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Algorithm of C

C programming basic algorithm nature

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64 views42 pages

Algorithm of C

C programming basic algorithm nature

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wph97nxgym
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Im : Fundamentals ‘of Mathematics 42 Number system Seat rahe It is compound of various n and certain rules governing by) rmbery whether Hey are caer is.the ti tions of addition, sant ieston subtract a performaing one or more ota instand of attaching any undue importay,o division. It is because of this a good deal of importance is being attag is any system, ¢.g., decimal, oa attimes be explained by symbols only the properties of the aa ic of the system is eiphasipe eis and not Tere feat wih te mumbers. We inate te number system By natural nant and then proceed on the other systems. i elles Classification of number system can be represented Sea ene oe degam,; Lea oration mec Far ROH APTN yumbers, ae Hi yn st [Number System [7871 47S] Real — ae [aor Feta aa] : esas ree Rational number [3m AA]| [Irrational number [WMH Fest] Integers [44 73] i Fractions [Gale] a cies Pr SSE ac ser ened pee y V ‘Negative Number || Positive Number || Zero Positive Number Negative Number (eterna eet] || erate eet) |] a] feerrers Feast] | | [stg Fe v Natural number [Stas Fey] Prime Number Composite Numb [cifrs Fei] ae (cir Fee] = J Even number (care 7a Odd number ¥ ART] “oe Eze RealNunber System” lay uray = pifferent types of numbe 18 Be 70 Rego bp POPEr tes seal numbers containg rati, of contains many kinds on and irrational numbers, 173 1s of numb i ers, is sect Again eins ee mnt types © FS and its proper, this section we sate afttionl 4 Real number {- a 4 got ART t= get of all negative numbers ‘ee am er, In other words, the get ore 2d Positive onl numbers and it is carey a numbers ae af raion a rahe er ional number is R=(-,). This et Ree 201 R. Ths he tof es all the properties of a field and sar iettalht OR ERA BIB OF Cae Be | Fes TEC CR Cee aA TET CH « Graphical representation of real numbers FETT aa Number line is a graphical representation of th i fnizntl line called real line or real ais which shows tn th folowne ia ‘ frat At ROM BRIA FHT OC aa ow eter a oa wgEEIN safe AT ARR ATH IGT CHA SI TTT OE ATH aT Frc fom CAAA BT :] “B Bee x wo AS BAO 1 2 8 deter e, For each real number there corresponds one’and only one point on the line there is one and only one real number. The point zero on a number line called the arigin, positive numbers are located to the right of zero and negative numbers to the left of zero. The location of a number is defined by its distance from zero, which is equal fo aoe of the number. ef levers WATE aD IK oe oe ee sen wre Rar ree meat coats Bee ET POTS HATH TE Tg Soe yt als rae HATE MUTT TE TT Feta TRACE YA AS OTT gat Ra Fal - a Fundamentals of ‘Mathematics . eh a ae ape HT 2014, 2012, 2011, 2009, 2008; INUEL 29), called field ax; itiOs-dnd multiplication operations of real Se ond ; a ip of real numbersyField axioms of real numbers are : , «Addition opération [caters #r4tA*l fa] sf a and b are any two real numbers, then theiy Ar "This can be expressed symbolically as [af sum (a + b) is also a real number. This can + b)8 484 Feat ay 6b GH oa HD ase eat AAT WE TEA CIMT (@ wy MF ACPO HP Fat TH] ‘ at+beRVabeR . ‘Az Commutative Law [fafa ff] : Ifa and b are any two real numbers, then Fatt a aa b BE cx aA atUT FRAT BW, OTA a+b=b+a,VabeR Ag Associative Law faecatert fafa] : Ifa, b, c are any three real numbers, then FoF a, b,c PEATE ca corte Has FRA I, LA] (atb)+c=at+(b+0),¥a,b,ceR A ‘Ay Existence of Identity Law [4atea SSG ff] : There exists a real number 0 (zero) such that [FRAC GAG TEs AAT O (AAT) BNCR CIA] at+0=O+a=a,VaeR This real number ‘0' is known as additive identity and the property is known as property of zero. [42 @et Fest “0' Aleta BENS fea GR Ge CaPasce ar aa CAPT TAI). As Existence of Inverse Law [Fatate fey f&f&] : For every real number a there exists another real number b such that [QU eq Al a Ga GA PLATE aft ates FATT b TANS CAA] a+b=0=b+a The real number b is called additive inverse of a and is usually wri ly written as — a. [Shea ARS b Cm cata Fetsho em re BRIO CE Aa] © Multiplication operation [eettaa @rfafi] : M; Closure Law [T4@et ff] : Ifa and b it product ab is aso areal number. This can be or ne reas Mumes then thet is can be ex ressed symboli ice GR b OL HR AB shea Hee ‘pressed symbolically as [@ft 4 RR | Me RCRCTICA ental SA OAT OFT abe aeae Bee AT a.béRVabeR Real Number System : tive law IATA AR] sao i 17s oo ay wr ative Law FRET FAR] sy) &beR ny of Identity Law [ : ‘: stance W LAIR wa FARR). ° Pear SH ATER frome There exists areal number p.1easlaVaeR er ‘I' is calléd multiplicative «4: seal UR "d multiplicative identi HF ay of 1 [TIS RATT 1 ete re onlay Property is called the ere ll” RR oR Ca 1 ay ; f Inverse Law [Rete wR sistance 0} RR). Ns ‘a! (a #0), there exists a real number 5 exaimstoding to each real (aT THIF FFB TET HY Fer can] oid TET Ft a! a.b=b.a=1 yale the reciprocal or multiplicative inverse ofa and is usually written as + ast a ibe aa Retate I este Feetdtos wer ere eae ct ea yg! 1 a , Relation between two algebraic operations # adereaa Teg aE pitributive laws [fea F&f%] : Multiplication is distributive over addition, For sythre real numbers a , b,c € R, we have a.(b +c)=a.bta.c (b+c).a=b.atc.a thse are known as Right oe five and Left Distributive laws respectively. ‘Order relation [ara z=x¢L-/ [NUH 2010, 2009; JNUH 2017, 2014, 2011) \Trichotomy law : If we are given two real numbers a, b € R, then one and tly one of the following three holds good : )i=b, (ii) a>b, (iii) a b and b>cthena>cVa,b,ceR sAnti-symmetry : Ifa >b and b > a then a=bV a,b eR ‘Order relation is compatible with addition : Ifa>bthenat+c>b+cVab,ceR 'Order relation is compatible with multiplication: Ifa>bihena.c >b.cVab,ceR sundarentals of Matemai® : wr parr 9) orett FT « conglion fo vecomes order of «Held! [NUH 05,075 INOH 2017, 2, 7 Ata Fis called an ordered field if there exists a subset PSF that satsig fold Fiscal following two properties: . ; | : P (1) Ifa, €P, thena+bandab € rating te sneer, (2) Ifa e F, then one and only one ofthe @ ae P, Gi)-aeP and (il) 2* : Trichotomy.) i lad Le toe ce eh aH RE HT A TTT GB BATT Pp Frafaie Wit ef CAA BOA: 1 : (Dafa, be PR, What bIRab P. (ya Fe, we ec CPT AA A OE @aeP,(i)-aeP a i) 0 = 01 A RCRD PROTA AR The elements of the set P are called positive elements of F, and the elements , alled negative elements of F. [P onty for which -a belong to P are ¢ Sermmecatce F aa earge Sarate Tor ae BAM a A ST a, P oe Reoata ores F a Sates Batata TU) Density property [37g #14]: Between two real numbers there lie infinite number of real numbers. For any ce +b two distinct numbers a, b € R, there is ae such that [_{S =tea Aeehta wey ta meas ate et Rata TTR FA ANT a, be RA TT ae seit 5am cra 0, (This property is known as the lay, ot atb atten \. se ‘We can state this property as follows : [43 Merce piste At A :] a 2 (COt+)+a=Co+y+p {Associative law] 3 04a=04D [v Co)+e=9] 2 a=b [> a+0=a] [Proved] f «Cancellation laws of multiplication Theorem-6 : For all a, b, c € R prove that IF" a, b,c eR aa Bay amt a ()a.b=a.cimplies b=c * el (i) b.a=cSimpliesb=c Proof : Since a #0, 3a?! © R such thata’.a-a.a?=1 @) Given,a.b=a.c => a! .(a.b)=a" (ac) => (aa). b=(a. a). c [Associative law] > Lb=lc(tala=1] +. b=e[v 1. b=b] [Proved] @ Given, bvasc.a > (b.a). =(c.a).a" => ba. a) =e. (a. a7) [Associative law] > b.l=c.1[v aa’ =1]} + b=e[ b-l=b] [Proved] Jeniathemstios ‘ =@b). aceby=cab= . INTE 2011, b=0) = 0 [distributive law] fab) = 0+. Cc (ab)) ae tas 0+C @)) [Associative law] = a(-b)+)=0[¥ (H)* => a(-b) tab = (ab) +ab)+ CC => a(-b) + (ab + (ab) = > a(-b)+0=0+C- (ably ate 2. a(-b)=- (@b) [- o+a=a] Again 0.b=0 =@ +a b=0[v ata => ab+ (- a)b=0 [distributive law] => (ab) + (ab + (a) b) = (ab) +0 > (€ (ab) + ab) + (-a) b=— (ab) +0 => 0+(-a)b=—(@b)[v Ca ta=O) < €a)b=—(ab) [- OFa=a] { Jab). [Showed] péove that leat 4 G2] V a, b eB, (a) (-b) = ab. |. (UNUH 2012, NUH 2011) )=0] [Associative law] [Sokeio#| WeKnow, (-a)0=0 => Ca) (Cb) +b} =0[- (0) +b=0] => Ca) (Cb) +(-a}b=0 [distributive law] => Ca) -b)+( (ab) =0[¥ (-a).b=-(ab)] => (Ca) Cb) + (ab) +ab=0+ab = (a) -b) + (C (ab) + ab) = 0+ ab “=> €a)(-b)+0=ab[v Ca)+a=0and 0+a=a] m*eS . By postulate Ps we reach any natural, consecutive successive numbers. number starting with 1 and counting © Fundamental properties of natural numbers “TSHR aha GTS wate ee Fundamental properties of natural number are as follows : [Pita "SH Feehig wal ets ] ties of addition [caters estafel] : Ay Closure law [Stvaot ff]: a+b € N, Va,b eN Az Associative law F>Rcarery ff4] : (a+b) +c=at+(b+c)Vab,ceN As Commutative law [fafa faf@]:a +b=b+a,Va,beN Properties of multiplication [eta @tafel] : M, Closure law [Sta@et ff]: ab € N, Va,b, €N Mz Associative law [ecaterr faf¥] : (ab)e = a(bc), Va, b,c, « N Ms Existance of identity law [acer FS f8A¥] 3.1 © N such that, la=al=a,VaeN ‘My Commutative law [fafa faf&] : ab = ba, Va,beN ee if : oe Sumber System, i - gpeorems based on axioms of n * aera tee aor +Forall m,n, p éN Prove that, ye" | pot us treat m and n as fixed element of natural numbers ag y pt iy= (mtn) +1 re sist tke the LS. m+ (14 1) =m+n* at OP) (m+) +p number 3 Per postulate py ne PU | for p which is =(m+n)* =(m+n)+1 : Cy _gby pacing K € N for p, wet Nehavem + (04+ K)= (m+) +k which would “(pt kA) (inn) + ke ‘ qo OH) =m+(n+k)* =[m+(n+k)]* =[(m+n)+k}* =(m+n)+k* ste associative property in addition is proved. theoremn-8 : Prove that, m+ni=n+m forallm,neN: proof: Let us treatn asa fixed natural number and take any.k ¢ N such that ktn=n+k a ketn=(kt+1)+n=k+(1+n) =k+(n4+1)=k+n* =(k+n)* =n+kt Thus ifk* +n =n+k* thenk+n=n+k vhich proves the commutative property of addition. Theorem-9 : Prove that, (n+ p)'m=n. m+ p.m for all m,n, p éN. roof : Let us take n and p as fixed and subsitute 1 and then k and k* for m iB, that, we have iy), (n+p).l=ntp=aitp.1 Nowif (n+p).k=n-k+p-k then (n+p). ke =n. kt +p k* Uis:= +p), k= (nt p)-k+ (0+ P) ‘en .ktp.kt0+P =n. k+(p-k+mtP eat f Mathematics ed Fundamentals o! : en kt(ntp WFP aia ktm) +@-k*P) = Ke ee pen. [Proved] Hence (n+p). m=n.m+P-™ for all m0, fat ae FRAT ‘ea or der! jdheger isa number that can be written without a fraction or decimal compen) : iti tive or zero. We can also q, integers are whole numbers positive neg) : ling tem as ratios of two numbers which do not have @ remainder. Thus -5, 501, 9 11 are integers but , 0.25, -0.75, and 4 are not integers. Integers are denog4 by the set Z or, I. So that the set of integer is Z= {9 “4, ~~ -1, 0, 1,2,3 4, snuue }. Symbolically, integer is defined by Z= {x1X=0XE Nor-xen),’ Here, (i) The numbers - 1,-2,-3,— 4, seve BFE negative integers. Gi) The numbers + 1, + 2, + 3, +4, are positive integers. They are generally written without any sign. (iii) The number 0 is the only integer that has no sign. legf meet eat eat eet IC CATT Sed at PHATE TASS CTA TH 99 Heer Zan TEs, Vatae at AT ARAM! wat AG ATA OA weaai a hase lat ialutanta aval 1 FSI -5, -501, 0,11 1 3 , = V3, 0.25, 0.75 are Fre TH | ERAMCTMCS GT Za] Ser Bal BH | OAT PATI : : age) TOA {PRT A LM Z= {on —4, 3, -2,~1 0, 10 ACPO 7 : : aehrecice aeatfie Fat BI Z=1{x |x=0,x EN @-1,-2,-3,-4,..... Bon wat a 2 or—x €N} di) + 1, 42,43, +4, WF Af RH 4, on RT RET ATR heh QOH ANAS COR BS BR FT | OX ii) 0 aa atmeant Cre i WH FR CF |] ‘undamental properties of integers latrestta * Additive property [erm esa i chire estat Ay Closure law [Sitmey ff] i : at iTfa,b A; Commutative law [fais €Zthena+ " FR:e tbeby beZvabez =btaforallabez LbeZ Re I cal Number System jotive law PRT RAR). 5° fi A an I: Foralla, ee 5 tence law of unity (aarcey A At) +emarey » hat O“OFa-aVacz : *) jaence 1aW of inverse [Remy Moe Zsuch that (_ exists @ number 0 ¢ Z oun: For all a © 2, there ae io iplicative property leq aide ; : yuna law ROT A] ‘13,6 Zthenab ez ., associative law Prva RR). =a ,Wabez gxistence law of unity [aareq ‘it LA=al=aVaez TARR: There xia number 1 e 2 commutative aw FATT RR) baba yg 5 or gddition and multiplication property [ext SF ectafl] quetistributive law lata Frese FAR] ; Ibi y cute, b, es ae abcez Right distributive law [tH fewad RAR): (b+: c)a=ba+ca V a, b, ~ Zz Lb,ce Vabcez + Zero and characteristics of zero ay 9 ICUS ‘tafhiay Jeno is an integer number, which is neith itv ei Bese al cir ete ete na eas follows : PIA Get aPrcast at ATS AE intrest MISS AA | A ATCT ot Pace meet Recrca Hecate ACS UT | ace ae Reem at GE | fret Fey CaPABs Bears wat BAT +] () Zero is an interger number, which is neither positive nor negative. (i) The result will be same if we add or subtract with any number by zero, (ii) The result will be zero if we multiply any number by zero. (iv) The result will be zero if zero is divided by any number. (v) Ifany number is divided by zero then the result is infinity. @ ar ah aefrcet At NITE, TT VAIPS \ Gi) apa om ca esa eT CaM Tat Roe air weiftaSe eaC4 | (i) “re CCRT FRAT AT GA AT *TT BS S \ Go) PR ge a Co AT Ha IA FHI A TES ors F (0) A core mearee Ay AT SH FA TOS me Fundamentals of. Mathematics € Zandq#0 If any yémbgh can be expressed in the form , where p, 4 9#0 then the led a rational number. The set of rational number is denoted by Q arati 5 ) # 0} is called the set of Tatioy Syboltically, the set Q= (2: p, qe Tanda } al numbers, 5 * , But 1.3231425 ¢.Q. Thus 2¢Q-2¢Q2¢Q,-3 €Q0eQete Pat co Cort aegtee 2 eateatea efor at HT OA AAMT ETT AGT Ey, 4 : CRIA, p,q € ZAR q + 0, HM VT CCE Q AA AM Tay wy, reewoTaE, OB Q=[E:p,q ez gO} EAM MOTH OF FTTH | © Note : An important, characteristic of rational numbers is that when aoe as decimal fractions they are either terminating or non-terminating recurring decimals, For example, 3 35 5 06, 35 = 1.09375 ; = 0-133...... (to be written as 0-13 ) 3 ee Fp 70272721... = 027 2 -4.142057, 142057, 142057 .....= 0. 142087 Conversely, we may stow that any non-terminating recurring decimal Tepresents a rational number. For example, x= 15666 or, x= 1-56 As the repeating cycle contains one digit, it should t i be multiplied by'10 and then the original quantity be deducted from the new one as showm below’, 10x = 15-66 —__4 = 156 Subtracting 9x. = 14.1 ail: OF X ="99°, a rational number. However, if the repeating cycle is of two di; : . multiplied by 100 in place of 10 above andse aes then the original quantity will be r Sumber System es of ‘rational numbers [ FET Seat th | " a ees of niin (TE ea, ‘ / i ore law [MTR FAR]: Tea ang y wer wCiyones i.e, it is a unique ational num de numbers, then a + b is one tative law FSP TH FARR) 9 4 maven € iss aw PRET re anhe b, )VabceQ M tee of identity law [warceq WRG RR), a gyistence of inverse law [fatto BBG RR): F fant ? For s {1 number ( every rational numb: isa rational a) € Q such ¢ number ‘a! the additive inverse of a, hat a+ 8) =(2)+0=0, and—aig conellation law [set FARR] s IF, b; C are rational pte thena=b =0+a,VacQ numbers such that we . properties of multiplication lesera eatafay: yy closure law [STTRET FA]: Hea and b are a sisaunigue rational number. 4, Commutative Taw [fam RAR : ab = ba, VabeQ ny rational number then ax b or yj Associative law F>RCATERT FRA]: (ab)e = afb), V a,b,c e Q Existence of identity law [aecra wy AA): axt=1xa-aVac @ WcExistence of inverse law [fRtat wy FARR] : For évery rational number a ‘¢0) there is a rational number (a) such that a x @- = 1, Thus for every ional number a, the multiplicative inverse eis : \( Cancellation law [=e f8f€] : If ac = be, then a= b if and only ife #0. ‘Properties of addition and mutiplication [at @ @*te7a e*tafA] : JLef distributive law [ata fawat FAR]: a(b + c)=ab + ac Va, b,c e Q Right distributive law [Gra FSAI FAR]: (b + cja=batcaVabceQ f : Order relation of rational numbers Pr Feast aoa CahAay faeR pt q , 188 Fundamentals of Mathematics ‘ ps=at @ thena—p=2-5 = or, a 0 op a> y as We say that a = b, ' Tespectively. (i) Ifa>b and b> c thena>c. a ii) Ifa> b thena +¢>b + cand ifab then ae> be (when ¢>-0) and ae -atb< a+b ; > ZT <2b Real Number g, . . + i mata vasatb atb 2 as? () &Q) we have ygoweknow'V DEQ a+p eQ - atb bat ifa +b-< Q then“>~ 0, [CRY a 0] Ifkbe-any positive irrational number then by Archimedies rule, we have [4 k ee AGS TET HUTT A, Oe VI RCECR Fra TAU aa) n(b-a) >k, wherene N ~ k = b-a>5 tok > borate tae scat [vba 0 2k Also acatkearS.., wwe (I) Again n(b— a) > 2k, where n € N > bar oe tics 1s of Mathema! Fundamental 190 From (1) & (2), We get Kegs asati pP=2q° Right side of equation (1) is divisible by 2 2q?=4P [From (1)] => g@=2r (2) Again right side of equation (2) is divisible by 2 since q? is even so that q is also even. From equation (1) and (2), we find that p and q are both even. i.e. they have a common factor 2, which contradicts our assumption that p and q have no common factors. Hence it follows that -J2 is not rational number, i. number. [Proved] \2 is an irrational 4.5 Prime numbers ( integer otter than Q or 1 isa prime number if and only if its only divisors ar and the number itself. Y is denoted by P. We can write P< 0, + 1, whose divisors are + 1 and + P/only. | {0 OR 1 IGT Sa ofrecer Feat ae ace a are Craerat at — 1 ee 8 aT Wal BE | es a eer Sea 1a ereve aif, P#0,41, 7 Ogg +) SRP Atal Erez |] © Properties of prime numbers [ciifere FRAT CaPABy] (fp is a prime and ifp isa factor ofab or, pis factor ofb ft p ae? che . > then bisa tt oft NP al Real Number Sytem at TH, CNT 8, be Lo oe Beans RA I] Pp js a prime and if p is a qj _ gpa Prime and if isa divi ? i pen divisor of at least ong Of the product oF: ; ‘ of, uct of a LRT OTF a,b, aed [ap wgtsee 8 b,c gat p UH RET AE] +B Ray py ot RT a Composite numbers 418 ae Ret integer numbers which is wi, a : y ‘ ‘one number is called c PY ivisible by | and iteele hy. Coe sic are composite numbers BU eave but a ata : *4,6,8,9, 10, 12, 1 art TORT OL AT 1 OB 4, gated OO CAAT Feet a | Bapeae re ret ade sae og . Properties of composite numbers [cttre ees aR] a papal aly cron aie i oe Ia (i) een he =a ‘a least a proper factor. [AAS Feta SIATE 47 Modulus of real number ToT [JNUH 2016, 2013] m 4 reAl number a is defined. as the real number a, - a of 0 fas as a is-positive, negative: or zero. We denote the modulus of a real mumber a by the symbet {a} d defing it by [od area Feel a ot “ANTE reve et xu ave AT a a SEA O UA, METITA a SB AAT, SITES REI 0 Stat a ae TTT a, ifa is positive (aft a ere jalej- a, ifais negative f 0, ifais zero [aft aya el | Fundamentals of M310" " 194 teat . psolute value 4.8 Properties of al ansraltt AAT : Some properties of absol fig Bead FET] oatve ie (i) The modulus of a real number 15 1°" : Gi) Jalri-abvaer - iii) For every real number 2, 3 lal pe the greater of the two numbet () -lalga K+3>-7 0° => 2x>-10 2 x>-5 aM From (2) & (3), we get —5< = o “_ The required solution set = fx : Alternative Method : ter S -7-3<2x+3-3<7-3 => -10<2x<4 = -5 1, ARIA x € S, WRG CAS Te I) and real such that A +B = fatbeg (det Example-7) The sets A and B argon" CADAA ANAT Ga app, ‘xample- e sel Biko ‘nded. [aft A 8 B OR that A sta AN A, A+ BATTTR |] € A,b € B}. Show B} a ca : fe BY B WAR A+B={atbsa INU °05, "10 (orgy then we have Solution] Since A and B are bounded and real, Jalsa, vaeA and |b|<%, Vb eB where A and A are real numbers. Let ceA+Bwherec=a+bacA,beB then |c|=|a+b[ |clsatre = |c| A Open interval [cate Taal : then the set {x : a < x < b}'¥o) excluding.a and b is called an ope! LINUR 29), ot .d b be two real numbers such that q < b between . , sing of all real numbers a an Steel. It is denoted by (2, b) or Ja, by. b ae vb, OPE a © b RIGL a b TRO ae eee ee ct wae a 1 aCF (a, b) SRT Je, ofa eer eater ot a b Colsed interval [3% 4]: Let a and b be two real numbers, then the set fx. 5 < x Such that na > b, That is, V @ wa a a va,b, Cece we a> Dae URS j TORS Fett n NER : A na> bw A 200 Fundamentals of Mathematics Gamay Prove that «J7 is an irrational number. [erat ca, Views, EM Feel] r r that ¥7=2 . pnb Vb tin er 2 EW gg : ve no co and p and q are integers. Further suppose that p and q factors except one. ie, en Now 7 = 2 =>7 of [squaring both sides] = perg? (t) Ba wip Since 7q? is divisible by 7; Le. p”is divisible by 7, so that p itself is divisible by 7 Let, p=7r = pr=49r we => Iq? =497 [From (1)] => @=Tr Ss, From (2), we see that q’ is divisible by’7, so that q is also divisible by7, From (1) and (2), both p and q are divisible by 7. i.e., they have a common factor 7, which contradicts our assumption that pand q have no common factors, Hence it follows that +/7 is not rational number, ites 7s anirational number. [Proved] Example-9] Show that (3 -—-J5) is an irrational number. lores cy, (3/5) ce wea meet Let (3 -¥5) bea rational number | M Now 5 +5 = ea =2 = 4 3 ~y5 = rational number [+ 2 is rational number) Again 2-18) 68 446) =i, We know, sum of two ational numbe; (1) 818 also a rational number. Real Number System ts of equation 3 {Q8 -\5) . (i 1, \B is an irrational number. Which contra 'S our f equation (1 Which dict os ( B 5/5) is ar: irrational number, (Showed), ges Prove that [ets ACL Ifa, b eR then 201 +5 5) is is a rational number, ial29 (lapaa soa _ le] -feh:o+0 altlbl gfla-p {NUH 20011) : Islal+ Ib] 2019 if 7 “ cai) [9+ O12 11a 1~|b I] epi Tele lal-o] zawerr 2016, 20247 0 ‘We know from definition of modulus of real number, |a|=awhena>0 . . jal20 () i CH ts and Ja=—awhena9 - 2% ~-@) ma 2 fal>0.. From (1) & @, we have |a|20,VaeR. [Proved] (i) We know from definition of modulus of real number, IfazOthen|aj=a => |af= Ifa(a+bye=latbP = (la|+[b)>]a+b| [Taking positive square root] + |a+b|<|a|+]b| [Proved] ‘ (i) Ja b]=|a +Cb)]<| al+|-b) = [a|+]b] [since |—b|=|-1] [b1= 160 <:]a—b|S|al+|b| [Proved] (vii) We know from definition of modulus ofreal number, [ab PRP by?= a2 +b? 2ab ~ : =|a- bf2/a? +|bP—2|ab| [- [eb )s%b SS" Jab /s -) =laf+|bP=2]a].[b] =(al-[b = Jlal-[b IP < +. |a—b]2|]a]-|b | [Proved] (viii) [Try your self] show that |a-b |< ifand only ifb—ea-e€ =>a>b-e...., From (1) & (2), we get b-e Owe hove|a—b{< ¢ itand only ifb—e -453x<6 4% = —3 Sxs2 «The required solution set = fx : 4s xs pi (Ans) -1/> bon ics S wS-241 S227 > xS-3 ax28 2 : The required solution set = fx xs for x 23 (Ans.) @ Given that |x-5|<2,xeN — => =2 =24+5 3 5 x+2 inequality (Sree Hate ea] > 5. x42 = 437579 (+2)-SH+3) , 9 3 nd x+3 x+2-5x-15, 9 2s Fundamentals ‘of Mathematics \ -4x-13,9 i : = HO-3sx-5<3 __ © [X-5]83 (Ans) ws %. ) [Adding (-5) on both sides] | Real Number g gexec! ; 2os BP ye3 -6<2x+4<6 > -10<2x <2 [Adding (~4) on both sides} = -5? -1/a(bt+c)=abtac FR (a+ b)c=ac + be, 1, Whatis the absolute value of real numbers? [3keq FRO TAT fe] INUH 2017, 2013, 2010) das, SBT FRAT CATA STATE le HTT eT VGC ja | Wah fee ea aR fics Ram RoE AeafiE sa awta>0 b(n owHa=0 1. What do you mean by upper ae of ne of real number? [14 & TS 2 : ns, wa, sao 2 en Or | a RT OF x b FR 2h b paararennsedor ny What do you mean by positive and non-negative numbers? lt 1 ~ ates eet TTC FH IH?) ey SON AG HAE TIT HOTTET SATS ATT WT Rhy EAT FAITE THAT ATT AT | What is open interveal? [cater Taft 2] Fer Ba 8 b A TOT AT a eF2] ° @R=ZUN ()R=QUQ’ @R=QUZ (@dQ=ZuUN 0) 7S; Big R=QUQ’. Write four basic subset of R. [R 8 DIafS Ciifere Beret fay |] . REI Tl Cire BATIB N, Z, QR Q’ | Is Q complete ordered field? [Q BAS firs 2] QP ordered Fes a 1 BEE Q afi fie Dany f a 9 wy Te Dor feew Hyor ete ca BC AT | What do you mean b aaa wena Y closed interval? [7% Bate zac F's] ART Lae cd FETA ace a8 DAR WITS TEAST AHA TST «.[a, b] = {xeR: aSx

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