Control and Coordination, PPT, Module-1.3

Module 1
Prepared by
Smt. Renuka Bala Bhakat
AECS NARWAPAHAR
 Nervous system controls and coordinates
activities produced with the help of
electrical impulses produced in response to
external and internal stimuli.
.
A stimulus is an agent , factor,

chemical or change in external or
internal environment which brings
about a reaction in the organism.
Response is the reaction of an
organism to a stimulus.
 Receptors are cells ,tissues or organs which
are capable of receiving a particular stimuli
and initiate response .
 1.Gustatoreceptors – They are located on the
mouth and tongue and detect taste .
 2. Thermoreceptors - They are located on
the skin and detect heat and cold .
 3.Olfactoreceptors – Olfactoreceptors are
located in the nose and detect smell.
 4.Photo receptors – The receptors which
detect light are called photoreceptors.
 5.Phonoreceptors – They are located in the
ear and detect sound .
A nerve cell is called neuron .
A neuron has three parts –
1. Cell body or soma- It has
abundant cytoplasm and
other cell organelles but
lacks centrioles.
2. Dendrites They pick up
nerve impulses and also
help in joining one neuron
with the other.
3. Axon – It carries impulses
away from the cell body.
The axon terminals end in
muscle fibres , glands or
combine with dendrites of
other neurons .
 Animpulse travels along the
neuron pathways as electrical charges move
across each neural cell membrane. Ions
moving across the membrane cause
the impulse to move along the nerve cells.
When the impulse reaches the end of one
neuron (the axon), the impulse reaches a
synapse. A synapse is the space between
neurons.
 The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a
synaptic connection between the terminal
end of a motor nerve and a muscle (skeletal/
smooth/ cardiac). It is the site for the
transmission of action potential from nerve
to the muscle.
 Thebrain is divided into three parts –
forebrain , midbrain and hindbrain.
 The forebrain consists of the Cerebrum,
Thalamus and Hypothalamus.
 It is the main thinking part of the brain and
controls the voluntary actions. The forebrain
processes sensory information that is
collected from the various sense organs such
as ears, eyes, nose, tongue, skin. It is
because of the presence of forebrain,
humans are placed at the highest level in the
animal chain.
 The cerebrum is the biggest part of the brain. This part we
associate with higher brain functions such as thinking and action.
It contains the cerebral cortex and other subcortical structures.
The cerebral cortex is highly wrinkled and makes the brain very
efficient. Now the cerebral cortex again divides into four
divisions called lobes. They are:
 Frontal lobe –Is associated with parts of speech, reasoning,
problem-solving, planning, movement and emotions
 Parietal lobe – We associate parietal lobe with recognition,
orientation, and perception of stimuli
 Occipital lobe – Is responsible for visual processing
 Temporal lobe – Finally temporal lobe is associated with memory,
speech perception and recognition of auditory stimuli
 The cerebrum is divided into two halves by a deep furrow. These
halves are the left and right hemispheres. Each side functions
slightly different from the other, even though they are
symmetrical. So the right hemisphere links to creativity whereas
the left hemisphere relates to logic abilities. And Corpus
callosum connects the two hemispheres.
 Themidbrain connects the forebrain and the
hindbrain. It acts as a bridge and transmits
signals from hindbrain and forebrain. It is
associated with motor control, vision,
hearing, temperature regulation, alertness.
 It consists of
 a) Cerebellum – It coordinates muscular
activities and maintains posture and balance of
the body.
 B) Pons – It connects the cerebrum , cerebellum
and medulla oblongata. It acts as relay centre
among different parts of brain .
 C) Medulla oblongata - The medulla oblongata is
a small structure present in the lowest region of
the brain. It mainly controls the body’s
autonomic functions such as heartbeat,
breathing, and digestion. It plays a primary role
in connecting the spinal cord, pons and the
cerebral cortex.
 The brain is protected by the bones of the
skull and by a covering of three thin
membranes called meninges. The brain is
also cushioned and protected by
cerebrospinal fluid. This watery fluid is
produced by special cells in the four hollow
spaces in the brain, called ventricles.
 When a nerve impulse reaches the muscle
the muscle fibre must move. The muscle
cells will move by changing their shape so
that they shorten. Muscle cells have special
proteins that change both their shape and
their arrangement in the cell in response to
nervous electrical impulses. When this
happens new arrangements of these proteins
give the muscle cells a shorter form.
 Reflexaction is a sudden and involuntary
response to stimuli. It helps organisms to
quickly adapt to an adverse circumstance
that could have the potential to cause bodily
harm or even death. Pulling our hands away
immediately after touching a hot or cold
object is a classic example of a reflex action.
 The pathway taken by a stimulus to travel
from receptor organ to effector organ is
called reflex arc.

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Module 1

A stimulus is an agent , factor,

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