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Network+ N10-008 Notes

The document provides an overview of networking fundamentals, including common terminology like IP addresses, MAC addresses, protocols, ports, and sockets. It describes data encapsulation and decapsulation across the OSI model layers. Network topologies like star, ring, bus, and mesh are covered along with different network types such as LAN, WAN, WLAN, PAN, and more. Wide area network terminations like the demarcation point and smartjack are also summarized.

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111 views3 pages

Network+ N10-008 Notes

The document provides an overview of networking fundamentals, including common terminology like IP addresses, MAC addresses, protocols, ports, and sockets. It describes data encapsulation and decapsulation across the OSI model layers. Network topologies like star, ring, bus, and mesh are covered along with different network types such as LAN, WAN, WLAN, PAN, and more. Wide area network terminations like the demarcation point and smartjack are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Thandeka Skosana
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPTIA NETWORK+ N10-008 NOTES

1.1 Networking Fundamentals

Common Terminologies
● IP Address- a logical address that a node uses to identify itself on a network, it can
change based on the network connected to.
● MAC Address- Physical address of a node, it doesn’t change
● Unicast- one to one connection
● Multicast- one to many/some
● Broadcast- one to all
● Protocol- rules or language used for communication
● Port- used to identify the process or the application on he network, it is normally
assigned by an operating system
● Socket- A port that is in use.

Open system interconnection (OSI) Model

Data Encapsulation
Layers 4,3 and 2 on the senders side add the header
The header is a description of the data or protocol.
The layers would also add a trailer for to do error correction
Data Decapsulation
The corresponding layer from the receivers will remove the header

Data Communication
Getting data to move from one part of the network to the other relies on protocol data unit(PDU),
sometimes referred to as transmission unit.
The header describes or identifies the payload, this helps us understand how we can process
the data.

TCP flags control the payload


● SYN- Synchronize sequence numbers
● PSH- Push the data to the application without buffering
● RST- Reset Connection
● FIN-Last packet from the sender

Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)


The maximum IP packets to be transmitted but not fragmented
Data fragmentation is the process of chopping packets into smaller pieces so we can send it
over the network.

Troubleshooting the MTU


The MTU sizes are usually configured once based on the network infrastructure and don’t
change often

1.2 Characteristics of network topologies and Network types

Network Topologies
● Star topology- hub and spoke, used in most large and small networks. Hosts are
normally connected to to a central switch
● Ring- used for wide Area Networks, additional redundancy can be created using ring
topology, traffic goes in a circle.
● Bus-was commonly used on old LAN, connection is normally done using coaxial cable
and if there is a problem with the cable the whole connection gets cut off
● Mesh- multiple networks connected to each other, it is commonly used when designing a
redundancy or fault tolerance or a load balancing WAN.
● Hybrid topology- all devices communicate through an access point, sometimes you can
use Ad-hoc network where devices communicate among themselves by IOT devices

Network Types
● Peer-to-Peer- All devices are both server and client
● Client- Server- One device is a server and the are clients
● Local Area Network(LAN)- A network i a building or a group of buildings
● Metropolitan Area Network( MAN)- A network in a city, commonly used by government
● Wide Area Network(WAN)- Generally connects LANs across a distance
● Wireless LAN(WLAN)- 802.11 networks, limited to geographical area. Connection can
be expanded by using additional access points
● Person Area Network(PAN)- your own private network, eg bluetooth
● Campus Area Network(CAN)- Campus or corporate, multiple buildings in a university or
corporate office
● Network Attached Storage (NAS)- Connect to a shared storage devices across the
network
○ File-level-access- ny changes you make to file have to be done to the entire
thats located on this file
● Storage Area Network (SAN)- Looks and feels like a local storage device.
○ Block-level- access- very efficient reading and writing but expensive
● Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)
● Communication through the WAN but it uses labels to determine how we route and
forward that traffic through the WAN
● Multipoint Generic Router Encapsulation (mGRE)- used extensively for Dynamic
Multipoint Virtual Private Network(DMVPN). They are only created when you need them
and connection is torn down when you no longer need them.
● Software Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN)- Useful when you have a cloud based
network and you need the network to understand where data needs to go at any
particular time.

Wide Area Network (WAN) Terminations

Demarcation point- the point where you connect with the outside world. A point where an
internet service provider connects with you. You can connect your customer premises
equipment (CPE) used to troubleshoot the demarc.

Smartjack- Network Internet Unit (NIU)


A device that can determine the demarc, it can be controlled remotely and used by the network
provider for monitoring and diagnostics.

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