DBMS

Database Management System

1> What is database ?

❖ A database is a collection of data that is organized which is also called structured data.
It can be managed through Database Management System (DBMS).
In It can be accessed or stored in a computer system.
a database data is organized into tables. Consisting of rows and column and it is index so data can be
updated, expanded and deleted easily.

❖ DBMS
1> Database management system is a software which is used to manage the database. Ex:
(MYSQL, SQL, ORACAL)
2> Database provides and interface to perform various operations like –
Database creation
Updating data
Store data in it.
3> It provides protection and security to the database. In the of multiusers.
4> It also maintains data consistency.

❖ Advantages of DBMS

1> Controls database redundancy :-

It can control data redundancy because it stored all the data in one single database file and that recorded
data is placed in the database.
2> Data sharing :-
In DBMS the authorized users of an organization can share the data among multiple users.
3> Easy maintenance :-
It can be easily maintainable give to the centralized nature of the database system.
4> Reduce time :-
It reduces development time and maintenance need.
5> Backup :-
It provides backup and recovery subsystems which creates automatic backup of data from hardware and
software failure and restores data if required.
6> Multiple user interface :-
It provides different types of user interface like graphical user interface or application user interface .

❖ Dis-advantages of DBMS
1> Cost of hardware and software :- It is required a high speed of data processor and large
memory size to run DBMS
 2> Size :- It occupied the space of disc and large memory to run them efficiently.

3> Complexity :- Database system create additional complexity and requirement .

4> Higher impact of failure :- Failure is highly impact the database because in most of the organization
all the data store in a single database and if the database is damage due to electric failure of database corruption
the data will be forever

Database Management System (DBMS) Users

1> Native users :-
Native users need not be aware of the present of database system they are end users of the database to works
through a menu driven application program

2> Online users :-

Online users make communicate with database directly through an online terminal or indirectly through user
interface and application program.

3> Sophisticated users :-

They are the SQL programmers who are going to deal directly with the database.
They write queries to delete or select or insert and update the database.

4> Application programmer:-

Application programmer user who are responsible for developing the application programs could be return in the
high level language.
Examples :- (PHP, Python, Java script, C++, etc)

5> Database Administrator (DBA) :-

It is a person of the group incharge of implementing the database system within the organization. DBA have all the
privileges allowed by the DBMS and can assign or remove the privileges from the users.
❖ Architecture of DBMS :-
The DBMS design depends upon its architecture the basic client server architectures is used with a large number
of PCs, web servers, database servers and other components that are connected with networks. The client server
architecture consist of many PCs and a workstation which are connected by a network. DBMS architecture depends
upon how user are connected to the database.

❖ Types of DBMS Architecture :-

1> One tire

architecture ( 1 – tire ) :-
 In these Architecture the database is directly available to the user it means the user can directly seat on the DBMS
and uses it. Any changes done here will directly be done on the database itself. It does not provide a handy tool for
the end user. The one tire architecture is used for development of the local application, we are programmers can
directly communicate with the database.

2> Two tire Architecture ( 2 – tire ) :-

The two tire Architecture is a basic client server. In the two tire architecture, application on the client end can
directly communicate with the database at the server site for these interaction is possible only Oracle Database
Connectivity (ODBC) and Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)The user interfaces and application program are run
the client side. The server side is responsible for to provides the functionality query programming and transaction
management. To communicate with the DBMS client side application stablishes the connection with the server
side.

3> Three tire Architecture ( 3 – tire ) :-

The three tire architecture contains another where between the client and server. In these architecture client
cannot directly communicate with the server. The application on the client end interact with an application server
which further communicate with the database system. End user has no idea about the existence of the database
beyond the application serve.
The database also have no idea about any user beyond the application. The three tire architecture are used in case
of large way application.

❖ Entity :-
An Entity is a real world thing can be distinctly identified like a person, place or a concept it is an object
which is distinguishable from other if we cannot distinguish it from others than it is an object but not an entity.
Eg. :- in a school database student, teacher, course can be considered as Entities.
 All these Entities have some attributes or properties that give than their identify.
❖ Attributes :-
An attributes is a property or characteristics of an entity. An entity may contain any number of attributes are
represented in one elliptical shape. Like
There are following types of attributes :-

1> Simple attributes:- An attribute can which cannot be further subdivided into components is called
simple attributes. E.G.:- students, roll no, employee, etc.
2> Composite attribute :-
An attribute which can be splited or divided into components is called composite attribute.
E.g. :- address –locality, state, city.

3> Single valued attribute :-

The attribute which takes up only a single value for each entity instance is called single value attributes.
E.g. :- age of student.

4> Multi valued attribute :-

Attribute which takes up more than a single value for each entity instance is called multi valued attributes.
E.g. :- phone number of a student.

5> Derived attribute :-

An attribute that can be derived depends from other attributes is called derived attribute.
E.g. :- Total and average marks of students.

6> Relation and types of attribute :-

A relationship in the content of database is a situation that exist between two relational database tables when one
table has foreign key that reference the primary key of the other table.
❖ Types of Relationship :-
A relationship, in context of database is a situation that exist between two relational database tables. When one
table has a foreign key that references the primary key of the other table.
There are three types of relationship :-
1) One to one relationship.
2) One to many or many to one relationship.
3) Many to many relationship.
1> One to one (1:1) :-
Customer (Relation – A ) Customer ( Relation – B )

John Order – 1

Jack Order – 2

Johnny Order – 3

Bob Order - 4
As above example one to one relationship is used to create a relationship between two tables in which a single
row of the first table can only be related to one and only second table similarly. The row of second table can also
be related to any one row of the first table.

2> One to many (1:N/N:1) :

As above example one to many relation is used to create a relationship between two tables. In these single rows of
the first table can be related to one or many rows of second tables can only one row in the first table it is also
known as many to one relationship.

3> Many to Many (N:N) :-

In many to many relationships each record of first table can related to any record in the second table.
Similarly, each record of the second table can also related to more than one record of the first table.
E.G.: There are many people involved in each project and every person can involve more than one project.
Structure of DBMS Language