Field of Hydromechanics

Hydromechanics

Hydrostatics Hydrodynamics
Force on a Buoyancy Flow in Flow of Measurement
Force on a
Curved and Closed Compressibl of Flow of
Plane Area
Surface Flotation Conduits e Fluids Fluids

ENGR EDGARDO A ADAJAR, ChE, MM

Hydrostatic Force on
Plane area
Sessions 20-21
 Intended Learning Outcomes
❑ Discuss properties of fluids.
❑ Define pressure.
❑ Discuss Fluid Statics.
❑ Evaluate Hydrostatic Force on Plane Area.
Mechanics Properties of Fluids

Development of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid
Mechanics

Fluid Study of the mechanics of fluids at rest

Statics

Deals with velocities and streamlines without

Kinematics considering forces or energy.

Concerned with the relationships between

Fluid
velocities and accelerations and the forces
Kinetics
exerted by or upon fluids in motion.
Mechanics Properties of Fluids

Distinction Between A Solid and A

Fluid
SOLID FLUID
Distinction Between A Gas and A Liquid

GAS LIQUID
(vapor)
Mechanics
General Properties of Fluids
Property Symbol Formula Unit

Density ρ

Specific Weight γ

Specific Volume ν

Specific Gravity s

Viscosity μ Pa.sec
Density of water at 4oC (Physicists), 15oC (Engineers) = 1.0 g/cc or 1.0 g/mL
Mechanics Properties of Fluids

Compressible and Incompressible

Fluids

Equations of State for Gases

R = a gas constant, N ▫ m/kg ▫ K

T = absolute temperature, K
Mechanics Fluid Statics

Pressure Defined
Pressure is the force exerted by a fluid on a
unit area.

Standard Atmospheric Pressure

Mechanics Fluid Statics

Pressure Measurement
Absolute and Gauge ▣Barometer
Pressures
P=0

P=0
Mechanics Fluid Statics

Pressure Measurement
Manometer V V

Fig. A: Piezometer
(for measuring p/γ
z
in liquids only) B’
A’
V

y A
B
B C
Fig. B: Differential Manometer
z
(for measuring Δp in
liquids or gases)
A
A’
Fig. B: Open-end Manometer
(for measuring p/γ in
liquids or gases)
Pascal ’s Principle
• A change in the pressure applied to an
enclosed incompressible fluid is transmitted
undiminished to every portion of the fluid and
to the walls of its container.

•The pressure applied to a

confined fluid increases the
pressure throughout by the same
amount. 11
Pascal ’s Principle
• Consider the case in
which the incompressible
fluid is a liquid contained
in a tall cylinder.

•A cylinder is fitted with

piston on which a
container of lead shot
rests.
12
Pascal ’s Principle

• The pressure p at any

point P in the liquid is
then

13
Pascal ’s Principle
• Let’s add more weight to the
container to increase pext.

• The quantities ρ, g and h are

all unchanged.

• So the pressure change at P is

14
Pascal ’s Principle

• The pressure change is independent of

h, so it must hold for all points within the
liquid, as Pascal’s Principle states.

15
Hydraulic Lever
• Let an external
force of
magnitude Fi
directed on the
left hand (or
input) piston

• Whose area is Ai.

16
Hydraulic Lever
• An incompressible
liquid in the device
then transfer the
pressure throughout
the liquid body.

• Produced an upward
force of magnitude Fo
on the right hand (or
output), area Ao.

17
Hydraulic Lever
• The change Δp in the pressure of
the liquid is given by

• If we move the piston down a distance

di, the output piston move upward a
distance do, then

• In terms of works done by the piston

18
Hydraulic Lever
• If we move the piston down a distance di, the
output piston move upward a distance do, then

19
Hydraulic Lever
• In terms of works done by the piston

• With a hydraulic lever, a given force applied

over a given distance can be transformed to a
greater force applied over a smaller distance.

20
Conceptual Check Point I
• What force magnitude F
will the larger piston
sustain without moving?

• If the small piston has a

diameter of 3.8 cm and the
large piston one of 53 cm,
what force magnitude on
the small piston will
balance a 20.0 kN force
on the large piston ?

21
Conceptual Check Point II
• Through what
distance must the
large piston be
moved to raise the
small piston a
distance of 0.85m ?

22
Conceptual Check Point III
•Three hydraulic levers are used to
lift same loads to same distances.
The levels are identical on the input
side but differ in the area of output
piston.
Lever 1 has output area A
Lever 2 has output area 2A
Lever 3 has output area 3A
for the lift, rank the levers according
to
•(a) required work at the input side.
•(b) required magnitude of force at
the input side
•(c) displacement of the piston at the
input side, greatest first.

23
Mechanics Fluid Statics
Force on Submerged Surfaces
⚫ Consider a submerged lamina as shown below,
S Δ
S
Δ S
Ɵ

h y
M M

A F
x dy
dy
* *
C. of G ◦
C. of P

N N
Force on Submerged Surfaces
 Force on Submerged Surfaces

Location
 Force on Submerged Surfaces

Location
Mechanics

Sample Problem 1
⚫ Find the total hydrostatic force
on the vertical triangular gate, 5’ yG = d
4 ft across the base and 3 ft yP
Fig. S-1
high, with water on one side as
shown in Fig. S-1 and locate its
center of pressure.

2’
▣ Solution:
G
Magnitude, P F

F = γ(7)(½4x3) = 42γ = 2620.80 lb

Location,

Fluid Statics
Sample Problem 2

MN
Mechanics Fluid Statics

1. A circular gate 3 meters in diameter is inclined at an angle of

45 degrees. Sea water stands on one side of the gate to a height
of 10 m above the center of the gate . Determine the total force
on the gate and the location of the center of pressure.

2. A vertical triangular surface has a horizontal base of 3 m and

an altitude of 4.5 m, the vertex being below the base. If the
center of pressure is 15 cm. below the center of gravity, how
far is the base below the liquid surface?
RECAPITULATION…
“We only stop growing when
we stop learning”
Ken Blanchard

DO NOT
BE A
CABOOSE
… BE AN
32 ENGINE!