 3 1
the Board of Park Commissioners receives a copy of the
Articles of Agreement from the Olmsted office.
In February Charles Eliot of the firm of Olmsted,
Olmsted & Eliot completes the preliminary plan and
report on Buttonwood Park.
March: The New Bedford Park Commission receives the
preliminary report and plan and places it on file.
The involvement of Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot with the
New Bedford park system is terminated.
Work on the park continues.
Baseball field laid out on lot south of Court Street.
The drive at the west end of the park is extended
around the deer pen.
A bandstand and monkey and bear houses are constructed.
Heavy flooding destroys old dam and sluiceway south of
the pond; new stone dam with roadway above is built as
a replacement after plans of Williams; Williams
redesigns stream south of dam as a canal lined with
riprap to be flanked by walkways.
A variety of native and ornamental trees and shrubs are
planted in the park. Pin oaks are first planted along
the Court Street roadway.
About 11 acres of land west and north of the pond and
extending to Kempton Street are sold to the City as an
addition to Buttonwood Park.
Warren H. Manning, landscape designer, prepares a
general plan and report with recommendations for the
future development of the southwest portion of
Buttonwood Park and a planting plan and list of the
same. His recommendations are not adopted.
Real estate promoter F. William Gesting erects eight
cottages on Lake and Jenny Lind Streets on land
originally proposed for Buttonwood Park as part of
Parkview development.

Land is purchased extending the park's northern

boundary eastward on Kempton Streetand making Lake
Street the northern border east of the pond.
About 18 acres 'of wooded land to the south to Hawthorn
Street is purchased from Sylvia Ann Howland Estate and
Hetty Green as an addition to the park.
September: the Barnard Monument is erected at the
intersection of Court and Buttonwood Streets.
Greenhouse and comfort station are constructed in the
park.
Additional land at the northern end and adjacent to the
park is taken by eminent domain.
Park barn and wagon shed for maintenance are erected in
the park.
Perennial garden is established to the east of the
greenhouse and a couple of years later a formal garden
is laid out to the west.
Extensive planting of ornamental trees and shrubs at
Buttonwood Park is carried out through the generosity
of Garden Clubs of the City; the first Japanese
flowering cherry trees are planted at this time.
Park undergoes extensive rehabilitation with federal
assistance.
The brick warming house, an E.R.A. project, is erected
to the east of the pond.
Approximately two acres of privately owned property
west of Oneida Street is taken by the City for failure
to pay taxes; this parcel forms the last addition to
Buttonwood Park.
The new bear den of field stone and concrete is erected
to replace the old frame bear house.
The British Memorial Monument, the first of several
memorials to local war dead and deceased municipal
workers, is erected in the park.
The new Buttonwood Branch Library opens to the public
at the northeast corner of the park at Lake Street and
Rockdale Avenue.
The lower section of canal is cement-lined in an at-
tempt to improve the soggy condition of the ground and
to replace riprap which, because of poor maintenance
and rodent control, is said to be a haven for rats.
Buttonwood Park receives a grant from the Federal
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation to plan for the renovation
and redesign of the zoo and park.
Connell Associates, landscape a r c h i t e c t s and engineers
of Malden, prepare plans and specifications for the
rehabilitation of the park. Improvements include new
zoo facilities and shelters, lagoon and islands, walks,
bridges, playgrounds, parking area and roadways.
New species, including an elephant, a timber-wolf , and
two lions, are acquired for the zoo.
The first of three consecutive local zoological
societies is formed to promote development of the
Buttonwood Park Zoo.
Buttonwood Park is renamed, "Veterans Memorial Park at
Buttonwood" as part of a park construction project.
The surplus from the old Soldiers and Sailors Memorial
Fund is used by the World War I Veterans to construct a
Veterans Memorial building in the park and to construct
new zoo facilities.
The Buttonwood Park Redevelopment Project is funded by
the Bureau of Outdoor recreation and the City of New
Bedford on a 50-50 basis.
World War I Veterans Memorial Building is dedicated.
A comprehensive development program prepared by the
Park Board, Zoo staff, Planning Department and the City
Council's Special Committee is planned to upgrade the
Zoo to meet the requirements of the Animal Welfare Act.
The program is funded by a Federal Community
Development Block Grant of $100,000. Seals and sea
lions and other animals are added to zoo population.
Fox and coyote shelter and contact area are constructed
in the Zoo area with matching funds from the
Massachusetts Bicentennial Commission. Plans are made
to try to control flooding, which contributed to the
cause of the death of two seals.
The warming house is renovated for use as the head-
quarters for the Department of Parks and as a Senior
Citizens Center.
Department of Public Works and the consulting firms of
Camp, Dresser & McKee and Tjbbets Engineering, Corp.,
prepare plans, which are not executed, for the
reconstruction of Brownell Avenue and construction of
new concrete culvert at the outlet of the brook at
Hawthorn Street to help eliminate flooding conditions.
New Bedford's parks are no longer patrolled by special
park police; responsibi1.ity transferred to city's
police department.
WALKER KLUESING DESIGN GROUP
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. SITE P L A N N I N G . URBAN DESIGN

MEMORANDUM
17 April 1986
Partial Sumnary of Major Issues
as identified by New Bedford Municipal Advisory Cornnittee manbers
BUTTONWOOD PARK
New Bedford, Massachusetts
By: Nancy Salustro

The following is a sumnary of the concerns for Buttonwood Park obtained by a

discussion of the major issues with most of the New Bedford Municipal
Advisory Cornnittee members on an individual basis. Our intent is to continue
this discussion with the manbers we have not yet reached and we hope that
the members we have talked with will continue their input.
This list is prioritized by the most frequently discussed issues first, to
the individually suggested topics last. This is by no means comprehensive or
cmplete, but an initial probing to identify the major issues at hand. It is
not meant to de-emphasize any particular issue at this time.
PARKING: Everyone felt that ths parking situation at the park needed study
and improvement. Existing parking is inadequate, inaccessible and isolated.
This results in needless vandalism, loitering and parking in undesignated
areas, If one perceives the existing lots to be unsafe, users will park
closest to their place of recreation or destination. Ball players park on
the ball field, staff closest to their place of work, and senior citizens on
the lawn in front of the center.
BUTTONWOOD POND: Flooding of the pond and surrounding lands along the
Buttonwood Brook is a major problem which inhibits use and access in these
areas. With the pond being one of the nicest amenities in the park it was
felt that attention to this area should be imnediate,
CIRCULATION: Many felt that the circulation patterns in the park need to be
improved. Attention must be paid to vehicular circulation as well as
pedestrian circulation. Service vehicles and user vehicles drive on the
interior grounds. Park entrances are congested, Court Street is used as a
drag strip and a thoroughfare, Areas are inaccessible and sane roads are
inappropriate. Pedestrian circulation is also limited in that many areas are
inaccessible, not secure or not clearly defined. This results in pedestrians
either not taking advantage of all of the park amenities or users making his
or her own path to a facility, Bicyclists, joggers and skaters have no
clearly marked paths for their use.
MEMORANDUM Page 2 17 April 1986
Buttonwood Park Sunnar! of Major Issues

VANDALISM AND SECURITY: Just about every member mentioned how unfortunate it
was that so many of the lovely buildings, plantings and facilities have been
vandalized. Buildings have been spray painted, trees have been stolen, cars
have been broken into and visitors have been hassled. Many identified the
parking lot off Hawthorn as a place where drugs are purchased, cars drag and
a lot of drinking takes place. Several people mentioned that the security is
inadequate with no real enforcement of park closing times, speeders on Court
Street and vandalism to park property including the comfort stations, tennis
courts and zoo property.
MAINTENANCE: Almost everyone mentioned the need to improve maintenance in
the park. Vegetative maintenance is important, as is general park facilities
maintenance. More clean up and repairs to buildings, recreational equiprent
and the zoo were all suggested. Many of the trees and shrubs in the park
need to be cleaned out and taken down. All mgnbers felt that this would
improve the visual quality of the park imnensely.
FORMAL GARDENS: Several mentioned that they wanted the formal garden area
restored in the park. Many had fond memories of this area and said that this
area attracted many new visitors to the park.
Z 0 0 IMPROVEMENTS: Another priority is to improve the zoo. The zoo attracts
visitors from all over the region and many people frequent the zoo many
times during the season. The perimeter of-the zoo needs to be clearly -

defined with a designated area for zoo expansion outlined. It was suggested
that a walkway be provided around the exterior of the zoo and that the zoo
be better separated frcxn other high use areas.
VETERANS BUILDING: It was suggested that the veterans building may be put to
better use by making it more a part of the park's heritage, perhaps as a
park museum or gathering place.
LIBRARY: It was mentioned that the library grounds might be improved to take
advantage of its location in the park. A outdoor reading area was suggested
as was an enclosed solarium. It was also suggested that a canopy be
installed at the front entrance of the library to improve its visual
quality.
INACCESSIBLE AREAS: It was suggested that areas in the park were
inaccessible and therefore wasted. One such area named was the south woods.
More attention should be paid to these areas so that visitors could enjoy a
walk through the woods.
MEMORANDUM Page 3 17 April 1986
Buttonwood Park Sumnary of Major Issues

OTHER TOPICS:
It was suggested that the Whaling Festival be better controlled and that the
city in sane way be compensated for the services provided during the
festival. A user fee or a bond were ways that several members thought would
provide the city with some compensation for the considerable cash and staff
outlay that it experiences during the festival. Several members also thought
that another appropriate spot for the festival could be found in another
area of the city.
Improvgnents to the comercial establishments along Route 6 was suggested as
a way to help the park's definition and character as well as visual quality.
Consideration should be given to rgnoving the band shell and relocating this
function to another area of the city more appropriate for concerts.
It was suggested that the park provide a uniform sign system throughout and
uniform light fixtures, perhaps old fashioned gas lamps.
Problems with abutting neighbors and their dogs was also indentified.
WALKER KLUESING DESIGN GROUP
S I T E P L A N N I N G URBAN D E S I G N
L A N D S C A P E ARCHITECTURE *

MEMORANDUM
17 April 1986
Sumnary of Public Questionaire Results
BUTTONWOOD PARK
New Bedford Massachusetts
By: Nancy Salustro

We were provided with copies of the first 10 responses to the questionaires

returned to the City on the likes and dislikes in Buttonwood Park. The
results are not surprising and in fact mirror the concerns of the New
Bedford Municipal Advisory Cannittee menbers. By far the biggest problems
are the parking and activities in the parking lots, flooding around the
pond, circulation and general maintenance.
The respondents would like to see more foot paths, formal gardens, picnic
tables and benches, and better overall security.
Several respondents felt that the Whaling Festival was inappropriate and
should not be allowed in the park, or that it at least be better controlled.
On the positive side, many respondents have very fond memories of the
gardens, the pond and natural areas around the park, although most use the
park's recreational facilities. Some would like to see improvements to the
zoo with a reduction in artificial barracades, like chain link fences, and a
better pedestrian circulation systgn throughout.
 FLOODING POTENTIAL I N BUTTONWOOD PARK

Introduction

A major problem a t Buttonwood Park i s t h e f r e q u e n t l e v e l of f l o o d i n g

which occurs a t s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e p a r k and zoo. Flooding over
Court S t r e e t and w i t h i n t h e zoo i s r e p o r t e d t o o c c u r s e v e r a l times a year.
Flooding over c o u r t S t r e e t impairs d r i v i n g a b i l i t y . Flooding r e p r e s e n t s a
h a z a r d t o park v i s i t o r s and t o t h e animals w i t h i n t h e zoo. A t p r e s e n t , t h e
animals must be moved t o high ground d u r i n g major rainstorms.

The purpose of t h i s s e c t i o n of t h e r e p o r t i s t o i d e n t i f y t h o s e s t r u c t u r e s
w i t h i n t h e park and zoo which a r e c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e p r e s e n t l e v e l of
f l o o d i n g and t o i d e n t i f y t h o s e a r e a s which a r e most s u s c e p t i b l e t o flooding.
The Master Plan w i l l address c o r r e c t i v e measures f o r t h o s e s t r u c t u r e s t o
reduce t h e i r f l o o d i n g p o t e n t i a l .

2. Buttonwood Brook Watershed

The watershed e v a l u a t e d i n t h i s f l o o d p o t e n t i a l a n a l y s i s i s o u t l i n e d i n
Fig. 1. The t o t a l drainage a r e a of 565 a c r e s i s subdivided t o f i t t h e pur-
poses of t h i s study. The southernmost p o r t i o n of t h e watershed, south of
Buttonwood Pond and Court S t r e e t dam, n o r t h of Hawthorne S t r e e t and bounded by
Brownell Avenue and Rockland Avenue, i s t h e 59-acre a r e a of t h e p a r k e v a l u a t e d
f o r f l o o d i n g problems. This a r e a c o n t a i n s t h e zoo. A more d e t a i l e d p l a n of
t h i s a r e a i s shown i n Fig. 2. Two minor ponds l a b e l e d i n Fig. 2 a r e l o c a t e d
i n t h i s a r e a . They a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e upstream pond and t h e downstream
pond.

The 506-acre a r e a n o r t h of Court S t r e e t dam, i n c l u d i n g Buttonwood Pond,

i s e v a l u a t e d f o r i t s a b i l i t y t o c o n t r i b u t e f l o o d w a t e r s t o t h e lower area.
T h i s a r e a i s subdivided i n t o f o u r components depending on t h e degree of urban-
i z a t i o n i n t h a t a r e a . The more urbanized a r e a s w i l l c o n t r i b u t e a l a r g e r
amount of runoff p e r a c r e i n c r e a s i n g t h e f l o o d i n g p o t e n t i a l downstream.

The 96-acre a r e a n o r t h of Rte. 6 and e a s t of Rte. 140 i s t h e most urban-

i z e d , paved over area. This a r e a i s d r a i n e d mostly by storm d r a i n s . The
347-acre a r e a n o r t h of Rte. 6 and w e s t of Rte 140 h a s l e s s densely spaced l o t s
and fewer storm d r a i n s . It a l s o h a s more open space, including a cemetery and
woods. Two s m a l l e r drainage a r e a s a r e below R t e . 6 . A few s t r e e t s i n a
26-acre a r e a t o t h e w e s t of t h e p a r k have storm d r a i n o u t l e t s i n t o t h e brook
and pond. The f o u r t h a r e a i s t h e 37-acre p o r t i o n of t h e park n o r t h of Court
S t r e e t , i n c l u d i n g t h e pond.

I d e n t i f i e d Flood Problem Areas

S e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e p a r k have been i d e n t i f i e d a s being most

s u s c e p t i b l e t o p e r i o d i c flooding. These a r e a s a r e i d e n t i f i e d f o r t h e 10- and
100-year r e t u r n p e r i o d t e s t f l o o d s i n Fig. 2. The depth of f l o o d i n g along t h e
channel c e n t e r l i n e i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e water s u r f a c e p r o f i l e of Fig. 3. The
flow r e s t r i c t i n g s t r u c t u r e s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e f l o o d i n g a r e l a b e l e d on b o t h
figures.

The t e s t f l o o d s p r o v i d e a s t a n d a r d measure a g a i n s t which t o compare

e x i s t i n g c o n d i t i o n s - w i t h proposed remedial measures. The t e s t f l o o d s u s e d
h e r e a r e t h e 10- and 100-year f l o o d s . The peak d i s c h a r g e s a t Court S t r e e t a r e
510 and 1090 f t 3 / s e c r r e s p e c t i v e l y , and may change i f a d d i t i o n a l development
o c c u r s i n t h e upstream a r e a s o r i f improvements a r e made t o t h e c u l v e r t s a t
Rte. 6. These f l o o d s have a 10 and 1 p e r c e n t chance of o c c u r r i n g i n a s i n g l e
year. On average t h e y w i l l occur once every 10 and 100 y e a r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
though e i t h e r f l o o d could occur a t any time. These f l o o d s were chosen a s
r a t i o n a l d e s i g n f l o o d s f o r remedial measures. It i s reasonable t o allow occa-
s i o n a l f l o o d i n g i n t h e zoo and over Court S t r e e t t o avoid t h e c o s t s and incon-
venience of s u b s t a n t i a l channel and s p i l l w a y enlargements. Therefore, w e have
a s s b e d t h a t it is a c c e p t a b l e t o allow f l o o d i n g w i t h i n t h e zoo on average
e v e r y 10 y e a r s and over Court S t r e e t on average every 100 y e a r s .

The most c r i t i c a l a r e a s of f l o o d i n g a r e over Court S t r e e t and along t h e

trapezoid-shaped c o n c r e t e channel between t h e c u l v e r t d r a i n i n g t h e f o u n t a i n
and t h e channel e n t r a n c e . Court S t r e e t w i l l be f l o o d e d by up t o 6 inches of
w a t e r d u r i n g t h e 10-year e v e n t and by up t o 8 i n c h e s of water d u r i n g t h e
100-year event. The paved p a t h over t h e f o u n t a i n o u t l e t w i l l be overtopped by
1.3 f t and 1.9 f t f o r t h e 10- and 100-year f l o o d s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , due t o t h e
s m a l l d i s c h a r g e c a p a c i t y of t h e 24-inch c u l v e r t underneath t h e road. The road
a c t s a s a c o n t r o l f o r t h e floodflow. The r e s u l t i s t h e backwater t o t h e chan-
n e l e n t r a n c e seen i n Fig. 3. This a r e a i s c r i t i c a l because of t h e b u i l d i n g s
and cages t h a t could be f l o o d e d i n t h a t area.

The depths of f l o o d i n g over t h e road and pathways above t h e o t h e r c r i t i -

c a l s t r u c t u r e s a r e summarized i n Table 1 and p r o f i l e d i n Fig. 3. The
floodflows a r e q u i t e s u b s t a n t i a l , namely 5 10 and 1090 f t 3 / s e c , and t h e y c a n
be reduced by p r o v i d i n g g r e a t e r s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y i n Buttonwood Pond o r
upstream of t h e pond. The c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e c u l v e r t s and
s p i l l w a y s , a r e t o o s m a l l t o p a s s t h e p r e s e n t t e s t f l o o d s without c a u s i n g t h e
floodwaters t o rise t o f l o o d s t a g e s . Also, t h e stream channels a r e t o o s m a l l
t o c a r r y t h e floodwaters w i t h o u t t h e waters exceeding t h e i r banks.

4. Inflow Hydrograph Development

The f l o o d p o t e n t i a l e v a l u a t i o n f o r t h e e x i s t i n g c o n d i t i o n s c o n s i s t s of
t h r e e components: t h e i n f l o w design f l o o d ( t e s t f l o o d ) development, t h e f l o o d
r o u t i n g through Buttonwood Pond and t h e r o u t i n g through t h e p a r k s o u t h of
Court S t r e e t .

The t e s t f l o o d was developed u s i n g a stream network model. The watershed

components and predominant l a n d u s e s were d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 2. The 24-hour
d u r a t i o n design r a i n s t o r m s were e s t i m a t e d u s i n g d a t a from t h e R a i n f a l l
Frequency A t l a s of t h e N a t i o n a l Weather Service. The 10-year storm depth i s
4.8 i n c h e s of r a i n f a l l i n 24 hours and t h e 100-year storm depth i s 7.0 i n c h e s
of r a i n f a l l i n 24 hours.
 The runoff from t h e t e s t f l o o d rainstorms i s estimated u s i n g t h e S o i l
Conservation Service (SCS) curve number technique. S o i l maps developed by t h e
SCS were used along with t h e d a t a from t h e USGS topographic map and a f i e l d
reconnaissance on April 22, 1986. Using t h i s information, summaries of t h e
watershed subareas were developed according t o land use, s o i l group and per-
c e n t of a v a i l a b l e s t o r a g e due t o ponds and marshes. Weighted average curve
numbers and impervious a r e a f r a c t i o n s were c a l c u l a t e d f o r each subarea. These
values were used i n runoff equation t o c a l c u l a t e t h e t e s t storm runoff.

The hydrographs f o r each t e s t f l o o d were developed using another SCS

technique. Estimates of t h e stream channel l e n g t h and t h e watershed average
s l o p e from t h e USGS topographic map and t h e runoff curve number were used i n a
s e r i e s of equations t o generate t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e hydrograph i n time.
This hydrograph was then routed through Buttonwood Pond. The peak discharge
e n t e r i n g t h e pond i s 730 f t 3 / s e c f o r t h e 10-year f l o o d and 1240 f t 3 / s e c f o r
t h e 100-year flood. The amount of runoff i s 1.8 inches f o r t h e 10-year f l o o d
and 3.0 inches f o r t h e 100-year flood.

5. Flood Routing Through Buttonwood Pond

Buttonwood Pond a c t s a s a detention s t o r a g e pond f o r t h e t e s t flood. It

reduces t h e peak f l o o d discharge from 730 t o 5 10 f t 3 / s e c f o r t h e 10-year f l o o d
and from 1240 t o 1090 f t 3 / s e c f o r t h e 100-year flood. A t t h e time of t h e peak
outflow over Court S t r e e t , Buttonwood Pond impounds an a d d i t i o n a l 31 acre-feet
of water during t h e 10-year f l o o d and an a d d i t i o n a l 37 acre-feet of water
during t h e 100-year flood.

The f l o o d r o u t i n g through Buttonwood Pond required elevation-storage and

an elevation-discharge d a t a i n addition t o t h e inflow hydrograph. The
elevation-storage curve was obtained by measuring t h e pond s u r f a c e a r e a a t
d i f f e r e n t e l e v a t i o n s using p l a n h e t r y of a topographic map provided by
Walker-Kluesing Design Group a t a s i z e of 1 i n c h = 100 f e e t . The s u r f a c e
area-elevation d a t a were converted t o elevation-storage d a t a using a conic
approximation and t h e corresponding geometric formula.

The elevation-discharge r a t i n g curve i s a combined r a t i n g f o r t h e

spillway discharge and t h e overtopping discharge. When t h e r e i s roadway
overtopping, it predominates. A t t h e 100-year f l o o d maximum pond e l e v a t i o n ,
99 f t , t h e combined discharge of 1090 f t 3 / s e c i s divided i n t o 1040 f t 3 / s e c
over t h e roadway and 50 f t 3 / s e c through t h e spillway. A t t h e 10-year f l o o d
maximum pond e l e v a t i o n t h e combined discharge of 510 f t 3 / s e c c o n s i s t s of
45 f t 3 / s e c through t h e spillway and 465 f t 3 / s e c over t h e road. The road over-
topping uses t h e standard assumption t h a t t h e road responds a s a w e i r .

The spillway discharge passes through m u l t i p l e controls. F i r s t it passes

over an 11-ft-long concrete spillway c r e s t . It then passes through a masonry
arch c u l v e r t , 1.6 f t high by 6.5 f t a t i t s base. The e x i s t i n g a r c h c u l v e r t i s
t h e t o p p o r t i o n of t h e o r i g i n a l arch c u l v e r t through Court S t r e e t , reduced i n
s i z e by t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e o u t l e t works g a t e and spillway c r e s t . For t h e
purposes of t h i s f l o o d study, t h e o u t l e t works g a t e i s assumed t o be closed.
The flow r e s t r i c t i n g c o n t r o l a t t h e spillway switches from t h e c r e s t t o t h e
arch a t pond e l e v a t i o n 96.7 f t with a spillway discharge of 10 ft3/sec.
 6. Flood Routing Through Buttonwood Park South of Court S t r e e t

Flood r o u t i n g through t h i s 1680-ft reach of Buttonwood Brook was

accomplished u s i n g a standard hydraulic r o u t i n g of t h e peak t e s t f l o o d
discharges. The discharges of 510 f t 3 / s e c and 1090 f t 3 / s e c f o r t h e 10- and
100-year f l o o d s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , were routed from Court S t r e e t t o Hawthorne
S t r e e t u s i n g t h e U.S. Army Corps of Engineers computer program, HEC2. The
reach was modeled using 26 cross s e c t i o n s along t h e channel, with e x t r a sec-
t i o n s added a t each c u l v e r t and channel i n l e t a r e a . The c e n t e r l i n e channel
bottom i s d e p i c t e d on Fig. 3. Channel roughness estimates were obtained from
a s t a n d a r d hydraulics t e x t . They were estimated based on a s i t e recon-
naissance on A p r i l 22, 1986 and from t h e a e r e a l photograph provided by
Walker-Kluesing Design Group, flown on September 17, 1985.

The f o u r c u l v e r t s a t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of Hawthorne S t r e e t and Brownell

Avenue a r e t h e downstream enclpoint of t h e study. Stage discharge r a t i n g
curves f o r each of t h e c u l v e r t s were added t o g e t h e r t o provide t h e downstream
boundary conditions f o r t h e backwater c a l c u l a t i o n s . The c u l v e r t s c o n s i s t of
t h r e e 34-in. corrugated metal pipe c u l v e r t s (CMP) and one 36-in. CMP, a l l s e t
i n a s t o n e headwall. The r a t i n g curve a l s o includes t h e overtopping flow over
Brownell Avenue.

The r e s u l t s a r e presented i n Figs. 2 and 3. Key r e s u l t s a r e summarized

i n Table 1 and discussed i n Section 3. Figure 2 shows t h e a r e a of t h e zoo and
park flooded by t h e peak 10- and 100-year t e s t floods. Figure 3 shows a
c e n t e r l i n e water s u r f a c e p r o f i l e with a l l t h e c r i t i c a l s t r u c t u r e s i d e n t i f i e d .
 TABLE 1 - CRITICAL FLOODING ARE AS^ )
BUTTONWOOD PARK AND ZOO

Water Surf a c e Roadway Overtopping

Elevation, f t Depth, f t

Flood, Years Flood, Years

Control S t r u c t u r e 10 100 10 100

Court S t r e e t Spillway 98.5 98.7 0.5 0.7

Trapezoid Channel Entrance 95.9 96.8 0.6 1.5

Fountain O u t l e t , 24-inch 95.3 95.9

Culvert

Downstream Pond, 36-inch 92.4 93.1

Culvert

Hawthorne S t r e e t C u l v e r t s 90.8 91.5 0.8 1.5

1) R e s u l t s from water s u r f a c e p r o f i l e a n a l y s i s .

May 27, 1986

Geotechnical Engineers Inc. P r o j e c t 86965
Source: USGS T o p o g r a p h i c Q u a d r a n g l e
New Bedf o r d N o r t h , M a s s a c h u s e t t s
7.5-Minute S e r i e s
Scale: 1 i n c h = 2083 f e e t

J a l k e r - K l u e s i n g Design Group
Buttonwood P a r k WATEYSHED
Boston, Massachusetts
New B e d f o r d , MA EOUNDARY
I
PA'?
GEDTECHMCAL ENGINEERS INC. r
-sTEF1.- P
86965 ~ a 2
$ 7 , 1986 Fig. 1
- 173
 I-

t-
UJ

.
97

95 -
94 - 100-YEAR FLOOD L E V E L

93 - I

92 -

91 -

87 -
J I
0 5 10 15
DISTANCE (IOOxFEET)
Walker-Kluesing Design Group :Buttonwood Park WATER SURFACE PROFILE
Boston, Massachusetts New Bedford, MA 10 AND 100 YEAR FLOODS
7~~
'
OEOTECIINICAL ENOINEERS INC
W ~ J C H ~ G T E A MASSACHUSE~ ~b Project 86965 May 2 7 , 1986 Fig. 3
4
 APPENDIX B

DATA GENERATED BY THE BEC STUDY

FLOW (CU.M/MINl I N THE BUTTONWOOD POND SYSTEM

STAT ION BU-1 BU-3 BU-7

DATE

MEAN 6.51 1.24 .14

MAX I MUM 48 .96 5.10 .I7
MINIMUM .49 -07 .05

FLOW CCFS) I N THE BUTTONWOOD POND SYSTEM

STAT ION BU-1 BU-3 PU-7

DATE
....................................
03/1 1/86 3.00 3.00
04/03/86 1.20 .10
04/17/86 .80 -25 .I0
05/0 1/86 1.05 1.00 -05
05/1 5/86 .40 -04 '03
05/29/86 .65 .55 -10
06'1 9/86 .48 .50 .10
07.102/86 28.80 .lo .I0
07/17/86 .73 '60
07.2'3 1 i86 .35 '49
08/14/86 -29 1 -50
03/28/86 4.60 .10
09'1 6/86 18.00 -20
10/22/86 .54 .10
11/20/Sd 1.30 1.3G
12/18/86 1.20 1.00
02/05/87 1.70 1.60

MEAN 3.83 -73 .08

MAXIMUM 28.80 3.00 .10
MINIMUFI .29 .04 .03
 FLOW MEASUREMENTS NEAR THE INLET TO BUTTONWOOD POND,
BASED ON MONITORING BY PARK OFFICIALS

Weir Height E s t i m a t e d Flow E s t i m a t e d Flow

-
Date (in.) (cfs) (cu.m/min)

May 14 4.5 0.4 0.7

15 4.0 0.3 0.5
16 4.0 0.3 0.5
19 4.0 0.3 0.5
20 4.0 0.3 0.5
21 4.25 0.4 0.7
22 o v e r embankment >30.0 151 .O
23 4.25 0.4 0.7
27 3.0 0.2 0.3
29 4.0 0.3 0.5
30 4.0 0.3 0.5
June 2 4.25 0.4 0.7
3 4.25 0.4 0.7
4 4.0 0.3 0.5
5 4 .O 0.3 0.5
6 4.0 0.3 0.5
9 3.0 0.2 0.3
10 3.0 0.2 0.3
11 3.0 0.2 0.3
12 4.0 0.3 0.5
t 25 3.0 0.2 0.3
26 3.0 0.2 0.3
27 3.0 0.2 0.3
30 2.25 0.1 0.2
July 1 2.0 0.1 0.2
2 21 .o 25.0 42.5
3 4.5 0.5 0.9
7 3.0 0.2 0.3
8 3.0 0.2 0.3
9 3.0 0.2 0.3
10 3.0 0.2 0.3
11 3 .O 0.2 0.3
14 3.0 0.2 0.3
15 6.25 2.8 4.8
16 7.0 3.7 6.3
17 7.0 3.7 6.3
18 4.0 0.3 0.5
21 3.0 0.2 0.3
22 3.0 0.2 0.3
23 3.0 0.2 0.3

Mean 1.9
Mean w i t h o u t f l o w s
>1.0 c f s (background) 0.3
BUTTONWOOD PARK POND
Measurements

Sunday, May 18th:

Weather: Clear, sunny - Time 10:OO A.M.
Weir Dam: 3 3/4"
36" Pipe: 11"

11" Pipe: Fully out of the water

Notes: A strong sewage odor was being emi t t e d from the 36" storm
pipe.
Thursday, May 22nd:
Weather: Steady l i g h t rain f o r 18 hours w i t h several heavy downpours.
-
Time: 3:30 P.M.
Weir Dam: Completely submerged w i t h water flowing up and around the
dam. To the North s i d e of the dam t h e water was 5" over the
plywood on the South o r f a r s i d e the water was 7" over the
plywood. Going around the dam on t h e North side (NS) the
water flow was 2" i n depth and approximately 5" t o 6" from
the end corner of the plywood. On t h e South side (SS) the
water flow was 4" t o 5" i n depth and was 1 1/2' t o 2 ' from
the end corner of the dam.
36" Storm Pipe: Water level t o i n s i d e seam of the pipe 7". A grey
ooze was being emitted from t h e pipe; s l i g h t l y dark towards
the bottom and t o the r i g h t ; l i g h t e r i n color a t the surface
and t o the l e f t .
11" Storm Pipe: Surface t o inside seam 4" t o 5" .
Notes: The water was flowing a t the top of t h e canal and some areas i t
overflowed the canal banks. Looking a t the f i e l d i t was evident t h a t the
e n t i r e canal water level rose.over the canal banks and flooding the f i e l d . A t
the old cement bridge abutments the water rose and flowed over the near s i d e
abutment, created a new stream and flowed down t o t h e general area of the clay
f i e l d drain pipe o u t l e t .
Thursday, May 22nd:
Weather: Drizzle - Time: 7:30 P.M.
Weir Dam: Blocked severely with canal debris
36" Pipe: Surface t o seam 8" t o 9 "
11" Pipe: Completely out of water; water about 4" from pipe.
May 22nd. Notes: Oil ( # 6 ) was s p i l l e d on Route 140; a t the height of the
downpours, the o i l was seen flowing through the Zoo. Also, a t the i n l e t s a t
Route 6 the l e f t i n l e t was approximately 10" i n clearance (surface t o a r c )
and the r i g h t was 18" t o 22" in clearance ( s u r f a c e t o a r c ) .
. .

17 8
ORTHOPHOSPHORUS iUG..s'L3 iN THE BUTTONWOOD POND S'i'STEP1
STAT ION BU-1 BiJ-ZS BU-ZB 6U-3 BU-7
DATE

MWN
MAX I MUM
MINIMUM
MASS FLOld 341 .6?
iKG/Y R ?

MEAN 88 5'8 ?1 85 45
PIAX IMUM 30 0 244 181) 230 150
MINIMUP1 10 20 20 36 10
AMMONiA NlTROGEbI (MG.:'L AS N! I N THE BUTTONWOOD FEND S'i'STEPl
STAT ION
DAT E

MEAN .27 .04 .03 -05 .08

MAX IMUM 2.10 .26 -16 .21 .50
MIWIMUM .0 1 .0 1 .01 - 01 .0 i
MASS FLOW l2i4.00
r K G.P( R >

N I T R A T E NITROGEN (MG/L AS N) I N THE BUTTONWOOD POND SYSTEM

STAT ION BU- 1 BU-2s BU-2B BU-3 BU-7
DATE
......................................................

MINIMUM .10 .01 .0 1 -01 '08

KJELDAHL NITROGEN cMG.,r'L AS N i I N THE BUTTONWOOD POND S'ISTEil
STAT ION BU-1 BU-2s BU-28 BU-3 BU-7
DATE

MEAN
MAX IMUM
.3?
3.60
-80
1.70
-89
1.50
.
S3
2.20
.42
-57
MINIMUM .21 -29 -31 .31 -29
MASS FLOW 4668.24
i: i(G / ' j E )

NITR0GEN:PHOSPHORUS RATIOS I N THE

BUTTONWOOD POND SYSTEM
STAT IMJ BU-1 BU-2s BU-2% BU-3
DATE

PI EAN 98.5 25.1 26.1 32.5

MAXIMUM 282.4 .61 .7 88 ,_0 90 .?
MINIMUM 6.6 ?,
7.8 12.L 8.4
TEHFEiiATURE 1:C:) Ibi T i i E BUTTONLJOOD PONC) SYSTEM

MAXIMUM
MINIMUM

MEAN 9.3 10.4 8.5 7.8 7r , . 4

MAX 1i.lijM 14.4 14.2 14.1 15.2 7 '2
1 ._1

PI Ibi IMU1 6.6 6.6 4.7 2.3 2.3

 TEMPERATURE-DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILE DATA
BUTTOMJOOD POND (STATION 2 )

DATE DEPTH ( m ) TEMP (C) D.0. (rng.,'l,

......................................................
03/1 1/86 0 .O 3.1 14.2
0.5 3.0 14.1
1 .O 3.0 14.1
1.3 3.2 14.1

04/03/86 0.0 14.8 12.0

0.5 14,8 11 - 8
1 .O 14.7 11.7
1.3 14.6 9.0

04/17/86 0.0 10.8 11.2

0.5 10.9 11.1
1 .O 10.9 11 .O
1.3 11.9 11.9
PERCENT OXYGEN SATUEATIGN I N THE BUTTONWOOD POND SYSTEf.1
STAT ION 6U-1 BU-23 BU-2% BU-3
DATE

........................................................
-,
MEAN 85. 6 105.4 88.4 ra.8
MAX IMUM 111.4 155.9 143.6 125.9
MINIMUM 71.2 64.6 53.3 34.7

TOTAL SUSPENDED SOL1DS CNG'L) I N THE BUTTONWOOD POND SYSTDI

STAT ION
DATE

Pl EAN 18.5 5.0 8.2 4.8 13.9

MAX IMUM
MINIMUI
179.0
.3
L
13.0
1.2
20.0
.4
18.0
.3
-.5
32.0
i
TOTAL A L K A L I N I T Y iMG/L AS CAC033 I N THE BUTTONWOOD POt.ID SYSTEM
STAT ION
DATE

MEAN
MAX IMUM
MINIMLIP1

PH (S.U. I I N THE BUTTONWOOD FOND SYSTEM

STAT ION
DATE

MAX IMUM
MINIMUM
TOTAL DISSOL'VED SOLIDS CMG.,.'L:) I N THE BUTTONWOOD POND SYSTEi.1
STAT IGld BU-1 BU-2s BU-2B BU-3 BU-7
DATE
......................................................

CONDUCTIVITY CUMHOS/CMj I N THE BUTTONWOOD POND SYSTEM

F.1EAN
MAX IMUM
MINIHUM
CHLORIDE IMG.i'L:, i N THE BUTTOfJWOOD POND S'ISTB.1
STAT I ON
DATE

PIEAN
MKXI MUM
MINIMUP1
FECAL COLIFORM <N./100 MLS I N THE BUTTONl.dOOD POND SYSTEM
c-.
~IATION eu- 1 01-1-2s 6u-3 BU-7
DATE

PlEAN 82 33 56 18
GEOMETRI CS
MAX IMUM 5900 600 1300 420
MINIMUM 0 0 0 0

FECAL STREPTOCOCCI ii.VlO0 MLS I N THE BUTTOt4WOOD POND SYSTEM

STAT ION BU- 1 BU-2s BU-3 BU-7
DATE

PIEAN 644 75 132 1177

(GEOMETRIC)
MAXIMUM 100000 7000 57000 50000
MINIMUM 0 0 0 43
FC:FS RATIOS I N THE GUTTONWOOD FUND SYSTEM

MEAN 2.6 2.5 2.1

MAX Ir iUN 17.5 9.1 8 -11
MINIMUP1 .I .1 .1
STAT ION
DATE

MEAN
MAX IMUM
MINIMUrl

CHLOROPHYLL A (UG'LS I N THE BUTTONWOOD POND SYSTEM

STAT ION
EAT E BU-2s

MEAN 33.4
MAX IMUM ?1.0
MINIMUM 3.8
 rALK Cng/l> 2.3 2.3
TSS Cng/l> 14.0 16.0
ros C H ~ As 15.0 4.0
RHH-N Cmg/l> -08 .07
N I TRRTE-N Cng/l > .06 .04
CHLORIDE Cng/l> 6.5 4.5
ORTHO-P Cug/l > ?5 38
TOTAL P <ug/l> 98 51
KNI TRO Cmg/l> -37 -22
FEC.COL1 C#/lOOml> 700 ZOO
C
\D FEC. STREP C#/ 100ml> 8200 7 100
c ~EHP CCel s i u s > 17.5 18.0
DO Cwg/l> 7.7 8.4
PH C5.U.) 5.5 5.5
COND Cunhrrs/cn> 34 24
FLOU Ccu. n/mi n> 1.0 -1

~ICIDI
TIONRL FLOU DRTH: STRTION BU- 11 BU- 12
cu . n m ti 5.3 7.1

1OrAL RHINFALL =% 5.4 CH c2.1 IN>, DURHTIOH = 14 HR.

 PHRAHETER WITS BU-1 BU-25 BU-2B BU-3 BU-4
..................................................................
rHLK Cng/l> 29 - 6 18.2 18.2 19.7 12.9
rss CH~A) 28.0 3.0 2 .o 1.0 16.0
ros cty/l> 151.0 64.0 68.0 68.0 79.0
AHH-tl Cng/l> 2.10 -01 .O1 -20 1.10
N I TRflTE-I4 Cng/l > 1.21 .05 .03 -04 -78
CHLORIDE Cly/l> 53 - 0 28.0 26.0 25.0 22.0
0E:THO-P Cuq/l> 150 17 12 20 180
1ClTRL P C q / l > 300 119 125 91 270
KNI TRO Cng/l> 3.60 1.30 1.50 1.40 3 -00
.
FEC COLI C W l M n l > 1800 300 200 220
.
FEC STREP <WlOUnl> 1OOOOO 16 1 3300 100000
F
TEHP CCPL s i us> 16.0 18.3 18.3 17.9 16.1
a m Cnq/l> 7.7 8.3 7 -7 3.3 7.7
P)l <S.U.> 6.9 7.0 7.0 6.6' 6.6
OOtlO Cunh~s/cn> 220 98 108 103 100
FL.0U .
Ccu n/ni n> 7.8 .2 6.3
 BIJTTOHUO0D STOW DHTA : O W 16/66

PARRHETER UNI TS BU-1 BU-25 BU-28 BIJ-3 BU-4 BU-5 BU-6 BU-7 BU-0 BU-9 BU-10 BU-11 BU-12 BU-13
-
TALK
TSS
rns
HHH-W
NITRATE-I4
CHLORI OE
TURBIDITY
ORTHO-P
. ram P
K H I TRO
FEC-COLI
'-I
FEC-STREP
w TEHP
DO
PH
COtl0
FLOU
086
LERD
CflDHIUH
CHROHI UH
COPPER
IROW
HHtlG.
ZItIC
BUTTONUOOD STORM DATA : 0 2./0 5/87
PRRRHETER LJHITS BU-1% BU-1 BU-3 BU-4R BU-4B BU-4C BU-40 BU-4E BU-4 BU-5 BU-6 BU-8
----- -----------
rss C n q / l :,
AHH-N Cnq/l >
tiITUATE-N Cng./l>
CHLORI OE Cng/l>
TURBIDITY CtITUj
ORTHO-P Cuq/l>
TOTAL P CuqA Z
Kt11TRO CnqA >
FEC.COL1 C*/ 1 0 0 n l >
FEC-STREF C * / l O O n l ~
PH CS.U.3
CON0 Cumhos/cn>
FLOH Ccu.m/ni n',
ORG CmgA Z
LEA0 inq/l>
CRDHIUH <mg/l>
CHROHI Utl Cng/l >
COPPER CngA >
IRot4 Cng/l ?
HANG. Cng/l >
ZINC Cng/l >

NOTE: STATION 1s REPRESEtiTS STATIOt4 1 IHHEDIATELY PRIOR TO THE STORM;

STAT1 OMS 4A-4E RtlO 9R-9E REPRESENT 0 1 SCRETE SRtlPLI t4GS;
ALL OTHER SAHPLES ARE COHPOSITES OVER R 6-HR PERIOD.

TOTAL RAIWFALL = 4.5 CH (1.0 IN>, WRHTIOH = 12 HR.

 BUrrONUUOO SrORH OATH: 04/28/87

PRRRHETER UNITS BU-9R BU-98

rss CH~A)
RHH-t4 Cnq/l3
t t I TRATE-I4 CnqA3
CHLORIOE Cnq/l3
ruRBIoIry mru)
ORTHO-P Cuq/l>
rorRL P cuq/l>
KtfIrRO Cnq/l3
FEC. COLI C*/ 1 0 0 ~ 1 3
t-
FEC. STREP CS/ l O O n l >
\D PH CS.U.3
cn Cot40 Cunhos/cn
FLOU .
C c u n/nin
OBG Cng/l'l
LEfiO Cnq/l>
CRDHIUH €nq/l>
CHROHI UH Cng.4 3
COPPER Cng/l3
IRot4 Cng/l>
HAt4G. Cnq/l3
ZINC Cnq/ll
S I Z E FRACTIONATION OF SELECTED POLLUTANT LOADS AT SELECTED STATIONS.
(BASED ON SAMPLES COLLECTED I N A P R I L , 1987)

VALUE Crng/l Z PER S I Z E FRACTION

..................................................
STAT ION PARAMETER TOTAL (250 urn (100 urn (53 urn (10 urn (0.45 urn
------- --------- ----- ------- ------- ------ ------ --------
6U-4 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS 61 .O 59.0 54 .O 51 .O 6.0 .I
NITRATE NITROGEN .23 .02 .03 .02 .04 .05
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS 1.50 -19 -21 ..1 1 .10 .I1
TOTAL KJELDAHL-NITROGEN 4.05 .22 .24 .30 .39 -34

BU-10 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOL1 DS 10.5 9.3 10 .O 8.0 5.0 3.0

NITRATE NITROGEN .88 .88 -89 -98 .94 -94
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS .04 .
05 .04 .04 ,05 .03
TOTAL KJELDAHL-NITROGEN .34 -42 -56 .46 .51 .56

6U-12 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS 17,O 16.0 20 .I! 14.0 11 ,O 1 .O

NITRATE N1TROGEI.I 1.36 1.35 1.37 1.07 1.29 1.49
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS .10 .
OL .US .08 .08 .04
TOTAL KJELDAHL-NITROGEN -63 -60 .52 .68 .5P .44
PERCENT OF TKN LOAD ASSOCIATED WITH PARTICLE
SlZE FRACTIONS AT SELECTED STATIONS
4

o ! I

TOTAL
1

(250UM
I

<100UM
I

63UM
I

<10UM
I

<0.45LA1
.
PARTICLE SlZE

PERCENT OF NITRATE NITROGEN LOAD ASSOCIATED

WITH PARTICLE SlZE FRACTIONS AT SELECTED STATIONS
 PERCENT OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS LOAD ASSOCIATED
WlTH PARTICLE St ZE FRACTIONS AT SELECTED STATIONS

-+ BU-10
4 BU-12

TOTAL (250UM <100UM 63UM <10UM <0.45UM

PARTlCLE SEE

PERCENT OFTOTAL PHOSPHORUS LOAD ASSOCIATED

WlTH PARTICLE S l ZE FRACTIONS AT SELECTED STATIONS
I
1

Q
4
0
A
iL
7 4
100

q>"\\
0 60 '\ '~v
C *BW
rY 40 - + eu-10 \b
U 4 Bu-12
I
w
20-
u LI B

TOTAL (250UM d00UM 63UM <10UM (0.45UM

P A R T W SBE
BUTTOMJOOD POND ZOOPLANKTON

COPEPODA
COPEPODA
Cyc 1 o p s
Cyc 1 o p s D i aptomus
D i ap tomus Naupl i i
Naupl i i
CLADOCERA
CLADOCERA
Bosm i n a
Born i n a
Chydorus
Daphnia catawba
Daphn i a c a t a w b a
Sida
D i aphanosoma

TOTAL
TOTAL
COPEPODA COPEPODA
CLADOCERA CLADOCERA
MEAN LENGTH (MM) MEAN LENGTH (MM)
BUTTOI WCMJ P0tIP

031 I 8 6 041 786

TA'*rn.I TAX ON

CRYPTOPH'(TA BAC 1 LLAR IOPWTA

Cryptomonas Frag~lar~a Frag~lar~a

Melos~ra Srnedra
EUGLENOPHYTA Synedra
CHLOROPHYTA
Trachelanonas CHLOROPHYTA
Ped~astrum
PYRRHOPHYTA Ped~astrum
Staurastrum CRYPTOPHYTA
Per~dln~um
CRYPTOPHYTA Crrptmonas

TOTAL C r y p tomonas CYANOPHYTA

CRY PTOPWTA Chroococcus

EUGLENOPHYTA Chroococcus PYRRHOPHYTA

PYRRHOPWA EUGLENOPHYTA

Euglena
TOTAL
CRYPTOPHYTA
TOTAL BACILLARIOFHYTA
Cr;/ptmonas
RACI LLARIOPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA
EUGLENOPHYTA
CHLOHOPHYTA CRYPTOPIiYTA
T r a c h e lo m o n a s
CRYPTOPHYTA CYWOPHYTA
PYRRHOPHYTA
CYANOPHYTA PYRRHOPHYTA
Perid~nium
EUGLENOPHYTA

TOTAL

CRYPTOPHYTA Fragllar~a
Synedra
EUGLENOPHYTA Fragilaria
Melosira CHLOROPHYTA
PYRRHOPHYTA Synedra
Pediastrum
CHLOROPHYTA
CRYPTOPHYTA
Pediastrum
Staurastrum Crrptmonas

Cryp t m o n a s Chroococcus

CYCWOPHYTA PYRRHOPHYTA

Chroococcus Per~d~nlum

EUGLENOPHYTA
TOTAL
Euglena
W C I L L A R l OPHYTA

TOTAL CHLOROPHYTA

eAClLLARlOPHYTA CRYPTOPHYTA

CHLOROPHYTA CYANOPH't TA

CRYPTOPHYTA PYRRHOPHYTA

EUGLENOPHYTA
 050196 051586 052986

TAXON TAX W TAXON

BACILLARIOPHYTA BACI L L A R I OPHYTA BACILLARIOPHYTA

Synedr a Synedra Synedra

CHLOROPHYTA CRYPTOPHYTA CRY PTOPHYTA

C h l amvdcmonas Cryptomonas Cryptomonas

CRYPTOPHYTA PYRRHOPHY T t i
TOTAL
Cryptomonas P e r ~ d ~ n ~ u m
BACILLARIOPHYTA
C'IWOPHYTA
TOTAL CRYPTOPHYTA
Chroococcus
BACILLARIOPHYTA
PYRRHOPHYTA
CRYPTOPHYTA BAcILLARIOPHYTA

PYRRHOPWA Synedra

TOTAL CRY PTOPIIY T i +

W C I L L A R I OPHYTA BACILLARIOPHYTA Cryptomonas

CHLOROPHYTA Synedra
TOTAL
CRYPTDPHYTA CRYPTOPHYTA
MCILLARIOPHYTA
CYMJOPHYTA Cryptomonas
CRYPTOPHYTA
PYRRHOPHYTA PYRRHOPHYTA

Peridinium

EACILiARIOPH'iTA
TOTAL
S/nedr a
MCILLARIOPHYTA
CHLOROPHYTA
CRYPTOPHYTA
Ch1 a m y d a o n a s
PYRRHOPHYTA
CRYPTOPHYTA

C r y p tomonas

CYNOPHYTA

Chroococcus

PYRRHOPHYTA

Pcr~d~n~urn

TOTAL

eACILLARIOPHYTA

CHLOROPHYTA

CRYPTOPHYTA

CYAPJOPHYTA

PYRRHOPHYTA
 070286 071786

TAXON TAX@.( TAXON CELLS/ML

W C 1 LLARIOPHYTA BACILLARIOPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA

Hrlos~ra Ch I amvdomonas
Synedra Sce~~edvsmus
CHLOROPHYTA Sphaerocyst I s
CHLOROPHYTA Staurastrum
Pedl astrum
Sphaerocyst IS Pediastrum CRYPTOPHYTA
Scen~desmus
CRYPTOPHYTA Staurastrum C r y p tomonas
V o l uox
C r y p tomonas PYRRHOPHYTA
CRYPTOPHYTA
CYiMOPHYTA Cerat ~ u m
Cryptomonas
Chroococcus
CYANOPHYTA TOTAL

TOTAL Chroococcus CHLOROPHYTA

WCILLARIOPHnA PYRRHOPHYTA CRYPTOPHYTA

CHLOROPHYTA PYRRHOPHYTA

CRYPTOPHYTA
TOTAL
CYANOPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA
BACILLARIOPHYTA
Ch 1 amydomonas
CHLOROPHYTA Scenedewnus
BAC I L L A R I OPHYTA S p h a e r o c y ~ It s
CRYPTOPHYTA Staurastrum

CYWOPHYTA CRYPTOPHYTA
CHLOROPHYTA
PYRRHOPHYTA C r y p tomonas
Pediastrum
Sphavrocyst i s PYRRHOPHYTA

CRYPTOPHYTA BACILLARIOPHYTA

C r y p tomonas 1298 Melos~ra

Synedra TOTAL
CYWOPHYTA
CHLOROPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA
Chroococcus .264
P e d a~ s t r u m CRYPTOPHYTA
Scenedesmus
TOTAL 1379.664 Staurastrum PYRRHOPHYTA
Voluox
BACI L L A R I OPHYTA 70.4
CRYPTOPHYTA
CHLOROPHYTA 11
C r y p tomonas
CRYPTOPHYTA 1298
CYANOPHYTA
CYANOPHYTA ,264
Chroococcus

PYRRHOPHYTA

Cerat ~ u m

TOTAL

BACILLAR IOPH,(TA

CHLOROPHYTA

CRYPTOPHYTA

PYRRHOPHYTA
 U S , -00

TAXOIJ

WCILLARIOPHYTA EACI L L A R I OPHYTA BAC1 L L A R I OPHYTA

Fraq~lar~a S~nedra Syncdra

CHLOROPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA

Chlamyoomonas

CRY PTOPHYTA CRYPTOPHYTA

CRYPTOPHYTA
C r ~ tpm o n a s Cryptomonas
C r y p tomonas
CYWOPHYTA CYANOPHYTA

Anabaena Anabaena
Chroococcus Chroococcus Chroococcus
MicrocystlS
PYRRHOPHYlA PYRRHOPHYTA
EUGLENOPHYTA
C e r a t tum
Euglena

TOTAL PYRRHOPHYTA
TOTAL
BACILLARIOPHYTA C e r a t ium
BACILLAR1 OPHYIA Peridinium
CHLOROPHYTA
CHLOROPHYTA
CRYPTOPHYTA TOTAL
CRYPTOPHYTA
CYANOPHYTA BAClLLARlOPHYTA
CYANOPHMA
PY RRHOPHVA CHLOROPHYTA
PYRRHOPHYTA
CRYPTOPHYTA

BACILLARIOPHYTA CYWOPHYTA
WCILLARIOPWTA
Synedra EUGLENOPHYTA
Frag~lar~a
CHLOROPHYTA PYRRHOPHYTA
CHLOROPHYTA
C h I amydomonas
Ptdtastrum
Sphaerocrstis CRYPTOPHYTA

CRYPTOPHYTA Cryptanonas Synedra

CYANOPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA

Anabaena Ch l arnydornona%
Chroococcus
Chroococcus CRYPTOPHYTA
PYRRHOPHYTA
PYRRHOPHYTA Crrp tmnnas
Ceratium
CYANOPHYTA

TOTAL Anabaena
Chroococcus
TOTAL BACILLARlOPHYTA Microcystls

BACILLAR IOPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA EUGLENOPHYTA

CHLDROPHYTA CRY PTOPHYTA Euglena

CRYPTOPHYTA CYANOPHYTA PYRRHOPHYTA

CYN4OPHYTA PYRRHOPHYTA

PYRRHOPHYTA

TOTAL

BaClLLARIOPHYTA

CHLOROPHYTA

CRYPTOPHYTA

CYANOPHYTA

EUGLENOPHYTA

PYRRHOPHYTA
091686 020587

TAX Cb4' TAXON CELLS/ML

WCILLARIOPHYTA BACILLARIOPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA

Closter~um

CHLOROPHYTA CRYPTOPHYTA

K~rchner~ella Chl amvdanonas C r y p tomonds

Scenedesmus Chlorococcum
CYANOPHYTA
CYANOPHYTA CHRYSOPHYTA
Chroococcus
Ansbaena Di nobrvon
Chroococcus Synura
TOTAL
EUGLENOPHYTA CRYPTOPHYTA
CHLOROPHYTA
Euglena 30.4 Cryptanonas
CRYPTOPHYTA
PYRRHOPHYTA CYANOPHYTA
CYANOPHYTA
Cerat ~ u m 51 .2 Anabaena
Chroococcus

TOTAL 6218.8 PYRRHOPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA

BACILLARIOPHYTA 1.6 Peridiniurn Closterium

CHLOROPHYTA 3575.6 CRYPTOPHYTA

TOTAL
CYANOPHYTA 2560 Cryp t m o n a s
WCILLARIOPHYTA
EUGLENOPHYTA 30.4 CYANOPHYTA
CHLOROPHYTA
PYRRHOPHYTA 51.2 Chroococcus
CHRYSOPHYTA
UG/L
CRYPTOPHYTA TOTAL
WCILVIRIOPHYTA
CHLOROPHYTA
Navtcula 80
PYRRHOPHYTA CRYPTOPHYTA
CHLOROPHYTA
CYWOPHYTA
Ktrchner~ella 352
Scenedesmus 2.56 BACILLARIOPHYTA

CYANOPHYTA

dnabaena 256 CHLOROPHYTA

Chroococcus 19.2
C h l amydmonas
Chlorococcum

Euglena 15.2 CHRY SOPHYTA

PYRRHOPHVA D i n o b r yon
Synura
Cerat~um 2048
CRYPTOPHYTA

TOTAL 2772.96 Cryptanonas

WCILLARIOPHYTA 80 CYANOPHYTA

CHLOROPHYTA 354.56 Anahaena

Chroococc~s
CYANOPHYTA 275.2
PYRRHOPHYTA
EUGLENOPHYTA 15.2
Per~d~n~urn
PYRRHOPHYTA 2048

TOTAL

BACILLARIOPHYTA

CHLOROPHYTA

CHRYSOPHYTA

CRYPTOPHYTA

CYANOPHYTA

PYRRHOPHYTA
 APPENDIX C
CONVERSION FACTORS AND CALCULATION SHEETS
 bv.. . to obtain...

Acre ( a c ) Hectare (ha)

Acre ( a c ) S a u a r e F e e t ( sa. f t )
Acre ( a c ) ~ a u a r eM e t e r s ( s 0 . m l
Acre ( a c ) s q u a r e Miles ( sq.rni )
Acre F e e t ( a £ ) Cubic Yards ( c y )
C e n t i m e t e r s (cm) Inches ( i n )
Cubic F e e t ( c u . f t ) C u b i c Meters ( c u . m l
Cubic Feet ( c u . f t ) Cubic Yards ( c v )
Cubic Feet ( c u . f t ) Gallons (qal
Cubic Feet ( c u . f t ) L i t e r s (1)
Cubic Feet/Second ( c f s ) C u b i c ~e t e r s / M i n u t e ( c u .m/min)
Cubic Feet/Second ( c f s ) M i l l i o n Gallons/Day (mad1
Feet ( f t ) Meters f m )
Feet ( f t ) Mile ( m i )
Kiloqrams ( k a ) Pounds ( l b )
Kilometers ( k n ) Miles ( m i )
Liters (1) Gallons ( g a l )
L.iters ( I 1 Ouarts ( q t l
Meters ( m ) Yards (yd)
M i l l i g r a m s / ~ i t e r (mq/l) P a r t s P e r illi ion ( p p m )
Micrograms/Liter (uq/l) Parts Per ill ion ( p p b )
S q u a r e Kilometers ( s q . k m ) Square Miles (sq.mi)
S q u a r e Meters ( s q . m ) Hectares (ha)
 F l o w C a l c u l a t i o n s - 10 Y r d 100 Y r S t o r m s ,
B u t t o n w o o d Pond W a t e r s h e d

1. GEI h a s s u b m i t t e d e s t i m a t e s o f 510 c f s and 1090 c f s f o r t h e

peak f l o w s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h 10 y r and 100 y r s t o r m e v e n t s ,
. r e s p e c t i v e l y . W h i l e the e x a c t c a l c u l a t i o n s u s e d have n o t
been r e v i e w e d , a s i m i l a r a n a l y s i s b y BEC ( a l s o u s i n g t h e SCS
method) s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e GEI e s t i m a t e s p r o p e r l y use t h e SCS
m e t h o d and have chosen a p p r o p r i a t e v a r i a b l e v a l u e s f o r t h e
B u t t o n w o o d Pond w a t e r s h e d . Reasonable a s s u m p t i o n s l e a d to
v a l u e s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e s u b m i t t e d b y GEI. The SCS method i s
c o n s i d e r e d t o o v e r e s t i m a t e a c t u a l peak f l o w s , however, based
on t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f BEC p e r s o n n e l .

2. D e d u c t i v e c a l c u l a t i o n - 4.8' o f r a i n ( 1 0 y r s t o r m ) on 506 ac
of w a t e r s h e d (GEI v a l u e ) assuming o f i t reaches
B u t t o n w o o d Pond i n 24 h r s , y i e l d s a m e a n f l o w o f 102 c f s .
F o r t h e GEI peak f l o w e s t i m a t e t o be c o r r e c t , t h e peak w o u l d
have t o be 5 x t h e mean. F o r t h e 100 y r s t o r m ( 7 ' o f r a i n ) a
mean o f 149 c f s i s a n t i c i p a t e d . For t h e GEI peak f l o w t o be
c o r r e c t , t h e peak w o u l d be 7.3 x t h e mean. W h i l e n o t
i m p o s s i b l e , these r a t i o s o f peak t o mean seem h i g h . A r a t i o
l e s s t h a n 3 : l (peak t o mean) seems wore r e a l i s t i c , b u t t h i s
i s an u n s u b s t a n t i a t e d e s t i m a t e a t t h i s t i m e .

3. Weiss M e t h o d ( e m p i r i c a l formu a s ) a p p l i e d t o B u t t o n w o o d Pond.

A = drainage area = 0.8 sq m

I = rainfall = 4.8' (10 y r ) o r 7" ( 1 0 0 y r )
L = channel l e n g t h = 1.6 mi
Sm = c h a n n e l s l o p e = 31 . 3 f / m i
7ASD P o r t i o n o f a r e a u n d e r l a i n by
stratified drift = 0-202

G i v e n t h e n a t u r e o f t h e B u t t o n w o o d Pond w a t e r s h e d , t h e b e s t
e s t i m a t e p r o b a b l y l i e s n e a r t h e u p p e r l i m i t o f each r a n g e
g i v e n . T h i s s u g g e s t s a 10 y r peak f l o w o f n o t more t h a n 208
c f s ( p r o b a b l y n o t l e s s t h a n 150 c f s ) and a 100 y r peak f l w
o f n o t more t h a n 420 c f s ( p r o b a b l y n o t l e s s t h a n 300 c f s ) .
BEC b e l i e v e s t h e s e t o be r e a l i s t i c e s t i m a t e s o f peak f l w s a t
t h e o u t l e t o f B u t t o n w o o d Pond.
 Other Flow C a l c u l a t i o n s

1. T i b b e t t s E n g i n e e r i n g Corp - Dec., 1978 R e p o r t

U s i n g f o r m u l a Q = C x I x A , g o t 285 c f s a s
10 y r peak f l o w a t
B u t t o n w o o d Pond i n l e t .

2. C a l c u l a t i o n s b y R. G a r l a n d C6/76) - Camp, D r e s s e r h McKee

U s i n g SCS method and i t e r a t i v e c a l c u l a t i o n s , g o t

258 c f s as 10 y r peak f l o w a t
B u t t o n w o o d Pond i n l e t .

3. GHR E n g i n e e r i n g Corp. - S p r i n g 1988 r e p o r t

U s i n g SCS method and i t e r a t i v e c a l c u l a t i o n s , g o t

448 c f s a s 10 y r peak f l o w a t
B u t t o n w o o d Pond o u t l e t ( 3 9 8 c f s 3 B u t t o n w o o d Pond
inlet).

These r e p o r t s / c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e a v a i l a b l e f r o m t h e C i t y o f New
B e d f o r d , D e p t . o f P u b l i c Works, Cathy B u r n s ' o f f i c e . The
P l a n n i n g D e p t . i s a l s o aware o f them.

Summary - F l o w T h r o u g h B u t tonwood Pond

A d j u s t i n g a1 1 v a l u e s ( i n p r o p o r t i o n t o a r e a r e p r e s e n t e d ) t o t h e
o u t l e t o f B u t t o n w o o d Pond, t h e f o l l o w i n g i s o b t a i n e d :

C a l c u l a t e d Value
f o r Peak F l o w ,
Source Year Method 18 y r Storm E v e n t

T i b b e t t s E n g r . Corp. 1978 R a t i o n a l (O=CIA) 338 c f s

C.D.M. 1976 SCS 298 c f s
GHR E n g r . C o r p . 1988 SCS 448 c f s
GEI, I n c . 1986 SCS 510 c f s
BEC, I n c . 1986 Weiss ( e m p i r i c a l ) 150-288 c f s

The r a n g e i s q u i t e l a r g e , a n d i s d e l i n e a t e d b y t h e r e c e n t GEI &

BEC e s t i m a t e s . A1 1 e s t i m a t e s appear t o make r e a s o n a b l e
a s s u m p t i o n s and use t h e a s s o c i a t e d m o d e l s p r o p e r l y . The
d i f f e r e n c e s l i e m a i n l y i n the f a i l u r e o f 'desk-topa c a l c u l a t i o n
methods based cn general c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o a c c u r a t e l y r e f l e c t
s p e c i f i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n each w a t e r s h e d t o w h i c h t h e y a r e
appl ied.

The w a t e r s h e d o f B u t t o n w o o d Pond can be c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s h a v i n g

s l i g h t s l o p e s , p o o r l y d r a i n e d s o i l s , and a m o d e r a t e q u a n t i t y of
impervious surface. S t o r m d r a i n systems speed d e l i v e r y o f w a t e r
t o t h e pond. S t o r a g e i s m i n i m a l f o r l o w f l o w s , b u t may be
s u b s t a n t i a l f o r f l o w s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e 18 y r , s t o r m , a s a
consequence o f back-up a t c u l v e r t l o c a t i o n s .
 HYDROLOGIC BUDGET CALCULATIONS

Inflows:

Precipitation: 1.116 d y r on 2.4 ha = 0.05 cu.m./min

Ground Water: Q = KIA

K = p e r m e a b i l i t y = 0.2-6.0 i n / h r (assume 6 i n / h r >
I = s l o p e = 0.001 f t / f t
A = seepage a r e a = 128,500 SF ( h a l f o f pond a r e a )
Qmax = 1713 CF/d = 0.02 c f s = 0.03 cu.m/min

S u r f a c e Water Flows: Q = CIA = p r e c i p . x r u n o f f c o e f f . x area

Drainage Area C I A Q
(see d r a i n a ~ ef i s u r e ) (-1 (%/lo01 (ha) (cu.m/min>

1 (direct-pond) 1.116 0.2 7.2 0 -03

2-6 (Bu-5,6,8,14,15> 1.116 0.6 8.9 0.11
7 (36 i n drain) 1.I16 0.6 35.4 0 -45
8-10 (Bu Bk above Bu-95 1 .I15 0.4 142.4 -
1.21

Total 1.80

Note: A r e a 8-10 p r o v i d e s background f l o w . U s i n g f l o w d a t a aBu-1

f o r d r y p e r i o d s ( n o p r e c i p . f o r > 3 d a y s ) , background f l o w
= 0.7 cu.m/min.
S t o r m f l o w must t h e n add 0.51 cu.m/min.

Outflows:

Evaporation: 0.69 m/yr f r o m 2.4 ha = 0.03 cu.m/min

Ground Water :

,
When w a t e r l e v e l i s below o u t l e t l e v e l downstream
f l o w averages 0.15 cu.m/min ( i n c l u d e s 1 eakage t h r u
dam>. Assume GW c o n t r i b u t i o n o f 0 . 1 5 cu.m./min.

Outlet:

Due t o use as s t o r m w a t e r d e t e n t i o n a r e a , f l o w i s
spread o u t over t i m e . Obs, mean
= 1.24 cu.m/min. BY s u b t r a c t i o n , o u t l e t f l o w
= 1.7 cu.m/min. The l a t t e r i s assumed.
 BIRD COUNTS AND RELATED NUTRIENT LOADS AT BUTTONWOOD POND

N u t r i e n t Load
kq/b i r d / r r k q/yr
-
Bird Mean Ranqe E! I2 - TN

Gulls 94 0-426

Ducks 76 21 -1 65

Geese 4 0-1 0

Swans <1 0- 1

P i dgeons -
12 0.54

Total 187 54-556

Does n o t include b l a c k b i r d s or other small-bodied s p e c i e s .

 NUTRIENT BUOGET CALCULATI ONS

Atmospheric Deposition:
From e x p o r t c o e f f i c i e n t s

Ground Water :
From e x p o r t c o e f f i c i e n t s

Buttonwood Bk background:
0.7 cu.m/min w/TN 31.37 mg/l, TP 320 u g / l

Buttonwood Bk s t o r m f l o w (3Bu-9):
0.51 cu .m../mi n w/TN 11 - 5 5 mg/l , TP 31 16 u g / l

36" s t o r m d r a i n iBu-42:
0.45 cu .m/m i n w/TN 36.43 mgJJl , TP a636 u g / l

O t h e r p r o x i m a l s t o r m d r a i n s IBu-5,6,3,14,15) :
0.11 cu.m/min w/TN 12.20 mg/l ,TP 3120 u g / l

D i r e c t Drainage:
0 .03 cu.m/min w/TN 21 .37 mg/l ,
TP 320 u g / l
( c o n c s . assumed s i m i l a r t o Bu Bk background)

B i r d Inputs:
From b i r d c o u n t / l o a d i n g c a l c s .

I n t e r n a l Loading:
A . Sediment r e l e a s e - no a n o x i a , no r e l e a s e assumed.
B. M a c r o p h r t e pumping - TP o n l y , S m i t h 8 Adams, 1986.
2.0 g TP/sq .m./rr, w./abou t 7500 sq .m i n v o l ved 2 15.0

Total 2892 241.4

 REMOVABLE SOFT SEDIMENT

15,222.8 sq.m 3 0.2 m deep = 3044.5 cu.m

15,780.9 sq.m 3 0.4 m deep = 7512.4 cu.m
534.1 sq.m 3 0.5 m deep = 267.1 cu.m
Submerged sed. t o t a l = 10,824.1 cu.m

13,859.1 sq.m a 1.0 m deep = 13,859.1 cu.m

= f i l l e d pond area, now emergent " w e t l a n d "

T o t a l removal s o f t sediment = 24,693.2, o r about 25,000 cu.m

I n a d d i t i o n , i t would be d e s i r a b l e t o remove about 0.3 m o f sand

below the s i l t l a y e r , as t h i s l a y e r i s m i x e d w i t h some s i l t and
c o n t a i n s some r o o t masses.

25,000 sq.m 3 0.3 m deep = 7,500 cu.m, f o r a t o t a l excavation of

about 32,500 cu.m = about 42,800 cy.
 0.89 1.6
12.9( W S ~ A ~ x (4,s i9 T" Lfff(l-74.6 ~ 4 % f 44%
x (OM.O% +I)&" Assume win= Y4.4 =Cc
Max a I O Z F cf=s

048 ~ 7 4
gr(aw.rr+&) x @'fin) 2 45z
a, = O* z
1 133-31.9
Assuwe
C&
d~= /33c&
Max = Y S?CCS
 -. .
?:SF i i i
;:..iater iel.:e:
\
.-
.' f ::i

i,
!-I ;

1.4
"
i . 4
f
.?
. .-:..
.--.
8 i
*3-

j ?

.-
8 .LZ

e
.-I i-i
5.7
0
:
. .*'i
 COMPARISON OF FLOOD HAZARD BEFORE AND AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF
RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT ACTIONS

Conditions Before After

S t o r a g e C a p a c i t y @ ST 12 ( c f )
(1.34 a c @ 4 f t deep)
T o l e r a b l e f l o w @ ST 1 ( c f s )
(6 f t x 1.7 f t x 5 f t / s )
Area o f pond ( a c )
E x t r a a r e a c o v e r e d a r o u n d pond by
1 f t rise i n water l e v e l (ac)
Storage a t 1 f t rise i n water l e v e l ( c f )
(pond a r e a x 1 f t + e x t r a a r e a x a v g .
depth of coverage)
Outflow a t 1 f t r i s e i n water l e v e l ( c f s )
(15 f t c r e s t with 1 f t head)
T o l e r a b l e f l o w a t Hawthorne S t . ( c f s )
(3 x 2 f t d i a pipe & 1 x 3 f t dia pipe
@ n = 0.013, s l o p e = 0.004)

Time of t r a v e l ( h r ) t o pond b y 10 y e a r
storm runoff generated i n area:
1. (1000 f t / 2 f t / s )
2 . (700 f t / 5 f t / s ) + 0 . 1 h r
3 . (500 f t / 5 f t / s ) + 0 . 1 h r
4 . (700 f t / 4 f t / s ) + 0 . 1 h r
5 . (1000 f t / 5 f t / s ) + 0 . 1 h r
6 . (1000 f t / 5 f t / s ) + 0 . 1 h r
7 . (3000 f t / 5 f t / x ) + 0 . 1 h r
8 . (4500 f t / 2 f t / s ) + 0 . 1 h r
9 . Assumed t o b e s e l f - c o n t a i n e d
1 0 . (6000 f t / 2 f t / s ) + 0 . 3 h r + avg. d e t . (0 & >1.8)

T i m e o f t r a v e l t h r o u g h pond = v o l u m e / f l o w (depends a v a i l . s t o r a g e &

inflow) .
A t d e s i r e d max. 50 c f s f l o w , w i t h volume a t 20 a c f t , d e t . t i m e = 4.8
hrs.

T i m e o f t r a v e l from pond o u t l e t t o Hawthorne S t . (1500/<6 f t / s e c ) =

0.1 h r .

F o r r u n o f f p i p e d t o Hawthorne S t . a s p a r t o f p r o j e c t , t i m e o f t r a v e l
from d r a i n s t o o u t l e t = p r e - p r o j . t r a v e l t i m e + (2500 f t / 5 f t / s ) = 0.2
t o 0.4 h r .

Peak f l o w s t h e n depend upon t h e s t o r m h y d r o g r a p h and t h e a d d i t i v e

e f f e c t o f f l o w s combining a t s p e c i f i c p o i n t s .
Assuming a p p r o p r i a t e r u n o f f c o e f f i c i e n t s ( 0 . 5 t o 0 . 7 ) , t h e 10-yr s t o r m
p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f 4 . 8 i n / 2 4 h r s , a n d times o f t r a v e l a s a b o v e , t h e
following analysis is obtained.

F o r Avg. 1 0 y r s t o r m f l o w : Before After

(Assumes C o n s t a n t Hydrograph)

A v g . f l o w a t ST 1 2
9
5
8
4
14
1
(no s t o r a g e
assumed) 3
Hawthorne S t r e e t

For a 10 y r storm w i t h t h e following hydrograph:

Hr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 t h r u 12 13 t h r u 2 4
In. 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

Peak flow a t Before (hr) After (hr)

ST 1 2 104 (3) 94 (4)
(leaving basin) (outflow @ 4.3 f t head)
9 126 (4) 110.7 (5)
(area 1 0 @ h r 3 + (ST 1 2 @ h r 4 +
area 8 @ h r 4 ) area 8 @ h r 5)
5 0.8 (3) 0
( e n t e r i n g brook) (diverted)
8 1.3 (3) 1.3 (3)
( e n t e r i n g brook)
4 55.6 (3) 0
( e n t e r i n g brook) (diverted)
14 2.0 (3) 0
(entering brook) (diverted)
1 152.5 (4) 111.1
(ST 9 @ h r 4 + (ST 9 @ h r 5 +
Areas 4 , 5 , 6 & 7 @ h r 4 ) ST 8 @ h r 5 )
3 111.0 (5) 42.6 (6)
( h e a d c r e a t e d b y ST 1 ( h e a d created b y
@ h r 4 + Areas 2 & 3 ST 1 @ h r 5 )
@ h r 4)
(Note: Water l e v e l r i s e @ ST 3 ) ( 1 . 6 f t ) (0.9 f t )

Hawthorne S t . 114.0 (5) 64.4 (3)

(ST 3 @ h r 5 + (areas 2, 3, 4, 6 &
direct r u n o f f @ h r 5 ) 7 @ h r 3)
[Note: 59.1 (6)I
 APPENDIX D
ENVIRONMENTAL NOTIFICATION FORM
 ENVIRONMENTAL NOTIFICATION FORE1 I

I. SUMMARY

A. Project Identification
1. project N~~~ But tonwood Pond and Park
~ d d ~ C/O~Office
~ of~ Neighborhood
; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~
City Hall, Williams Street
Cityflown New Bedford, MA 02740
2. Project Proponent
Address
Same as above I
3. Est. Commencement Late . st. Completion-
Approx. Cost S . 3 . Status of Project Design 50 % Complete.
4.Amount (if any) of bordering vegetated wetlands, salt marsh, or tidelands ro be dredged,
filled, removed, or altered (other than by receipt of runoff) as a result of the project.
11 acres 480,000 squarefeet.
5. This project is categorically included and therefore requires preparation of an EIR.
Yes No ?

B. Narrative Project Description

Describe project and site.
The project involves three separate construction activities. The first is
the modification of an existing detention basin between Rt. 140 and the
Rockdale West development, to facilitate detention of storm water during
typical storm events. The second action is the re-routing of a 36" storm
drain which currently discharges into Buttonwood Brook just above the inlet
to Buttonwood Pond. The re-routing will allow 4 other storm water discharge
pipes to be diverted from the pond as well, as they can be tied into the Pe-
routed line. This pipe will discharge into Buttonwood Brook below Buttonwood
Park. The third activity involves the dredging of approximately 42,800 cubic
yards of Sediment from Buttonwood Pond, with deposition of the dredged
material elsewhere within the park as part of a landscaping program. Pond
banks will be stabilized and the outlet structure will be repaired.

Copies of the complete ENF may be obtained from (proponent or agent):

N ~ Mr. ~ D ~m a Souza
: F ~ ~ ~ Offic2 ; A ~of Neighborhoods
~ ~ ~ ~ :
~ d d City ~ Hall,
~ ~ Williams
~ : Street Phone No. 617-999-2931
New Bedford, MA 02740
1986 THIS IS AN IMPORTANT NOTICE. COMMEXT PERIOD IS Ll?IlTED
For Information, call (617) 727-5520
 C. List the S t a t e o r Federal agencies from which permits o r other actions have been uill be sought:
Agency Name Permit Date filed; file no.
See attached list No permit applications filed yet.
(Table of Necessary Permits
from Report)

D. List a n y government agencies o r programs from which the proponent will seek financial assistance
for this project:
Agency Kame Funding Amount
MDEQE Approx. $975,000

Possibly DEM, under Rivers and Harbors or Olmsted Parks Restoration up to $329,000

Possibly EOEA, under Self Help or Conservation Fund up to $329,000

E. Areas of potential impact (complete Sections I1 a n d 111 first, before completing this section).
1. C h e c k all areas in which, in the proponent's judgment, a n impact of this project may occur. Positive
impacts, a s well a s adverse impacts, may be indicated.

Construction Long Term

Impacts Impacts
Inland W e t l a n d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X
Coastal Wet1ands:I'Beaches.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tidelands ..........................................
Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
O p e n SpaceIRecreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Historical!Archaeological . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fisheries,'Wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vegetation/Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agricultural L a n d s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
W a t e r Pollution.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
W a t e r SupplyjUse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solid W a s t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hazardous Materials.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air Pollution.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Noise. ............. .: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wind!Shadow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A e s t h e t i c s . . . . . . . . . .:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Growth I m p a c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Community/Housinq. and the
Built Environment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
O t h e r (Specify)

2. List the alternatives which have been considered.

No action
Additional upstream detention
Macrophyte harvesting
Bottom barriers
Street Sweeping
 P.3

F. Has this project been filed with EOEA before? No X Yes -EOE.1 KO.

G. WETLANDS AND WATERWAYS

1. Will an Order of Conditions under the Wetlands Protection Act (c.131s.40) or a License under
the Waterways Act (c.91) be required?
Yes X KO -
2. Has a local Order of Conditions been:
a. issued? Date of issuance -, DEQE File NO. -. -
b. appealed? Yes -; NO 2.
3. Will a variance from the Wetlands or Waterways Regulations be required? Yes -;
No-. P o s s i b l y . A d e t e r m i n a t i o n must b e made.

11. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

A. Map; site plan. Include an original 8% x 11 inch or larger section of the most recent U.S.G.S.
7.5 minute series scale topographic map with the project area location and boundaries clearly
shown. If available, attach a site plan of the proposed project.
See a t t a c h e d map; a l s o , s e e f i g u r e s i n t h e BEC r e p o r t

B. State total area of project: 526.3 acres. I n c l u d e s pond watershed and p a r k .

Estimate the number of acres (to the nearest il/l0 acre) directly affected that are currently:
1. Developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346.9 acres 6. Tidelands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0 acres
2. Open Space.' 7. Productive Resources
0
WoodlandslRecreation 139 9 acres Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . -acres
3. Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5 acres
* Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -
0 acres
4. Floodplain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -acres 8. Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -acres
28 0
5. Coastal Area . . . . . . . . . . . . acres
*
Much o f t h e a r e a i s s u b j e c t t o f l o o d i n g , b u t l i t t l e o r none of it is a
designated flood p l a i n .
C. Provide the following dimensions, if applicable:
Existing Increase Total
Length in m i l ~ s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Housing Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gross Floor Area in square feet .......................
Number of parking spaces .............................
Total of Daily vehicle trips to and from site
(Total Trip Ends) ......................................
Estimated Average Daily Traffic on road(s)
serving site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D. TRAFFIC PLAh'. If the proposed project will require any permit for access to local roads or
state highways, attach a sketch showing the location and layout of the proposed driveway(s).
111. ASSESSMENT OF POTEXTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Instructions: Explain direct and indirect adverse impacts, including those arising from general
construction and operations. For every answer explain why significant adverse impact is
considered likely or unlikely to result. Positive impact may also be listed and explained.
Also, state the source of information o r other basis for the answers supplied. S u c h
environmental information should be acquired at least in part by field inspection.
U n l e s s s t a t e d o t h e r w i s e , t h e s o u r c e f o r a l l a n s w e r s i s : BEC, 1988. D i a g n o s t i c /
F e a s i b i l i t y Study f o r t h e Management of Buttonwood Pond.
A. Open Space and Recreation
1. Might the project affect the condition, use, o r access t o any open space an&or recreation
area?
Explanation a n d Source:
During c o n s t r u c t i o n c e r t a i n a r e a s w i l l be t e m p o r a r i l y l e s s a c c e s s i b l e . A f t e r w o r d ,
a l l f a c i l i t i e s w i l l be improved ( e . g . Buttonwood Pond, proposed containment a r e a ) .

2. Is the project site within 500 feet of any public open space, recreation, or conservation land?
E ~ ~ l a n a t i o n a n d S o u r c e : The d r e d g i n g and d i v e r s i o n e l e m e n t s of t h e p r o j e c t
w i l l t a k e p l a c e w i t h i n Buttonwood P a r k .

B. Historic and Archaeological Resources

1. Might any site or structure of historic significance be affected by the project? (Prior
consultation with Massachusetts Historical Commission is advised.)
Explanation a n d Source:

None known ( s e e MHC l e t t e r and Buttonwood P a r k Master P l a n )

2. Might any archaeological site be affected by the project? (Prior consultation with
Massachusetts Historical Commission is advised.)
Explanation a n d Source:
None known( s e e MHC l e t t e r and Buttonwood P a r k Master P l a n )

C. Ecological Effects
1. Might the project significantly affect fisheries or wildlife, especially any rare or endangered
species? (Prior consultation with the Massachusetts Natural Heritage Program is advised).
Explanation and Source:

The p r o j e c t w i l l a f f e c t f i s h e r i e s and w i l d l i f e , a s t h e pond w i l l be d r a i n e d

f o r up t o 1 y e a r . Re-stocking and improved w a t e r q u a l i t y w i l l u l t i m a t e l y b e n e f i t
f i s h and w i l d l i f e . No r a r e o r endangered s p e c i e s known f o r t h i s a r e a .
( s e e MNHP l e t t e r ) .
 2. Might the project significantly affect vegetation, especially any rare o r endangered species
of plant? (Prior consultation with t h e Massachusetts Natural Heritage Program is advised.)
(Estimate approximate number of mature t r e e s t o b e removed: 10 1
Explanation a n d Source:
The project will alter the aquatic vegetation of Buttonwood Pond and the
existing upstream detention basin (currently dry most of the time).
Both areas will be positively affected in terms of most forms of aquatic life
and recreational opportunities in Buttonwood Pond will be enhanced.
Up to 1 0 mature trees will be removed to allow construction of a contain-
ment area for dredged material. This area will be changed in accord with the
& % & % g %%& a r t i o n of the site been in agricultural use within the last 15years?
If yes, specify use and acreage. '

Explanation a n d Source:
There are lands in the watershed which were agricultural about a decade ago,
but none are active now and none are actually part of any construction site
under the proposed project.

D. w a t e r Quality and Quantity

1. Might the project result in significant changes in drainage patterns?
Explanation a n d Source:
The flow to Buttonwood Pond from five (5) storm drains will be routed
to a point downstream of the pond, an? the peak flow through the pond
will be reduced. No water will be di+erted away from the Buttonwood
Brook system, however.

..
2. Might the project result in the introduction of any pollutants, including sediments, into marine
waters, surface fresh waters o r ground water?
Explanation a n d Source:
Construction activities during the project may cause very slight downstream
siltation under extreme weather conditions, but a major reduction in
pollution of Buttonwood Pond will result. A slight overall decrease in
the pollutant load to Apponagansett Bay is also expected.

42,800
3. D o e s t h e project involve any dredging? No Y e s &Volume ,-. If 10,000
c y o r more, attach completed Standard Application F o r m for Water Quality Certification,
Part I(314 CMR 9.02(3), 9.90, DEQE Division of Water Pollution Control).

See attached form.

4. WiIl any part of the project be located in flowed orfilled tidelands, Great Ponds, or other
waterways? (Prior consultation with the DEQE a n d CZM is advised.)
Explanation a n d Source:
Buttonwood Pond i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be a Flowed G r e a t Pond u n d e r t h e MDEQE l i s t i n g ,
b u t i s t e c h n i c a l l y t o o small t o q u a l i f y i n i t s p r e s e n t s t a t e . The p r o p o s e d
p r o j e c t w i l l r e s t o r e Buttonwood Pond t o Flowed G r e a t Pond s t a t u s . The p r o j e c t
a r e a d o e s n o t come u n d e r CZM j u r i s d i c t i o n .

5. Will the project generate o r convey sanitary sewage? No X Yes -

If Yes, Quantity: gallons per day
Disposal by: (a) Onsite septic systems .......................... Yes KO - -
(b) Public sewerage systems (location; average and peak daily flows t o
treatment works) .................................. Yes h'o - -
Explanation a n d Source:

6. Might the project result in an increase in paved.or impervious sudace over a sole source
aquifer or.an aquifer recognized a s an important present o r future source of water supply?
Explanation a n d Source:
No i n c r e a s e i n i m p e r v i o u s s u r f a c e s i s a n t i c i p a t e d .

7. IS the project in the watershed o f a n y surface water body used as a drinking water suppl>.?
Explanation a n d Source:

No.

8. Are there any public or private drinking water wells within a 11'2-mile radius of the proposed
project?
Explanation a n d Source:

No.
 9. Does the operation of the project result in any increased consumption of water?
Approximate consumption gallons per day. Likely water source(s)
Explanation and Source:
No

E. Solid Waste and Hazardous Materials

1. Estimate types and approximate amounts of waste materials generated, e.g.. industrial,
domestic. hospital, sewage sludge, construction debris from demolished structures. HOW
where will such waste be disposed of?
Explanation and Source:
Excavated sediment w i l l b e d r i e d i n a c o n t a i n m e n t a r e a a d j a c e n t t o t h e
pond and w i l l be s p r e a d i n t h e p a r k a s p a r t o f a l a n d s c a p i n g program.

2. Might the project involve the generation, use, transportation, storage, release, or disposal
of potentially hazardous materials?
Explanation and Source:
No. i

Has the site previously been used for the use, generation, transportation, storage, releasel
or disposal of potentially hazardous materials?
Explanation and Source:
Not a s f a r a s can be a s c e r t a i n e d . P a r t s of Buttonwood Park have been
used a s f i l l and r e f u s e d i s p o s a l s i t e s i n t h e l a s t c e n t u r y , b u t no
h i s t o r i c a l o r a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e h a s been accorded t h e s e
areas. -

F. Energy Use and Air Quality

1. Will space heating be provided for the project? if so, describe the type, energy source. and
approximate energy consumption.
Explanation and Source:

No.
 2. Will the project require process heat or steam? If so, describe the proposed system, the fuel
type, and approximate fuel usage.
Explanation and Source:

No.

3. Does the project include industrial processes that will release air contaminants to the
atmosphere? If so, describe the process (type, material released, and quantity released).
Explanation and Source:

Only emissions from engines powering construction equipment are expected.

4. Are there any other sources of air contamination associated with the project (e.g. automobile
traffic, aircraft traffic, volatile organic compound storage, construction dust)?
Explanation and Source:

Only emissions from engines powering construction equipment are expected.

5. Are there any sensitive receptors (e.9. hospitals, schools, residential areas) which would be
affected by air contamination caused by the project?
Explanation and Source:
There are resident'ial areas nearby, but air contamination resulting from
this project will not be detectable above the existing background levels.

-
G. Noise
1. Might the project result in the generation of noise?
(Include' any source of noise during construction or operation, e.g., engine exhaust, pile
driving, traffic.)
Explanation and Source:

Construction activities will generate noise through the operation of

vehicles ,and power equipment.
 2. Are there any sensitive r e c e p t o r s (e.g., hospitals, schools, residential areas) which would b e
affected by any noise c a u s e d by t h e project?
Explanation a n d Source:

Residential areas nearby will experience a slight, possibly undetectable

increase in noise.

3. Is t h e project a sensitive receptor, sited in a n a r e a of significant ambient noise?

Explanation a n d Source:
Yes. Traffic on roads around and through the project area is extensive.

H. Wind a n d Shadow
1. Might the project c a u s e wind a n d shadow impacts o n adjacent properties?
Explanation a n d Source:
No.

I. Aesthetics
1. Are t h e r e a n y proposed s t r u c t u r e s which might b e considered incompatible with existing
adjacent s t r u c t u r e s in t h e vicinity in t e r m s of size, physical proportion a n d scale, o r
significant differences in land use?
Explanation a n d Source:
The containment area may present some temporary incompatibilty in land
use within the park, but no long range incompatibility will occur.

2. Might t h e project impair visual a c c e s s to waterfront o r o t h e r scenic areas?

Explanation a n d Source:

During dredging, the aesthetic appeal and public access to Buttonwood.Pond

will be reduced, but long term aesthetics and access will increase.
IV. CONSISTENCY WITH PRESENT PLANNING

Discuss consistency with current federal, state and local land use, transportation, open space,
recreation and environmental plans and policies. Consult with local or regional planning
authorities where appropriate.
The proposed p r o j e c t i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h a l l l o c a l and r e g i o n a l o r d i n a n c e s
and p l a n s . I t i s i n t e n d e d t o r e d u c e f l o o d i n g , improve w a t e r q u a l i t y , and
i n c r e a s e r e c r e a t i o n a l u t i l i t y i n t h e Buttonwood PondfPark a r e a . The proposed
p r o j e c t w i l l meet a l l r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e DEQE Clean Lakes Program and
Buttonwood Park Master P2an b e f o r e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n .

V. FINDINGS AND CERTIFICATION

A. The public notice of environmental review has been/will be published in the following
newspaper(s):

-(NAME) (Date)

B. This form has been circulated to all agencies and persons a s required by 301 CMR 11.24.

Date Signature of Responsible Officer Date signature of i e r s o n preparing

or Project Proponent ESF (if different from above)
Kenneth J . Wagner
Kame (print or type) Kame (print or type)

Address Address 296 N. Main S t r e e t

--- -
E a s t Longmeadow, MA 01028
Telephone Number Telephone h'umber 413-525-3822
 DIVISION O F h'k'ER POLLUTIOh' COEiTZOL
ONE UINER STREET
BOSTON, MASACHUSETTS 02108
1

~PLICATIONf o r U A E R QUALITY CERTIFICATION

f o r Stream Crossinq and F i l l i n Wetlands
-

Project N,& . Buttonwood Pond

Ann1 i c a n t Office of Neighborhoods

Address of applicant: Office of Neighborhoods, City Hall, Williams Street,

Rame and address of authorized aoenr: i t any: New Bedford, MA Attn: D.S'ouza

1. OEQE f i l e numer: issuea by re~ionei

DEQE office.

1 2. Submit a copy of the Order of Conditions.

3. 2) Indicate the s t a t u s of t h i s ptoject with respect t o FiFA
In review
b) Give EOEA number and date of E P A decision, i f any

4. Briefly describe a ) t h e overall scope of the p r o j e c t See ENF .

;
i
I
b ) the scoge of work in the wet1 ands Dredging of up to 4 acrc
5v !

I
5. Submit a USGS quad sheet showing the location of t h e projezr.
t
1 See ENF and BEC report
6. a ) Provide a plan view qf t h e whole project s i t e showing a l l wezland a t e r s
See BEC report'
b ) Provide a plan view c l e a r l y i n d i c ~ t i n g , as zpproprizte ro the p r o ~ c s e d
work:

( I ) a l l arezs where a l t e r z t i o n of wetlands will occur

i (2) arers where wetlands compens~tionwill be provided / See BEC report
( 3 ) width and depth of wzTers witnin any construction s i r e

i - -
c ) Plezse do n o t send any f u l l sized plans wnich have no: b?" ~ e c l , ' s r e 1ze:

7. Name all downstream s u r f a c e wzters within a 2 mile radius of t h e pr3jezr s j r ? .

it Only Buttonwood Brook, with several branches.
.
- 8. . I f f i l l i s t o be placed in wetland a r e s : Possibly up to 1000 cy for bank
t stabilization.
a ) ' What volurn of f i l l w i l l be placed? Up to 1000 cy

b) What m a t e r i a l ( s ) will f i l l consis; o f ? Sandlloam (probably dried dredged soil)

. - .-
. - d ) . Explain measures t o be tzken t o control the discharge of ?ollutzn:s
(including o i l s , s i l t , and my other p o l l u t a n t s prosen;) r3 warers 2nd
wetlands on s i t e or adjacent t o :he p r o j e c t s i t e . See BEC rep0rt-
e) How much wetland compensation area wi 1 1 be provided? planned
( i n d i c a t e type of wetland ,i.e. marsh, pond, e t c .
 .
9. I f construction w i l l occur in t h e water, provide t h e f o l l o ~ i n si z f o r c t z i o c :

During what month(s ) i s t h e work t o occur? Summer through Fall

Detention=12 days
hthat i s t h e duration of actual work in the waterwzy? Diversion= 4 days
Dredging = 4 months
During construction what i s t h e expected width, deazh, 2nd i i o d i c vzrer-
way? Channel will not be altered, but pond will be drained.
Average: 6 ' x l ' @ 0.6 to 30 cfs
k'hat i s t h e n a t u r e of the a f f e c t e d - - sediments?
Primarily eroded topsoil with debris
i n a l c a i e tne D a i s f o r your answer.
-
Soil samples/analysis and visual obs.
If f i l l i s t o be placed in t h e waterway, w h z t volume s f f i l : w i ; : j e
pl aced? None in channel, up to 100D cy along pond shore.

I s f i l l temporary or permanent? Permanent

m a t e r i a l w i l l be used 2s f i l l ? Probably dried material dredged from

i the pond.

Are temporary s i l t a t i o n bzsins or permanent detention b2sir.s ;-rr,ze6?

( I f yes, enclose plan showing l o c a t i o n and dimensiocs 1 Yes, see BEC report
. .
How will t u r b i d i t y i n t h e waterway be c o n t r o l l e d during t h e ;l x : z ;
2 n d removal of f i l l ? (Plezse explain on a sepzrz:c p r ~ e ! .
Downstream (immediate) detention
L i s t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s t z p s plannded f o r any work in rne srrzrvzy
( p l ~ z s euse a s e p a r 2 t ~page).

P 1eese- r z t u r n LLo: D q a r t n e n t of Environment~l Q u z i i r y E n ~ i n e e r ' z ;

Division of Wator P o l l u t i o n Coniroi ?o-;;,i:s
'-

One Winter S t r e e t
Boston, It4 02108

. ..,;
., . d

(aate) ( s i g n a t u r e of appl I c a n t o r a u t h ~ rzed

i
agent)
Response to 9 K : Construction Sequence:

Detention Work:
1. Clear dry portion of existing basin, excavate approx. 4400 cy, haul
to landfill as cover.

2. Channel flow out one of the two outlets from the basin, construct
stop-log or cement weir at the other.

3. Repeat step #2 for the opposite outlets.

Diversion Work:
1. Draw down Buttonwood Pond and close pond drain, creating a detention basin.

2. Route 48 inch storm drain pipe across channel of Buttonwood Brook in

a 5 ft by 5 ft by 20 ft excavated trench.

3. Cover pipe with stone/gravel, allow sand and silt in upstream channel to
fill in any remaining openings. 1

4 . Excavate and install storm drainage pipe with tie-ins in non-wetland areas.

Dredging Work:
1. Construct containment area adjacent to pond, using berms.

2. Draw down Buttonwood Pond and maintain drawdown.

3. Place haybales or sandbags and filter fabric around area to be dredged;

work in approximately 1 acre parcels.

4. Excavate to desired grade, deposit dredged material in containment area

using conventional equipment (backhoes, front end loaders, dump trucks).

5. Stabilize shoreline with enkamat, filter fabric, and appropriate cover.

Seed or plant as designated.

6. Make necessary repairs to outlet structure.

7. Remove erosion control devices, refill pond.

Note: Extreme storm events may necessitate the use of Buttonwood Pond for
detention. Work schedule will minimize impairment of dredging program;
dredging during late summer and fall recommended.
 APPENDIX E

COMMENTS BY INTERESTED PARTIES

 April 25, 1988

Kenneth J. Wagner, Ph.D.

Baystate Environmental Consultants, Inc.
296 North Main Street
East Lmqmeadow, MA 01028
RE: Button- Pond, New Bed ford, Elassachusetts
Dear Dr. Wagner:
Thank you for supplying the Massachusetts Historical Commission with information
concerning the proposed Buttonwood Fond magement plan.
After review of MHC files and the materials you sul=anitted,it has been determined
that this project is unlikely to affect significant historic or archaeological
; resources. No further review is required in compliance Massachusetts General Iaws,
"3
Chapter 9, Sections 26C a d 27C, as amended by Chapter 152 of the Acts of 1982
P (950Qupi 71).
3:
.q
If you have any questions, please feel free to contact Peter Mills at this office.

nc

Brom Simon
ti State Aralaeologist
Director, Technical Services Division
it '
Q

Nassachusetts Historical Commission

\lnssachusetts Historical Commission, Valerie A. Talmage, E.recutzve Director, State Historic Preseruatzon Officu
80 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02116 (617) 727-8470
Office of the Secretary of State, Michael J. Connolly, Secretq
234
 10 May 1988

Mr. Kenneth J. Wagner

Baystate Environmental Consultants
296 North Main Street
East Longmeadow, MA 01028

Re: Buttonwood Pond

Fall River

Dear Mr. Kenneth J. Wagner:

Thank you for contacting the Natural Heritage and Endangered Species
Program regarding r a r e plants, animals, and natural communities in the
vicinity of Buttonwood Pond, as described in your 21 March 1988 letter.

At this time, w e a r e not a w a r e of a n y r a r e plants o r animals o r natural

communities in the area of the proposed project.

The Natural Heritage database is continually being updated and expanded,

therefore this review m a y require reconsideration if more information
about the site becomes available.

L'
J a y Copeland
Environmental Reviewer

JC:jc

cc: town and chrono files

Division of Fisheries and Wildlife 100 Cambridge Street, Boston, Mass. 0 2 i 0 2 (617)727-9194,-3151
235
 Commonwealth of Massachusetts

>-7:

0
p+ D i v i s i o nof
Flsherles&Wildllfe
+-- --

Ebchard Cronin, Director June 2, 1988

Dr. Ken Wagner

Baystate Environmental Consultants, Inc.
296 North Main Street
East Longmeadow, MA 01028
RE: Buttordood Pond Diagnostic/Feasibility Report
Dear Dr. Wagner:
The Division of Fisheries and Wildlife has completed its
review of the "Diagnostic/Feasibility Study for the Management of
Buttonwood Pond, New Bedford, Massachusetts" as you requested in
your 30 March transmittal to this office. As noted in the
report, information concerning the fishery of this small pond is
lacking.
With respect to the recommended management approach, as
outlined on page 103, we offer the following comments:
o reroutinq of the storm water drainage systems - data
documenting the fish resources of Buttonwood Brook is
also lacking. Based upon geographical and physical
features of the drainage, a warmwater fish population
(also influenced by the upstream pond) is presumed.
This agency does not stock Buttonwood Brook with trout.
Diversion of storm water to the brook should not have
major impacts to the fish populations, assuming that
such storm water does not contain major and excessive
pollutants.
o alteration of the existinq detention basin servinq
Drainage Area 10 - we have no particular concerns or
comments relative to this action
o dredqing of the bottom of the open water zone and
possible dredginq of the emergent wetland zone - a
dredging of the pond's bottom in the open water zone
done with the pond in a dry or drained condition
will, of course, necessitate the elimination of the
fish population. It is very doubtful that this agency
would conduct a salvage operation of the fish
population prior to or during the water draining. The
logistics of such a procedure make it unfeasible.

Field Headquarters
Westborough, M,usachusetts 01581 (617) 366-4470
An Agency ot the Drpnmnrnt o t Flshrr~rs.W11Jl1te& E n \ ~ r o n m r n u lLN Entorcrrnrnt
236
 As the water is lowered the majority of fishes will
simply wash downstream. Unfortunately, inspection of
the U.S.G.S. topographical maps for the area south of
the pond indicates that Buttonwood Brook simply flows
south with no impounded areas along its course prior
to emptying into Apponagannestt Bay. Such impounded
areas, could provide alternate lentic (pond) habitat,
similar to that which the displaced fishes of
Buttonwood Pond could utilize.
At this time, the Division cannot make a commitment to
restock Buttonwood Pond so that a viable fish
population can become established. We do not culture
the common warm water fish species such as bluegills,
pumpkinseeds, largemouth bass, chain pickerel, yellow
perch, brown bullhead, golden shiner, or white sucker
which are very likely, the species found in Buttonwood
Pond. The prospects of procuring stocks of such
species from other local ponds can be explored. There
is also the likelihood that some fish will enter the
pond via inlets, however, the lack of impoundments
upstream of the pond (as acknowledged in the study)
will limit natural reintroduction. In any event, a
period of some three to five years will probably be
necessary for the fish population to recover to
something similar to pre-project level.
We view the reduction and possible elimination of the
emergent wetland area with concern. The Division
encourages a course of action which will maximize the
retention of diverse habitats for fish and wildlife. A
small urban pond, capable of sustaining a multitude of
fish and wildlife species, seems more valuable than a
larger pond with simply more open water area. Is the
emergent wetland area (or islands) utilized by
waterfowl for nesting areas? What about other common
wildlife forms such as muskrat, turtles, frogs and
snakes?
o grading and stabilization of the shoreline - if #1 is
implemented, evaluated and deemed successful,
particularly in promoting a more stable water level, is
this action really necessary? As a component of the
fish and wildlife habitat of the pond, how does the
existing natural shoreline compare to-whatwill result
from a grading and revegetating program? Will it be as
diverse, less diverse, no change? How will it affect
access for shore fishing?
Since the granite blocks along Court Street have been
in place for many years, we have no objection to their
 o watershed education program - MDFW supports this action
Thank you for submitting this report to the Division of
Fisheries and Wildlife for review. If you have any questions
concerning any of these comments please contact me at the above
address or by phone at ( 6 1 7 ) 3 6 6 - 4 4 7 9 .

Sincerely,
+P-
Robert P. Madore
Aquatic Biologist I1
cc. MDWPC - Clean Lakes
EOEA - Mepa Unit
MDFW - Southeast District
APPENDIX F

GLOSSARY
 G E N E R A L AOUATIC GLOSSARY

Abiotic - P e r t a i n i n q t o any non-biological f a c t o r o r i n f l u e n c e ,

such a s geological o r meteorological c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

Acid p r e c i p i t a t i o n - Atmospheric d e p o s i t i o n ( r a i n , snow, d r y f a l l )

fY
o f f r e e or combined a c i d i c i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y t h e n i t r a t e s ,
s u l f a t e s and o x i d e s o f n i t r o g e n and s u l f u r fumes from i n d u s t r i a l
smoke s t a c k s .

A d s o r p t i o n - E x t e r n a l a t t a c h m e n t t o p a r t i c l e s , t h e p r o c e s s by
w h i c h a m o l e c u l e becomes a t t a c h e d t o t h e s u r f a c e o f a p a r t i c l e .

Alqae - Aquatic s i n g l e - c e l l e d , c o l o n i a l , or m u l t i - c e l l e d p l a n t s ,
c o n t a i n i n g c h l o r o p h y l l a n d l a c k i n g r o o t s , stems, a n d l e a v e s .

A l k a l i n i t y - A r e f e r e n c e t o t h e c a r b o n a t e and b i c a r b o n a t e
concentration i n water. Its r e l a t i v e c o n c e n t r a t i o n is i n d i c a t i v e
of t h e n a t u r e of t h e rocks within a d r a i n a g e basin. Lakes i n
sedimentary carbonate rocks a r e high i n dissolved carbonates
( h a r d - w a t e r l a k e s ) w h e r e a s l a k e s i n g r a n i t e or i g n e o u s r o c k s a r e
low i n d i s s o l v e d c a r b o n a t e ( s o f t - w a t e r l a k e s ) .

Ammonia M i t r o q e n - A f o r m o f n i t r o g e n p r e s e n t i n s e w a g e a n d i s
a l s o g e n e r a t e d from t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n . It
c a n a l s o b e f o r m e d when n i t r i t e s a n d n i t r a t e s a r e r e d u c e d .
Ammonia i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t s i n c e i t h a s h i g h o x y g e n a n d
c h e m i c a l d e m a n d s , is t o x i c t o f i s h i n u n - i o n i z e d f o r m a n d i s a n
i m p o r t a n t a q u a t i c p l a n t n u t r i e n t because i t is r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e .

A n a d r o m o u s - An a d j e c t i v e u s e d t o d e s c r i b e t y p e s o f f i s h w h i c h
spawn i n f r e s h w a t e r r i v e r s b u t s p e n d m o s t o f t h e i r a d u l t l i v e s i n
t h e ocean. Before spawning, anadromous a d u l t f i s h a s c e n d t h e
r i v e r s from t h e s e a .

~ n o x i c- W i t h o u t o x y q e n .

A p h o t i c Zone - D a r k z o n e , b e l o w t h e d e p t h t o w h i c h l i g h t
penetrates. G e n e r a l l y e q u a t e d w i t h t h e zone i n which most
p h o t o s y n t h e t i c a l g a e c a n n o t s u r v i v e , due to l i g h t d e f i c i e n c y .
A q u i f e r - Any g e o l o g i c a l f o r m a t i o n t h a t c o n t a i n s w a t e r ,
e s p e c i a l l y one t h a t s u p p l i e s w e l l s and s p r i n g s : c a n be a sand and
g r a v e l a q u i f e r o r a bedrock a q u i f e r .

A r t e s i a n - The o c c u r r e n c e o f g r o u n d w a t e r u n d e r s u f f i c i e n t
p r e s s u r e t o rise above t h e upper s u r f a c e o f t h e a q u i f e r .

Assimilative Capacity - Ability to incorporate inputs into the

system. With l a k e s , t h e a b i l i t y t o a b s o r b n u t r i e n t s o r o t h e r
p o t e n t i a l p o l l u t a n t s w i t h o u t showing e x t r e m e l y a d v e r s e e f f e c t s .
Attenuation - The process whereby t h e m a g n i t u d e of an e v e n t is
r e d u c e d , a s t h e r e d u c t i o n and s p r e a d i n g o u t o f t h e i m p a c t o f
s t o r m e f f e c t s o r t h e removal of c e r t a i n c o n t a m i n a n t s a s water
moves t h r o u q h s o i l .

Background Value - Value f o r a p a r a m e t e r t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t h e

c o n d i t i o n s i n a system p r i o r t o a given influence i n space o r
time .
B a t h y m e t r y - The m e a s u r e m e n t o f d e p t h s o f w a t e r i n o c e a n s , s e a s ,
or l a k e s o r t h e i n f o r m a t i o n d e r i v e d from s u c h measurements.

B e n t h i c D e p o s i t s - Bottom a c c u m u l a t i o n s w h i c h may c o n t a i n b o t t o m -
dwelling organisms and/or contaminants i n a l a k e , harbor, o r
s t r e a m bed.

Benthos - Bottom-dwelling organisms l i v i n g on, w i t h i n o r a t t a c h e d

t o t h e s e d i m e n t . The p h y t o b e n t h o s i n c l u d e s t h e a q u a t i c
m a c r o p h y t e s and b o t t o m - d w e l l i n g a l g a e . The z o o b e n t h o s ( b e n t h i c
fauna) includes a v a r i e t y of i n v e r t e b r a t e animals, p a r t i c u l a r l y
l a r v a l f o r m s and m o l l u s c s .

B e n t h i c - L i v i n g or occupying s p a c e a t t h e bottom of a w a t e r
body, on o r i n t h e sediment.

B e s t Management P r a c t i c e s - ( B M P ' s ) S t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t techniques

and p r o c e d u r e s used i n an o p e r a t i o n s u c h a s farming o r waste
d i s p o s a l i n o r d e r t o m i n i m i z e p o l l u t i o n or waste.

B i o - a v a i l a b l e - A b l e t o be t a k e n u p by l i v i n g o r g a n i s m s , u s u a l l y
r e f e r s to p l a n t u p t a k e of n u t r i e n t s .

B i o c i d e - Any a g e n t , u s u a l l y a c h e m i c a l , w h i c h k i l l s l i v i n g
organisms.

R i o l o q i c a l Oxygen Demand - The ROD i s a n i n d i r e c t m e a s u r e o f t h e

o r g a n i c c o n t e n t o f w a t e r . Water h i g h i n o r g a n i c c o n t e n t w i l l
consume more o x y g e n d u e t o t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n a c t i v i t y o f b a c t e r i a
i n t h e water than water l o w i n organic content. I t is r o u t i n e l y
measured f o r wastewater e f f l u e n t s . Oxygen c o n s u m p t i o n i s
p r o p o r t i o n a l to t h e organic matter i n t h e sample.

Biota - P l a n t ( f l o r a ) and a n i m a l ( f a u n a ) life.

Biotic - P e r t a i n i n g t o b i o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s or i n f l u e n c e s ,
concerning biological a c t i v i t y .

Bloom - E x c e s s i v e l y l a r g e s t a n d i n g c r o p o f a l g a e , u s u a l l y v i s i b l e
t o t h e naked e y e .
Bulk S e d i m e n t A n a l v s i s - A n a l y s i s o f s o i l m a t e r i a l o r s u r f a c e
d e p o s i t s to d e t e r m i n e t h e s i z e and r e l a t i v e amounts o f p a r t i c l e s
composing t h e m a t e r i a l .

CFS - C u b i c E e e t p e r s e c o n d , a m e a s u r e o f f l o w .
-
C h l o r o p h y l l - Major l i g h t g a t h e r i n g pigment o f a l l p h o t o s y n t h e t i c
organisms imparting t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o l o r of green p l a n t s .
Its r e l a t i v e measurement i n n a t u r a l w a t e r s is i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a l g a e i n t h e water.

Chlorophyte - Green a l g a e , a l g a e of t h e d i v i s i o n Chlorophyta.

Chrysophvte - Golden or golden-brown algae, algae of the division

Chrysophyta.

C o l o r - C o l o r is d e t e r m i n e d by v i s u a l c o m p a r i s o n o f a s a m p l e w i t h
known c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f c o l o r e d s o l u t i o n s a n d i s e x p r e s s e d i n
standard units of color. C e r t a i n w a s t e d i s c h a r g e s may t u r n w a t e r
t o colors w h i c h c a n n o t b e d e f i n e d by t h i s m e t h o d ; i n s u c h cases,
t h e c o l o r is e x p r e s s e d q u a l i t a t i v e l y r a t h e r t h a n n u m e r i c a l l y .
Color i n l a k e w a t e r s is r e l a t e d t o s o l i d s , including a l g a l cell
c o n c e n t r a t i o n and d i s s o l v e d s u b s t a n c e s .

C o m b i n e d S e w e r - A sewer i n t e n d e d t o s e r v e a s b o t h a s a n t i a r y

runoff .
sewer a n d a storm sewer. I t r e c e i v e s b o t h sewage and s u r f a c e

C o m p o s i t e Sample - A number o f i n d i v i d u a l s a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d o v e r
t i m e or space and cornposited i n t o one r e p r e s e n t a t i v e sample.

C o n c e n t r a t i o n - The q u a n t i t y of a g i v e n c o n s t i t u e n t i n a u n i t o f
volume or w e i g h t o f water.

C o n d u c t i v i t y - The m e a s u r e o f t h e t o t a l i o n i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f
water. Water w i t h h i g h t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s ( T D S ) l e v e l w o u l d
have a high conductance. A c o n d u c t i v i t y meter t e s t s t h e f l o w o f
e l e c t r o n s t h r o u g h t h e water w h i c h i s h e i g h t e n e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e
o f e l e c t r o l y t e s (TDS) .
Confluence - M e e t i n g p o i n t o f t w o r i v e r s or s t r e a m s .

C o n s e r v a t i v e S u b s t a n c e - N o n - i n t e r a c t i n g s u b s t a n c e , u n d e r g o i n g no
k i n e t i c r e a c t i o n ; c h l o r i d e s and sodium a r e approximate examples.

C o s m e t i c - A c t i n g upon symptoms o r g i v e n c o n d i t i o n s w i t h o u t
c o r r e c t i n g t h e a c t u a l c a u s e o f t h e symptoms or c o n d i t i o n s .

Cryptophyte - Small, f l a g e l l a t e d a l g a e of v a r i a b l e pigment

c o m p o s i t i o n , a l g a e o f t h e d i v i s i o n C r y p t o p h y t a , which is o f t e n
placed under o t h e r taxonomic d i v i s i o n s .
Cvanophyte - Bluegreen a l g a e , a l g a e o f t h e d i v i s i o n C y a n o p h y t a ,
a c t u a l l y a set of pigmented b a c t e r i a .

D e c o m p o s i t i o n - T h e m e t a b o l i c breakdown o f o r g a n i c m a t t e r ,
r e l e a s i n g e n e r g y a n d s i m p l e o r g a n i c and i n o r g a n i c compounds w h i c h
may b e u t i l i z e d by t h e d e c o m p o s e r s t h e m s e l v e s ( t h e b a c t e r i a a n d
fungi).

D e o x v g e n a t i o n - D e p l e t i o n o f o x y g e n i n a n a r e a , u s e d of t e n t o
d e s c r i b e p o s s i b l e hypolimnetic conditions, process leading t o
anoxia.

D i a t o m - S p e c i f i c t y p e of c h r y s o p h y t e , h a v i n g a s i l i c e o u s
f r u s t u l e ( s h e l l ) a n d o f t e n e l a b o r a t e o r n a m e n t a t i o n , commonly
found i n g r e a t v a r i e t y i n f r e s h o r s a l t w a t e r s . Often placed i n
i t s own d i v i s i o n , t h e B a c i l l a r i o p h y t a .

Dinof l a g e l l a t e - U n i c e l l u l a r a l g a e , u s u a l l y m o t i l e , having
pigments s i m i l a r t o diatoms and c e r t a i n unique f e a t u r e s . More
commonly f o u n d i n s a l t w a t e r . Algae of t h e d i v i s i o n Pyrrhophyta.

D i s c h a r g e M e a s u r e m e n t - The volume o f w a t e r w h i c h p a s s e s a g i v e n
l o c a t i o n i n a g i v e n t i m e p e r i o d , u s u a l l y measu e d i n c u b i c f e e t
p e r s e c o n d ( c f s ) o r c u b i c meters p e r m i n u t e ( m5 / m i n ) .

D i s s o l v e d Oxygen ( D . O . ) - R e f e r s t o t h e u n c o m b i n e d o x y g e n i n
w a t e r which is a v a i l a b l e t o a q u a t i c l i f e . Temperature a f f e c t s
t h e amount o f o x y g e n w h i c h water c a n c o n t a i n . Biological
a c t i v i t y a l s o c o n t r o l s t h e oxygen l e v e l . D.O. l e v e l s a r e
g e n e r a l l y h i g h e s t d u r i n g t h e a f t e r n o o n a n d lowest j u s t b e f o r e
sunrise.

Diurnal - Varying o v e r t h e d a y , from day t i m e t o n i g h t .

Domestic W a s t e w a t e r - W a t e r a n d d i s s o l v e d o r p a r t i c u l a t e
s u b s t a n c e s a f t e r u s e i n any of a v a r i e t y of h o u s e h o l d t a s k s ,
i n c l u d i n g s a n i t a r y s y s t e m s and washing o p e r a t i o n s .

D r a i n a g e R a s i n - A g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a o r r e g i o n w h i c h is s o s l o p e d
and c o n t o u r e d t h a t s u r f a c e r u n o f f from s t r e a m s and o t h e r n a t u r a l
w a t e r c o u r s e s i s c a r r i e d away by a s i n g l e d r a i n a g e s y s t e m by
g r a v i t y t o a common o u t l e t . Also r e f e r r e d t o a s a w a t e r s h e d o r
drainage area. The d e f i n i t i o n c a n a l s o b e a p p l i e d t o s u b s u r f a c e
flow i n groundwater.

D y s t r o p h i c - Trophic s t a t e of a l a k e i n which l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of
n u t r i e n t s may b e p r e s e n t , b u t a r e g e n e r a l l y u n a v a i l a b l e ( d u e t o
organic bindinq o r o t h e r causes) f o r primary production. Often
a s s o c i a t e d with a c i d bogs.
Ecosystem - A dynamic a s s o c i a t i o n o r i n t e r a c t i o n between
communities o f l i v i n g o r g a n i s m s and t h e i r p h y s i c a l e v i r o n m e n t .
R o u n d a r i e s a r e a r b i t r a r y and must be s t a t e d o r i m p l i e d .

Elutriate - E l u t r i a t e r e f e r s t o t h e washings of a sample of

material.

E p i l i r n n i o n - Upper l a y e r of a s t r a t i f i e d l a k e . L a y e r t h a t is
m i x e d by w i n d a n d h a s a h i g h e r a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e t h a n t h e
hypolimnion. Roughly a p p r o x i m a t e s t h e e u p h o t i c zone.

E r o s i o n - The r e m o v a l o f s o i l f r o m t h e l a n d s u r f a c e , t y p i c a l l y b y
runoff water.

E s k a r - A w i n d i n g , n a r r o w r i d g e o f s a n d o r g r a v e l d e p o s i t e d by a
stream flowing under g l a c i a l i c e .

Euglenoid - Algae similar to g r e e n a l g a e i n pigment c o m p o s i t i o n ,

b u t w i t h c e r t a i n unique f e a t u r e s r e l a t e d t o food s t o r a g e and c e l l
w a l l structure. Algae of t h e d i v i s i o n Euglenophyta.

E u t r o p h i c - High n u t r i e n t , h i g h p r o d u c t i v i t y t r o p h i c s t a t e
g e n e r a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h unbalanced e c o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s and
poor water q u a l i t y .

E u t r o p h i c a t i o n - P r o c e s s by w h i c h a body o f w a t e r a g e s , m o s t
o f t e n p a s s i n g from a l o w n u t r i e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n , l o w p r o d u c t i v i t y
s t a t e t o a high nutrient concentration, high productivity stage.
E u t r o p h i c a t i o n is a long-term n a t u r a l p r o c e s s , b u t i t c a n b e
g r e a t l y a c c e l e r a t e d by m a n ' s a c t i v i t i e s . Eutrophication as a
r e s u l t o f m a n ' s a c t i v i t i e s is termed c u l t u r a l e u t r o p h i c a t i o n .

E v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n - P r o c e s s by w h i c h water i s l o s t t o t h e
atmosphere from p l a n t s .

Fauna - A general t e r m r e f e r r i n g t o a l l animals.

Fecal Coliform Bacteria - Bacteria of t h e c o l i group t h a t a r e

p r e s e n t i n t h e i n t e s t i n e s or f e c e s o f warm-blooded a n i m a l s . They
are o f t e n used a s i n d i c a t o r s of t h e s a n i t a r y q u a l i t y o f t h e
water. I n t h e l a b o r a t o r y t h e y a r e d e f i n e d as a l l o r g a n i s m s which
p r o d u c e b l u e c o l o n i e s w i t h i n 24 h o u r s when i n c u b a t e d a t 44.s°C+
0 . ~ O C o n M-FC medium ( n u t r i e n t medium f o r b a c t e r i a l g r o w t h ) .
T h e i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s number o f c o l o n i e s p e r 1 0 0
m l of sample.

F e c a l S t r e p t o c o c c i Bacteria - B a c t e r i a of t h e S t r e p t o c o c c i g r o u p
f o u n d i n i n t e s t i n e s o f warm-blooded a n i m a l s . Their presence i n
w a t e r is c o n s i d e r e d t o v e r i f y f e c a l p o l l u t i o n . They a r e
c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s gram p o s i t i v e , c o c c i o d b a c t e r i a which a r e
c a p a b l e of g r o w t h i n b r a i n - h e a r t i n f u s i o n b r o t h . In the
l a b o r a t o r y t h e y a r e d e f i n e d as a l l t h e organisms w h i c h p r o d u c e
r e d o r p i n k c o l o n i e s w i t h i n 4 8 h o u r s a t 3 5 O ~ +1 - O o C O n K F medium
( n u t r i e n t medium f o r b a c t e r i a l g r o w t h ) . T h e i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e
e x p r e s s e d a s number o f c o l o n i e s p e r 1 0 0 m l o f s a m p l e .
Flora - A general term referring to a l l plants.

Food C h a i n - A l i n e a r c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f e n e r g y a n d c h e m i c a l
f l o w t h r o u g h o r g a n i s m s such t h a t t h e b i o t a c a n be s e p a r a t e d i n t o
f u n c t i o n a l u n i t s w i t h n u t r i t i o n a l i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e . Can b e
e x p a n d e d t o a more d e t a i l e d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n w i t h m u l t i p l e
l i n k a g e , c a l l e d a f o o d web.

French ( o r P i t ) D r a i n - Water o u t l e t which a l l o w s f a i r l y r a p i d

removal o f w a t e r from s u r f a c e , b u t t h e n allows s u b s u r f a c e
percolation. G e n e r a l l y c o n s i s t s of s a n d a n d g r a v e l l a y e r s u n d e r
g r a t i n g o r s i m i l a r s t r u c t u r e , a t lowest p o i n t of a sloped a r e a .
Water r u n s q u i c k l y through t h e c o a r s e l a y e r s , t h e n p e r c o l a t e s
through soil, o f t e n without the use of pipes. The i n t e n t i s t h e
p u r i f i c a t i o n of m o s t p e r c o l a t i n g w a t e r s .

G r a i n S i z e A n a l y s i s - A s o i l or sediment s o r t i n g procedure which

d i v i d e s t h e p a r t i c l e s i n t o g r o u p s d e p e n d i n g on s i z e s o t h a t t h e i r
r e l a t i v e a m o u n t s may b e d e t e r m i n e d . Data from g r a i n s i z e
a n a l y s e s a r e u s e f u l i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e o r i g i n o f s e d i m e n t s and
t h e i r behavior i n suspension.

Groundwater - Water i n t h e s o i l or u n d e r l y i n g s t r a t a , s u b s u r f a c e
water.

H a r d n e s s - A p h y s i c a l - c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of w a t e r t h a t is
commonly r e c o g n i z e d by t h e i n c r e a s e d q u a n t i t y o f s o a p r e q u i r e d t o
produce l a t h e r . I t is a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f a l k a l i n e
e a r t h s ( p r i n c i p a l l y c a l c i u m and m a g n e s i u m ) a n d i s e x p r e s s e d a s
e q u i v a l e n t c a l c i u m c a r b o n a t e (CaC03).

Humus - Humic s u b s t a n c e s f o r m much o f t h e o r g a n i c m a t t e r o f

s e d i m e n t s and w a t e r . They c o n s i s t o f a m o r p h o u s brown or b l a c k
c o l o r e d o r g a n i c complexes.

H y d r a u l i c D e t e n t i o n Time - Lake w a t e r r e t e n t i o n t i m e , amount o f

t i m e t h a t a random w a t e r m o l e c u l e s p e n d s i n a w a t e r b o d y ; t i m e
t h a t i t t a k e s f o r w a t e r t o p a s s from a n i n l e t t o an o u t l e t of a
w a t e r body.

H y d r a u l i c Dredging - P r o c e s s of sediment removal u s i n g a f l o a t i n g

d r e d g e t o d r a w mud o r s a t u r a t e d s a n d t h r o u g h a p i p e t o b e
deposited elsewhere.

H y d r o l o g i c C y c l e - The c i r c u i t o f w a t e r movement f r o m t h e
a t m o s p h e r e t o t h e e a r t h and r e t u r n t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e t h r o u g h
 various stages o r processes such a s p r e c i p i t a t i o n , interception,
r u n o f f , i n f i l t r a t i o n , p e r c o l a t i o n , s t o r a g e , e v a p o r a t i o n , and
transpiration.

H v p o l i m n i o n - Lower l a y e r o f a s t r a t i f i e d l a k e . Layer t h a t is
mainly without l i g h t , g e n e r a l l y equated with t h e a p h o t i c zone,
and has a lower a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e t h a n t h e e p i l i m n i o n .

Impervious - Not p e r m i t t i n g p e n e t r a t i o n o r p e r c o l a t i o n o f w a t e r .

I n t e r m i t t a n t - Non-continuous, g e n e r a l l y r e f e r r i n g t o t h e
o c c a s i o n a l flow through a set drainage p a t h . Flow o f a
i discontinuous nature.

K a m e - A s h o r t , s t e e p r i d g e or h i l l o f s t r a t i f i e d s a n d o r g r a v e l
d e p o s i t e d i n c o n t a c t w i t h g l a c i a l ice.

K j e l d a h l N i t r o g e n - The t o t a l amount o f o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n and

ammonia i n a s a m p l e , a s d e t e r m i n e d by t h e K j e l d a h l m e t h o d , w h i c h
involves d i g e s t i n g t h e sample with s u l f u r i c a c i d , transforming
t h e n i t r o g e n i n t o ammonia, and m e a s u r i n g i t .

L e a c h a t e - W a t e r a n d d i s s o l v e d or p a r t i c u l a t e s u b s t a n c e s m o v i n g
o u t o f a s p e c i f i e d a r e a , u s u a l l y a l a n d f i l l , by a c o m p l e t e l y o r
p a r t i a l l y s u b s u r f ace r o u t e .
Leachinq - P r o c e s s whereby n u t r i e n t s and o t h e r s u b s t a n c e s a r e
r e m o v e d f r o m m a t t e r ( u s u a l l y s o i l o r v e g e t a t i o n ) by water. Most
o f t e n t h i s is a c h e m i c a l r e p l a c e m e n t a c t i o n , p r o m p t e d b y t h e
I q u a l i t y o f t h e water.

! L e n t i c - Standing, having l o w n e t d i r e c t i o n a l motion. Refers t o

I l a k e s and impoundments.

! L i m i t i n g N u t r i e n t - T h a t n u t r i e n t o f which t h e r e is t h e l e a s t
q u a n t i t y , i n r e l a t i o n to its importance to p l a n t s . The l i m i t i n g
n u t r i e n t w i l l b e t h e f i r s t e s s e n t i a l compound t o d i s a p p e a r f r o m a
p r o d u c t i v e system, and w i l l c a u s e c e s s a t i o n o f p r o d u c t i v i t y a t
that time. The c h e m i c a l f o r m i n which t h e n u t r i e n t o c c u r s and
t h e n u t r i t i o n a l requirements of t h e p l a n t s involved a r e important
here.

Limnology - The c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d y of l a k e s , e n c o m p a s s i n g
p h y s i c a l , chemical and b i o l o g i c a l l a k e c o n d i t i o n s .

L i t t o r a l Zone - S h a l l o w z o n e o c c u r r i n g a t t h e e d g e o f a q u a t i c
ecosystems, e x t e n d i n g from t h e s h o r e l i n e outward to a p o i n t where
r o o t e d a q u a t i c p l a n t s a r e no l o n g e r found.

L o a d i n g - I n p u t s i n t o a r e c e i v i n g w a t e r t h a t may e x e r t a
d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t o n some s u b s e q u e n t u s e o f t h a t w a t e r .
Lotic - Flowing, moving. Refers t o streams or r i v e r s .
Macrofauna - A g e n e r a l t e r m which r e f e r s t o a n i m a l s which c a n be
s e e n w i t h t h e naked e y e .

M a c r o p h y t e - H i g h e r p l a n t , m a c r o s c o p i c p l a n t , p l a n t of h i g h e r
taxonomic p o s i t i o n t h a n a l g a e , u s u a l l y a v a s c u l a r p l a n t . Aquatic
macrophytes a r e those macrophytes t h a t l i v e completely o r
p a r t i a l l y i n water. May a l s o i n c l u d e a l g a l m a t s u n d e r some
definitions.

M e s o t r o p h i c - An i n t e r m e d i a t e t r o p h i c s t a t e , w i t h v a r i a b l e b u t
moderate n u t r i e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and p r o d u c t i v i t y .

M e t a l i m n i o n - The m i d d l e l a y e r o f a s t r a t i f i e d l a k e , c o n s t i t u t i n g
t h e t r a n s i t i o n l a y e r between t h e e p i l i m n i o n and hypolimnion and
containing the thermocline.

Mixis - The s t a t e o f b e i n g m i x e d , o r t h e p r o c e s s o f m i x i n g i n a
lake.

MGD -
- M i l l i o n g a l l o n s p e r day, a measure of flow.

Micrograms p e r L i t e r ( u g / l ) - A u n i t e x p r e s s i n g t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n
o f c h e m i c a l c o n s t i t u e n t s i n s o l u t i o n a s mass ( m i c r o g r a m s ) o f
s o l u t e p e r u n i t volume ( l i t e r ) o f w a t e r . One t h o u s a n d m i c r o g r a m s
p e r l i t e r is e q u i v a l e n t t o one m i l l i g r a m p e r l i t e r .

N i t r a t e - A form o f n i t r o g e n t h a t is i m p o r t a n t s i n c e i t is t h e
end p r o d u c t i n t h e a e r o b i c decomposition of n i t r o g e n o u s m a t t e r .
N i t r o g e n i n t h i s f o r m is s t a b l e a n d r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e t o p l a n t s .

N i t r i t e - A form of n i t r o g e n t h a t is t h e o x i d a t i o n p r o d u c t of
ammonia. I t h a s a f a i r l y low o x y g e n demand a n d i s r a p i d l y
converted t o n i t r a t e . The p r e s e n c e o f n i t r i t e n i t r o g e n u s u a l l y
i n d i c a t e s t h a t a c t i v e decomposition is taking place (i.e., fresh
contamination).

N i t r o g e n - A m a c r o n u t r i e n t w h i c h o c c u r s i n t h e f o r m s of o r g a n i c
n i t r o g e n , ammonia n i t r o g e n , n i t r i t e n i t r o g e n a n d n i t r a t e
nitrogen. Form of n i t r o g e n is r e l a t e d t o . a s u c c e s s i v e
d e c o m p o s i t i o n r e a c t i o n , e a c h d e p e n d e n t on t h e p r e c e d i n g o n e , and
t h e p r o g r e s s of d e c o m p o s i t i o n c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d i n t e r m s of t h e
r e l a t i v e amounts o f t h e s e f o u r forms o f n i t r o g e n .

N i t r o g e n f i x a t i o n - The p r o c e s s by w h i c h c e r t a i n b a c t e r i a and
b l u e g r e e n a l g a e make o r g a n i c n i t r o g e n compounds ( i n i t i a l l y N A 4 + )
f r o m e l e m e n t a l n i t r o g e n ( N 2 ) t a k e n from t h e atmosphere o r
dissolved i n the water.
Non-point Source - A d i f f u s e s o u r c e o f l o a d i n g , p o s s i b l y
l o c a l i z e d b u t n o t d i s t i n c t l y d e f i n a b l e i n terms o f l o c a t i o n .
I n c l u d e s r u n o f f from a l l l a n d t y p e s .

N u t r i e n t s - A r e compounds which a c t a s f e r t i l i z e r s f o r a q u a t i c
organisms. Small amounts a r e n e c e s s a r y t o t h e e c o l o g i c a l b a l a n c e
o f a w a t e r b o d y , b u t e x c e s s i v e a m o u n t s c a n u p s e t t h e b a l a n c e by
c a u s i n q e x c e s s i v e g r o w t h s of a l g a e and o t h e r a q u a t i c p l a n t s .
Sewage d i s c h a r g e d t o a waterbody u s u a l l y c o n t a i n s l a r g e amounts
o f c a r b o n , n i t r o g e n , and phosphorus. The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of
c a r b o n a c e o u s m a t t e r i s r e f l e c t e d i n t h e B.O.D. test. Additional
tests a r e run to d e t e r m i n e t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f n i t r o g e n and
phosphorus. S t o r m water r u n o f f o f t e n c o n t r i b u t e s s u b s t a n t i a l
nutrient loadings t o receiving waters.

O l i g o t r o p h i c - Low n u t r i e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n , l o w p r o d u c t i v i t y
t r o p h i c s t a t e , o f t e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h v e r y good w a t e r q u a l i t y , b u t
n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h e most d e s i r a b l e s t a g e , s i n c e o f t e n only
minimal a q u a t i c l i f e c a n be s u p p o r t e d .

Organic - Containing a s u b s t a n t i a l percentage of carbon derived

from l i v i n g organisms; o f a l i v i n g organism.

Outwash - Sand and g r a v e l d e p o s i t e d by meltwater s t r e a m s i n f r o n t

o f g l a c i a l ice.

O v e r t u r n - The v e r t i c a l m i x i n g o f m a j o r l a y e r s o f w a t e r c a u s e d by
seasonal changes i n temperature. In temperate c l i m a t e zones
o v e r t u r n t y p i c a l l y o c c u r s i n s p r i n g and f a l l .

Oxyaen D e f i c i t - A s i t u a t i o n i n l a k e s w h e r e r e s p i r a t o r y demands
f o r o x y g e n become g r e a t e r t h a n i t s p r o d u c t i o n v i a p h o t o s y n t h e s i s
or its i n p u t from t h e d r a i n a g e b a s i n , l e a d i n g t o a d e c l i n e i n
oxygen c o n t e n t .

Periphvton - Attached forms of p l a n t s and a n i m a l s , growing on a

substrate.

pH - A hydrogen c o n c e n t r a t i o n s c a l e from 0 ( a c i d i c ) t o 14 ( b a s i c )
u s e d t o c h a r a c t e r i z e water s o l u t i o n s . P u r e water i s n e u t r a l a t
pH 7 . 0 .

Phosphorus - A m a c r o n u t r i e n t which a p p e a r s i n w a t e r b o d i e s i n
c o m b i n e d f o r m s known a s o r t h o - a n d p o l y - p h o s p h a t e s a n d o r g a n i c
phosphorus. P h o s p h o r u s may e n t e r a w a t e r b o d y i n a g r i c u l t u r a l
r u n o f f where f e r t i l i z e r s a r e used. S t o r m water r u n o f f from
h i g h l y u r b a n i z e d a r e a s , s e p t i c s y s t e m l e a c h a t e , and l a k e bottom
sediments a l s o c o n t r i b u t e phosphorus. A c r i t i c a l plant nutrient
w h i c h is o f t e n t a r g e t e d f o r c o n t r o l i n e u t r o p h i c a t i o n p r e v e n t i o n
plans.
P h o t i c Zone -I l l u m i n a t e d zone, s u r f a c e t o d e p t h beyond w h i c h
l i g h t no l o n g e r p e n e t r a t e s . G e n e r a l l y e q u a t e d w i t h t h e zone i n
which p h o t o s y n t h e t i c a l g a e can s u r v i v e and grow, due t o a d e q u a t e
l i g h t supply.

P h o t o s y n t h e s i s - P r o c e s s by which p r i m a r y p r o d u c e r s make o r g a n i c
m o l e c u l e s ( g e n e r a l l y g l u c o s e ) from i n o r g a n i c i n g r e d i e n t s , u s i n g
l i g h t a s an energy source. Oxygen is e v o l v e d by t h e p r o c e s s a s a
byproduct.

P h y t o p l a n k t o n - A l g a e w h i c h a r e s u s p e n d e d , f l o a t i n g or moving
o n l y s l i g h t l y u n d e r t h e i r own power i n t h e w a t e r c o l u m n . O f t e n
t h i s is t h e d o m i n a n t a l g a l f o r m i n s t a n d i n g w a t e r s .

P l a n k t o n - The community o f s u s p e n d e d , f l o a t i n g , o r w e a k l y
swimming o r q a n i s m s t h a t l i v e i n t h e o p e n water o f l a k e s and
rivers.

P o i n t Source - A s p e c i f i c s o u r c e of l o a d i n g , a c c u r a t e l y d e f i n a b l e
i n terms o f l o c a t i o n . Includes e f f l u e n t s or channeled d i s c h a r g e s
t h a t enter natural waters a t a specific point.

P o l l u t i o n - Undesirable a l t e r a t i o n of t h e p h y s i c a l , chemical o r
b i o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of w a t e r , a d d i t i o n of any s u b s t a n c e i n t o
w a t e r by human a c t i v i t y t h a t a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t s i t s q u a l i t y .
P r e v a l e n t e x a m p l e s a r e t h e r m a l , h e a v y m e t a l and n u t r i e n t
pollution.

P o t a b l e - U s a b l e f o r d r i n k i n g p u r p o s e s , f i t f o r human
consumption.

Primary P r o d u c t i v i t y ( P r o d u c t i o n ) - Conversion of inorganic

m a t t e r t o o r g a n i c m a t t e r by p h o t o s y n t h e s i z i n g o r g a n i s m s . The
c r e a t i o n o f b i o m a s s by p l a n t s .

R i f f l e Zone - S t r e t c h o f a s t r e a m o r r i v e r a l o n g w h i c h
m o r p h o l o g i c a l and f l o w c o n d i t i o n s a r e s u c h t h a t r o u g h m o t i o n of
t h e water surface r e s u l t s . Usually a shallow rocky a r e a w i t h
r a p i d f l o w and l i t t l e s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n .

Riparian - Of, or r e l a t e d t o , or b o r d e r i n g a w a t e r c o u r s e .

R u n o f f - W a t e r and i t s v a r i o u s d i s s o l v e d s u b s t a n c e s or
p a r t i c u l a t e s t h a t flows a t or n e a r t h e s u r f a c e o f land i n an
u n c h a n n e l e d p a t h toward c h a n n e l e d and u s u a l l y r e c o g n i z e d
waterways ( s u c h a s a s t r e a m o r r i v e r ) .

S a t u r a t i o n Zone - Volume o f s o i l i n w h i c h a l l p o r e s p a c e s a r e
f i l l e d w i t h w a t e r ; t h e volume b e l o w t h e w a t e r t a b l e .
S e c c h i D i s k T r a n s p a r e n c y - An a p p r o x i m a t e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e
transparency of water t o l i g h t . I t is t h e p o i n t a t which a b l a c k
a n d w h i t e d i s k l o w e r e d i n t o t h e water i s n o l o n g e r v i s i b l e .

S e c o n d a r y P r o d u c t i v i t y - The g r o w t h a n d r e p r o d u c t i o n ( c r e a t i o n o f
b i o m a s s ) by h e r b i v o r o u s ( p l a n t - e a t i n g ) o r g a n i s m s . The second
l e v e l o f t h e t r o p h i c system.

S e d i m e n t a t i o n - The p r o c e s s of s e t t l i n g and d e p o s i t i o n o f
s u s p e n d e d m a t t e r c a r r i e d by w a t e r , s e w a g e , o r o t h e r l i q u i d s , by
gravity. I t is u s u a l l y a c c o m p l i s h e d by r e d u c i n g t h e v e l o c i t y o f
t h e l i q u i d below t h e p o i n t a t which i t c a n t r a n s p o r t t h e
suspended m a t e r i a l .

S e w a g e ( W a s t e w a t e r ) - T h e w a t e r b o r n e , human a n d a n i m a l w a s t e s
from r e s i d e n c e s , i n d u s t r i a l / c o m m e r c i a 1 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s o r o t h e r
p l a c e s , t o g e t h e r w i t h s u c h g r o u n d o r s u r f a c e water as may b e
present.

S p e c i f i c Conductance - Yields a measure of a water sample's

c a p a c i t y to convey an electric c u r r e n t . It is dependent on
t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of i o n i z e d s u b s t a n c e s i n t h e
water. D i s t i l l e d water e x h i b i t s s p e c i f i c conductance o f 0.5 to
2.0 m i c r o m h o s p e r c e n t i m e t e r , w h i l e n a t u r a l waters show v a l u e s
f r o m 50 t o 5 0 0 m i c r o m h o s p e r c e n t i m e t e r . I n t y p i c a l New England
l a k e s , S p e c i f i c C o n d u c t a n c e u s u a l l y r a n g e s f r o m 100-300 micromhos
p e r cm. The s p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e y i e l d s a g e n e r a l i z e d measure o f
t h e i n o r g a n i c d i s s o l v e d load of t h e water.

Stagnant - M o t i o n l e s s , having minimal c i r c u l a t i o n or flow.

S t a n d i n g Crop - C u r r e n t q u a n t i t y of o r g a n i s m s , biomass on hand.

T h e a m o u n t o f l i v e o r g a n i c matter i n a g i v e n a r e a a t a n y p o i n t i n
time.

S t o r m S e w e r - A p i p e or d i t c h w h i c h c a r r i e s storm w a t e r a n d
s u r f a c e water, s t r e e t wash and o t h e r wash waters o r d r a i n a g e , b u t
e x c l u d e s sewage and i n d u s t r i a l w a s t e s .

S t r a t i f i c a t i o n - P r o c e s s whereby a l a k e becomes s e p a r a t e d i n t o
t w o r e l a t i v e l y d i s t i n c t l a y e r s a s t h e r e s u l t o f t e m p e r a t u r e and
density differences. ~ u r t h e rd i f f e r e n t a t i o n o f t h e l a y e r s
u s u a l l y o c c u r s a s t h e r e s u l t of chemical and b i o l o g i c a l
processes. I n m o s t l a k e s , seasonal changes i n temperature w i l l
r e v e r s e t h i s p r o c e s s a f t e r some t i m e , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e m i x i n g o f
the two layers.

S t r a t i f i e d D r i f t - S a n d , g r a v e l o r o t h e r m a t e r i a l s d e p o s i t e d by a
g l a c i e r o r its m e l t w a t e r i n a l a y e r e d manner, a c c o r d i n g t o
particle size.
Substrate - The base o f m a t e r i a l on w h i c h an o r g a n i s m l i v e s , s u c h
a s c o b b l e , g r a v e l , s a n d , muck, e t c .

S u c c e s s i o n - The n a t u r a l p r o c e s s by w h i c h l a n d and v e g e t a t i o n
p a t t e r n s c h a n g e , p r o c e e d i n g i n a d i r e c t i o n d e t e r m i n e d by t h e
f o r c e s a c t i n g on t h e s y s t e m .

S u r f a c e Water - Refers t o l a k e s , bays, sounds, ponds, r e s e r v o i r s ,

s p r i n g s , r i v e r s , s t r e a m s , creeks, e s t u a r i e s , marshes, i n l e t s ,
c a n a l s , o c e a n s and a l l o t h e r n a t u r a l o r a r t i f i c i a l , i n l a n d or
c o a s t a l , f r e s h or s a l t , p u b l i c o r p r i v a t e w a t e r s a t ground l e v e l .

S u s p e n d e d S o l i d s - T h o s e which c a n b e removed by p a s s i n g t h e
water t h r o u g h a f i l t e r . The r e m a i n i n g s o l i d s a r e c a l l e d
dissolved solids. Suspended s o l i d s l o a d i n g s a r e g e n e r a l l y high
i n s t r e a m s y s t e m s which a r e a c t i v e l y e r o d i n g a watershed.
E x c e s s i v e storm w a t e r r u n o f f o f t e n r e s u l t s i n h i g h s u s p e n d e d
s o l i d s loads to lakes. Many o t h e r p o l l u t a n t s s u c h a s p h o s p h o r u s
a r e of t e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h suspended s o l i d s l o a d i n g s .

T a x o n ( T a x a ) - Any h i e r a r c h i c a l d i v i s i o n o f a r e c o g n i z e d
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system, such a s a genus o r species.

Taxonomy - The d i v i s i o n o f b i o l o g y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and naming o f o r g a n i s m s . The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f
o r g a n i s m s i s b a s e d upon a h i e r a r c h i c a l s c h e m e b e g i n n i n g w i t h
Kingdom and p r o g r e s s i n g t o t h e S p e c i e s l e v e l o r e v e n l o w e r .

T h e r m o c l i n e - Boundary l e v e l between t h e e p i l i m n i o n and

h y p o l i m n i o n o f a s t r a t i f i e d l a k e , v a r i a b l e i n t h i c k n e s s , and
g e n e r a l l y a p p r o x i m a t i n g t h e maximum d e p t h o f l i g h t p e n e t r a t i o n
a n d m i x i n g by w i n d .

T i l l - U n s t r a t i f i e d , u n s o r t e d sand, g r a v e l , or o t h e r m a t e r i a l
d e p o s i t e d by a g l a c i e r o r i t s m e l t w a t e r .

T r o p h i c L e v e l - The p o s i t i o n i n t h e f o o d c h a i n d e t e r m i n e d by t h e
number o f e n e r g y t r a n s f e r s t e p s t o t h a t l e v e l ; 1 = p r o d u c e r ; 2 =
h e r b i v o r e ; 3 , 4; 5 = c a r n i v o r e .

T r o p h i c S t a t e - The s t a g e o r c o n d i t i o n o f a n a q u a t i c s y s t e m ,
c h a r a c t e r i z e d by b i o l o q i c a l , c h e m i c a l and p h y s i c a l p a r a m e t e r s .

T u r b i d i t y - The measure of t h e c l a r i t y o f a w a t e r sample. I t is

e x p r e s s e d i n Nephelometric T u r b i d i t y U n i t s which a r e r e l a t e d to
t h e s c a t t e r i n g and a b s o r p t i o n of l i g h t by t h e w a t e r sample.

V o l a t i l e S o l i d s - T h a t p o r t i o n of a s a m p l e w h i c h c a n be b u r n e d
o f f , c o n s i s t i n g o f o r g a n i c m a t t e r , i n c l u d i n g o i l s and g r e a s e .
 FIGURE 1
SAMPLING S T A T I O N L A Y O U T IN THE
BUTTONWOOD POND W A T E R S H E D
Water Q u a l i t y - A t e r m used t o d e s c r i b e t h e c h e m i c a l , p h y s i c a l ,
and b i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of w a t e r , u s u a l l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o
its s u i t a b i l i t y f o r a p a r t i c u l a r purpose o r use.

Watershed - Drainage b a s i n , t h e a r e a from which a n a q u a t i c system

r e c e i v e s water.

Zone o f C o n t r i b u t i o n - A r e a o r volume o f s o i l f r o m w h i c h w a t e r is
drawn i n t o a w e l l .

Zooplankton - Microscopic animals suspended i n t h e w a t e r ;

p r o t o z o a , r o t i f e r s , c l a d o c e r a , copepods and o t h e r s m a l l
invertebrates.