Te-How Do Organisms Reproduce Final Revisor (2022-23)

1.
Asexual reproduction: The process of producing offsprings

which involves a single parent without the formation of gametes is
called asexual reproduction.
2. Spore: A spore is a single-celled or multi-celled reproductive
structure which gets separated from its parent and under the
favourable conditions gives rise to a new individual.
3. Seed: A seed is the reproductive unit of a plant from which a new
plant grows.
4. Vegetative propagation: It is mainly seen in plants and is an
asexual mode of reproduction where a new plant grows from
different parts of plant like roots, stem, leaves etc., rather than from a
seed.
5. Tissue culture: The production of new plants from a small piece
of plant tissues or cells removed from the growing tips of a plant in a
suitable growth medium is called tissue culture.
6. Pollination: The process of transfer of pollen grains from anthers
of stamens to the stigma of carpel within the same flower or different
flower of same plant or to any other flowers of different plants but of
same species is called pollination.
7. Double fertilisation: The process by which a male gamete fuses
with an egg to form zygote and the second male gamete unites with
two polar nuclei to form endosperm is called double fertilisation.
8. Primary sex organs: They are the gonads i.e., testes and ovaries
which produce gametes and secrete sex hormones.
9. Gametes: The special cells involved in sexual reproduction to
produce the offsprings are called gametes or sex cells.
10. Puberty: The age at which sex hormones are produced,
reproductive organs become matured and have the capacity to give
rise to new individuals and there is development of secondary sexual
characters in both males and females.
11. Fertilisation: The process of fusion of male and female gametes
to produce the zygote is called fertilisation.
12. Gestation period: It is the time from fertilisation till the birth of
the new born.
13. Parturition: The delivery of full term baby from the uterus of
mother after the end of gestation period is called parturition.
14. What is the disadvantage of parthenogenesis?

(a) Wastage of germplasm
(b) Retention of genotype
(c) Lack of adaptability
(d) Variety in population

Ans. (c) Lack of adaptability
Explanation :
Since there is no fertilisation of gametes in parthenogeneis, there will
be no crossing over of genes. This hence causes no variations in the
generations. Which makes it difficult for the offspring to adapt to the
changing environmental conditions.
15. Variation patterns are studied in the offspring of sexually
and asexually reproducing organisms. State your observation:
(a) More variations are observed in the offspring of sexually
reproducing organisms.
(b) More variations are observed in the offspring of asexually

(c) No difference in variation is observed in offspring of sexually and

asexually reproducing organisms.
(d) Cannot be determined.

Ans. (a) More variations are observed in the offspring of sexually
Explanation :
There is always a possibility of diversity of characters in the
offsprings of sexually reproducing organism because the offspring is
formed as a result of fusion of two gametes produced by two
different individuals: the male and the female parents. So, there is an
opportunity for new combinations of characters.
16. Characters transmitted from parents to offspring are present
in:[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) cytoplasm
(b) ribosome
(c) golgi bodies
(d) genes
Ans. (d) genes
Explanation :
Characters are transmitted from parents to offspring through genes.
Genes are the heredity units of the body in living organisms.
Chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell contain information for the
inheritance of features from parents in the form of DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid). This DNA contains genes.
17. Characters that are transmitted from parents to offspring
during reproduction show:
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) only similarities with parents.
(b) only variations with parents.

(c) both similarities and variations with parents.
(d) neither similarities nor variations.

Ans. (c) both similarities and variations with parents.
Explanation :
In sexual reproduction, the offspring are not identical to the parents
or to one another. This is because the offspring receive some genes
from mother and some from father.
Due to the mixing of genes on re-establishment of number of
chromosome in various differents combinations, the offspring show
both similarities and variations with characters of parents.
18. The number of chromosomes in parents and offspring of a
particular species remains constant due to: [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) doubling of chromosomes after zygote formation.
(b) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation.
(c) doubling of chromosomes after gamete formation.
(d) halving of chromosomes after gamete formation.

Ans. (b) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation.
Explanation :
The number of chromosomes in parents and offspring of a particular
species remains constant due to halving of chromosomes during
gamete formation.
The gametes are special type of cells which contain only half the
amount of DNA as compared to normal cells of an organism. So,
when a male gamete combines with a female gamete during sexual
reproduction, then the new cell 'zygote' will have normal amount of
DNA.
19. Reproduction is essential for living organisms to order to
(a) keep the individual organism alive.
(b) fulfill their energy requirement.
(c) maintain growth.
(d) continue the species generation after generation.

Ans. (d) continue the species generation after generation.
Explanation :
Reproduction is not essential for the survival of an individual, but it is
an important function of a living being as it helps an organism to
perpetuate its own kind.
Through this process, new individuals are produced, that grow and
reproduce again, so as to continue the species generation after
generation. Reproduction is a process to maintain the progeny of an
organism.
20. In the following figure different stages of binary fission in
Amoeba are depicted, which are not in proper sequence.[Board
Question]
The correct sequence is :

(a) II, III, IV, I
(b) I, II, IV, III
(c) III, IV, II, I
(d) I, III, IV, II

Ans. (a) II, III, IV, I
Explanation :
In Amoeba, binary fission is an asexual method of reproduction. (II)
represents the parent cell, which replicates the genetic material as
shown in (III). The cytoplasm divides after karyokinesis, resulting in
two cells (IV). The two cells illustrated in (I) are the daughter cells
that result from binary fission.
21. The ability of a cell to divide into several cells during
reproduction in Plasmodium is called :
(a) Budding
(b) Reduction division
(c) Multiple fission
(d) Binary fission

Ans. (c) Multiple fission
Explanation :
Plasmodium reproduces asexually after feeding on red blood cells, a
process known as schizogony or multiple fission. Plasmodium
divides into numerous cells during multiple fission.
22.
Which of the following two combinations are correct?
Multiple Fission Binary fission
(a) 2 daughter cells are formed. Many daughter cells are formed.
(b) Both the nucleus and First, the nucleus divides and is
cytoplasm divide surrounded by cytoplasm.
simultaneously.
(c) Divides repeatedly. Divides only once.
(d) Includes a definite pattern of Has no definite pattern of

division. division.
Ans. (c) Divides repeatedly—Divides only once.

Explanation :
Both binary fission and multiple fission are modes of asexual
reproduction and occur with the presence of only one parent. In
binary fission, the parent cell divides itself into two equal and
identical daughter cells. It is the most common form of reproduction
in prokaryotes such as bacteria. In multiple fission, a single parent
cell is divided into many daughter cells. It is the most common form
of reproduction in protists and in some parasitic species.
23. In which of the following aspects does multiple fission
differs from binary fission?
(i) Number of offsprings produced.
(ii) Level of genetic variation in offsprings.
(iii) Number of parents involved.
(iv) Multiple fission happens in Plasmodium whereas binary fission

happens in Leishmania.
(a) Only (i) is correct
(b) Both (i) and (iv) are correct
(c) (iii) is correct
(d) (ii) is correct
Ans. (b) Both (i) and (iv) are correct

Explanation :
Multiple fission produces many off-springs whereas binary fission
produces only two. Off-springs produced through multiple fission as
well as binary fission are genetically identical to each other and to
their parents. Both multiple fission and binary fission require only one
parent. Plasmodium, the protozoan that causes malaria reproduces
through multiple fission. Leishmania causes Kala-azar and it
reproduces through binary fission.
24. Study the following diagram showing various stages of
binary fission in Amoeba: the correct sequence of these
diagrams should be:
(a) I, IV, III, II, V
(b) III, I, IV, II, V
(c) I, II, IV, III, V
(d) I, III, IV, II, V
Ans. (d) I, III, IV, II, V

Explanation :
Asexual reproduction is a process of reproducing the offspring
through simple division of cells, this type of reproduction is observed
in single cell organisms, it does not undergo fusion of gametes,
therefore, the offspring produced by asexual reproduction are
genetically identical. The asexual reproduction is further divided into;
binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and sporogenesis.
The binary fission is an asexual reproduction observed in amoeba.
After the replication process through mitotic division, the amoeba cell
divides into two equal halves and these are considered as the
daughter cells. In this process, the daughters cells thus produced
through cell division are identical to each other.
The amoebas that are about to divide grow eventually larger, the
nucleus gets extended and divides into two. The nuclear division is
followed by the cytoplasmic division. Therefore, two amoebas are
produced from a single amoeba.
25. Which of the following statements about binary fission is
true?
(a) Some multicellular organisms also reproduce through binary
fission.
(b) Binary fission produces two new organisms.
(c) Binary fission in amoeba happens only in the vertical plane.
(d) Binary fission in Leishmania can happen in any plane.
Ans. (b) Binary fission produces two new organisms.

Explanation :
Only unicellular organisms reproduce through binary fission. In
binary fission, a unicellular organism (a cell) divides to form two
unicellular organisms (two cells). Binary fission in Amoeba can
happen in any plane. Binary fission in Leishmania happens in a
definite orientation (plane) to the body because Leishmania has
somewhat organised structure.
26. A feature of reproduction that is common to Amoeba, Yeast
and Bacterium is that :
(a) they are all multicellular
(b) they are all unicellular
(c) they reproduce only sexually

(d) they reproduce asexually
Ans. (d) they reproduce asexually

Explanation :
Amoeba, Yeast and Bacterium are unicellular organisms and
reproduce asexually.
27. In the list of organisms given below, those that reproduce by
the asexual method are:
[NCERT Exemplar]
(i) banana
(ii) dog
(iii) yeast
(iv) Amoeba
(a) (ii) and (iv)
(b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

Ans. (b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
Explanation :
Asexual reproduction takes place without the process of gamete
formation and only one parent is needed. Examples include Amoeba
which reproduces by binary fission (divison of cell into two similar
cells).
Yeast, reproduces by budding (small buds develop from body wall of
parent that separate and grow further).
Banana, reproduces by vegetative propogation (Vegetative parts of a
plant such as root , stem, etc., can produce new plants).
In dog, sexual reproduction takes place, (i.e., it involves two sexes-
male and female whose gametes fuse constituting sexual
reproduction).
28. Offspring formed by asexual method of reproduction have
greater similarity among themselves because:[NCERT
Exemplar]
(i) Asexual reproduction involves only one parent.
(ii) Asexual reproduction does not involve gametes.
(iii) Asexual reproduction occurs before sexual reproduction.
(iv) Asexual reproduction occurs after sexual reproduction.
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (iii) and (iv)

Ans. (a) (i) and (ii)
Explanation :
Offspring have greater similarity as only one parent is involved in
asexual reproduction thus no gametes are formed. The basis of
asexual reproduction is mitosis (division of a nucleus into two
identical daughter nuclei). Each daughter nucleus has same genetic
make up because of replication of parental DNA. The new offspring
produced are called clones.
29. A feature of reproduction that is common to Amoeba,
Spirogyra and yeast is that:
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) they reproduce asexually.
(b) they are all unicellular.
(c) they reproduce only sexually.
(d) they are all multicellular.

Ans. (a) they reproduce asexually.
Explanation :
Amoeba and yeast are unicellular while Spirogyra is multicellular. But
all the three reproduce asexually.
30. In Spirogyra, asexual reproduction takes place by:
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) breaking up of filaments into smaller bits.
(b) division of a cell into two cells.
(c) division of a cell into many cells.
(d) formation of young cells from older cells.

Ans. (a) breaking up of filaments into smaller bits.
Explanation :
In Spirogyra, asexual reproduction takes place by fragmentation, i.e.,
the organism simply breaks up into smaller pieces upon maturation.
Each piece grows into new individual without forming any gametes.
31. Name the process shown in the above diagram of getting
back a full organism from its body parts.
(a) Regeneration
(b) Budding
(c) Fragmentation
(d) Fission
Ans. (a) Regeneration
Explanation :
The process of getting back a full organism from its body parts is
called regeneration. The simple animals like hydra and planaria
show regeneration. If the body of planaria gets cut into a number of
pieces, then each body piece can regenerate into a complete
planaria by growing all the missing parts. The regeneration of an
organism from its cut body part occurs by the process of growth and
development. The cells of cut body part divide rapidly to make a ball
of cells. The cells then become specialised to form different types of
tissues which again form various organs and body parts.
32. What happens when a Planarian (plural-Planaria) is cut into
many fragments?
(a) All fragments regenerate into new organisms.
(b) Only the head containing fragment regenerates into a new

organism.
(c) Nearly half of the fragments regenerate into new organisms.
(d) No changes are seen in fragments. Planaria reproduce by

budding.
Ans. (a) All fragments regenerate into new organisms.
Explanation :
Cells that cause regeneration are present all over the body of a
Planarian. So, when a Planarian is cut into many fragments, all
fragments regenerate into new organisms.
33. Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in:
[NCERT]
(a) Amoeba
(b) Yeast
(c) Plasmodium
(d) Leishmania
Ans. (b) Yeast
Explanation :
Both asexual and sexual reproduction are possible for yeast.
Budding is the process through which yeast multiply asexually.
34. In which of the given figures, budding is not shown?
(a) I
(b) II
(c) III
(d) IV
Ans. (a) I
Explanation :
Budding is a asexual reproduction process that involves the
formation of a bud that is an outgrowth in the parent body and later
breaks down to form a new organism. Due to repeated cell division
the hydra forms an outgrowth in a particular site. This bud develops
into a new individual and when it matures it detaches from the parent
body and becomes a new independent individual. In the given
image, the diagram I does not show any bud formation.
35. Slides A and B were examined and interpreted by four
students as a, b, c and d. Identify the correct option:
Slide A Slide B
(a) Binary fission in Amoeba Daughter cells of Amoeba
(b) Budding in yeast Buds of Yeast
(c) Binary fission in Amoeba Buds of Yeast
(d) Budding in yeast Daughter cells of Amoeba
Ans. (a) Slide A—Binary fission in Amoeba.
Slide B—Daughter cells of Amoeba.

Explanation :
The binary fission is an asexual reproduction observed in amoeba.
After the replication process through mitotic division, the amoeba cell
divides into two equal halves and these are considered as the
daughter cells. In this process, the daughters cells thus produce
through cell division are identical to each other as shown in the
diagram.
Budding is also a mode of asexual reproduction process that
involves the formation of a bud that is an outgrowth in the parent
body that later breaks down to form a new organisms and the
diagrams do not show the bud formation.
36. Which of the following options shows correct sequence of
asexual reproduction in hydra?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Ans. (a)
Explanation :
In Hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell
division at one specific site. These buds develop into tiny individuals
and when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become
new independent individuals.
37. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding
asexual reproduction in plants?
(a) Plants that reproduce asexually reach maturity faster than those
who reproduce sexually.
(b) Plants that reproduce asexually have greater genetic diversity
than those who reproduce sexually.
(c) Plants that reproduce asexually are more stable than those who
reproduce sexually.
(d) Plants that reproduce asexually create offspring that are

identical to the parent plant.
Ans. (b) Plants that reproduce asexually have greater genetic

diversity than those who reproduce sexually.
Explanation :
Sexual reproduction provides genetic diversity because the sperm
and egg that are produced contain different combinations of genes
than the parent organisms. Asexual reproduction, on the other hand,
does not need sperm and eggs since one organism splits into two
organisms that have the same combination of genes.
38. Vegetative propagation refers to formation of new plants
from:[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) stem, roots and flowers
(b) stem, roots and leaves
(c) stem, flowers and fruits
(d) stem, leaves and flowers

Ans. (b) stem, roots and leaves
Explanation :
In vegetative propagation, vegetative parts of a plant such as root,
stem, leaf, etc., can produce new plants. Vegetative reproduction is
seen in plants like orchids, ornamental plants, grasses, banana,
rose, jasmine, etc.
39. In Rhizopus, tubular thread like structures bearing
sporangia at their tips are called :
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Filaments
(b) Rhizoids
(c) Roots
(d) Hyphae
Ans. (d) Hyphae
Explanation :
In fungi, hyphae are filamentous structures that branch out and
spread beneath a substratum’s surface. Hyphae may rise upright
above the surface during its life cycle, with its contents forming a
bulge at the tip. The sporangium is formed by this bulge. Spores are
generated in the sporangium.
40. Factors responsible for the rapid spread of bread mould on
slices of bread are:[NCERT Exemplar]
(i) large number of spores.
(ii) availability of moisture and nutrients in bread.
(iii) presence of tubular branched hyphae.
(iv) formation of round shaped sporangia.
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)

Ans. (c) (i) and (ii)
Explanation :
The sporangium of the bread mould releases huge number of
spores, which germinate on a suitable substratum and form hyphae.
Fungi are saprophytes so profuse growth is only possible in the
presence of an appropriate substratum, such as bread, that provides
a considerable amount of moisture and nutrients.
41. The Ratio of Number of Chromosomes in a Human Zygote
and a Human Sperm is:
(a) 2 : 1
(b) 3 : 1
(c) 1 : 2
(d) 1 : 3
Ans. (a) 2 : 1
Explanation :
The number of chromosomes in a human sperm is half the number
of chromosomes in a zygote i.e., their ratio is 2 : 1.
42. A ________ fuses with a ________ in generative fertilisation.
(a) Secondary nucleus, polar nucleus
(b) Polar nucleus, female gamete
(c) Male gamete, female gamete
(d) All of the above

Ans. (c) Male gamete, female gamete
Explanation :
In double fertilisation, triple fusion (vegetative fertilisation) and
syngamy (generative fertilisation) occur. In generative fertilisation, a
male gamete fuses with a female gamete and forms diploid zygote.
43. Which of the statements is incorrect?
(a) The filiform apparatus blocks the entry of pollen and sperm
cells.
(b) The secondary nuclei form a polar nucleus prior to fertilisation.
(c) Androecium is a part of the carpel.
(d) All of the above

Ans. (d) All of the above
Explanation :
Filiform apparatus are the finger-like projections that direct the entry
of pollen tube and aid in sperm discharge. The definitive nucleus is a
secondary nucleus generated by the fusion of two polar nuclei.
Stamens are the male parts of a flower; together, they make up the
androecium.
44. Which of the following is a product of meiosis?
(a) Microspore mother cell
(b) Endosperm nucleus (primary)
(c) Megaspore mother cell
(d) Megaspore
Ans. (d) Megaspore
Explanation :
Megaspore is a haploid cell that is formed when the megaspore
mother cell undergoes meiosis. It is the initial cell giving rise to
female gametophyte.
45. To perform an experiment to identify the different parts of an
embryo of a dicot seed, first of all you require a dicot seed.
Select dicot seeds from the following group.[Board Question]
Wheat, Gram, Maize, Pea, Barley, Ground-nut
(a) Wheat, Gram and Pea
(b) Gram, Pea and Ground-nut
(c) Maize, Pea and Barley
(d) Gram, Maize and Ground-nut

Ans. (b) Gram, Pea and Ground-nut.
Explanation :
Monocot and dicot plants are the two types of angiosperm plants.
The seeds of dicot plants have two cotyledons. Ground-nut, gram,
and pea are examples of dicot plants.
46. On observing an embryo of a pea seed, a student listed its
various parts as given below :
Micropyle, Cotyledon, Plumule, Testa, Radicle, Tegmen
On examining the list the teacher remarked that out of these
only three parts belong to embryo. Select these three parts:
[Board Question]
(a) Testa, Radicle, Cotyledon
(b) Tegmen, Radicle, Micropyle
(c) Cotyledon, Plumule, Radicle
(d) Cotyledon, Plumule, Testa

Ans. (c) Cotyledon, Plumule, Radicle
Explanation :
Pea is a dicot plant with testa, cotyledons, and embryonic axis in its
seed. The cotyledon, plumule, and radicle make up the embryo.
Cotyledons are fleshy spherical structures on the embryonic axis that
carry reserve feeding resources. The radicle is found on the
micropylar end of embryonic axis, while the plumule is found on the
other end.
47. The correct sequence of reproductive stages seen in
flowering plants is :[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) gametes, zygote, embryo, seedling
(b) zygote, gametes, embryo, seedling
(c) seedling, embryo, zygote, gametes
(d) gametes, embryo, zygote, seedling

Ans. (a) gametes, zygote, embryo, seedling
Explanation :
The male gamete present in the pollen grain and the female gamete
egg in the embryo sac are formed by meiosis. The zygote is formed
when the male and female gametes unite. The embryo is formed by
multiple divisions of the zygote. In the seed, the embryo develops
and matures. The seed germinates by absorbing water and grows
into a new seedling.
48. Length of pollen tube depends on the distance between :
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) pollen grain and upper surface of stigma.
(b) pollen grain on upper surface of stigma and ovule.
(c) pollen grain in anther and upper surface of stigma.

(d) upper surface of stigma and lower part of style.
Ans. (b) pollen grain on upper surface of stigma and ovule.

Explanation :
The length of pollen tube is determined by the distance between
pollen grain on the upper surface of stigma and ovule. This is
because pollen germinates and forms pollen tube that reaches up to
ovule in ovary and releases male gamete to combine with female
gamete.
49. The anther contains :
(a) Sepals
(b) Ovules
(c) Carpel
(d) Pollen grains

Ans. (d) Pollen grains
Explanation :
Pollen grains are microscopic structures produced by an anther.
When anther opens, pollen is released, which is subsequently
transferred by the wind, insects, or birds to different plants for
pollination.
50. What is the event after zygote formation called?
(a) Pre-fertilisation
(b) Post-fertilisation
(c) Fertilisation
(d) Gametogenesis
Ans. (b) Post-fertilisation
Explanation :
Sexual reproduction is divided into 3 events: Pre-fertilisation,
fertilisation and post-fertilisation events. Pre-fertilisation events occur
before fusion of gametes (gametogenesis), fertilisation is the fusion
of gametes to form zygote and post-fertilisation events occur after
zygote formation.
51. Anthers and filaments form the _____ .
(a) gynoecium
(b) calyx
(c) androecium
(d) corolla
Ans. (c) androecium
Explanation :
Androecium consists of the anthers and filaments. They are the male
reproductive structures. Male gametes that are in pollen grains are
on the anthers. Depending on the species, the stamens (anthers and
filaments) may or may not protrude out of the flower.
52. The correct sequence of reproductive stages occurring in
flowering plants is:
(a) Gametes, Zygote, Embryo, Seed
(b) Zygote, Gametes, Embryo, Seed
(c) Seed, Embryo, Zygote, Gametes
(d) Gametes, Embryo, Zygote, Seed
Ans. (a) Gametes, Zygote, Embryo, Seed

Explanation :
Gametes of flowers fuse to form a zygote. This zygote develops into
an embryo that later forms the seed.
53. Identify A, B and C in the given diagram and match the
labelling referred in column I and correlate with the function in
column II.
Column Column II
I
A. (i) Special reproductive female sex cell which combines

with male gamete to form zygote.
B. (ii) A male gamete moves down though it towards the

female gamete in the ovary
C. (iii) Receiving the pollen grains from the anther of stamen

during pollination.
(a) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(i)
(b) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iii)
(c) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii)
(d) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(ii)
Ans. (a) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(i)

Explanation :
A – Stigma. The top part of carpel is called stigma. Stigma is for
receiving the pollen grains from the anther of stamen during
pollination.
B – Pollen tube. When a pollen grain falls on the stigma, it bursts
open and grows a pollen tube downward through the style towards
the female gamete in the ovary. A male gamete moves down the
pollen tube.
C–Female gamete (ovum). It is a special reproductive female sex
cell which combines with male gamete to form zygote.
54. In a flower, the parts that produce male and female gametes
(germ cells) are:[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) stamen and anther
(b) filament and stigma
(c) anther and ovary
(d) stamen and style

Ans. (c) anther and ovary
Explanation :
In a flower, the parts that produce male and female gametes are
anther and ovary respectively. Stamen is the male reproductive unit
of the flower. It contains a bilobed anther at the top which produces
male gametes. Filament is the stalk of the stamen that supports
anther.
Pistil (carpel) is the female reproductive part of the flower. It consists
of ovary (forms ovules-female gametes), stigma (receives pollen)
and style (elongated tube).
55. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events of
sexual reproduction in a flower?
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Pollination, fertilisation, seedling, embroy
(b) Seedling, embryo, fertilisation, pollination
(c) Pollination, fertilisation, embryo, seedling
(d) Embryo, seedling, pollination, fertilisation

Ans. (c) Pollination, fertilisation, embryo, seedling
Explanation :
The correct sequence of events are:
Pollination (transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma)
↓
Fertilisation (fusion of germ cells to form zygote)
↓
Embryo formation (zygote divides several times to form an embryo
within the ovule)
↓
Seedling (ovule develops a tough coat and converts into a seed)
56. Which of the following statements are true for flowers?
[NCERT Exemplar]
(i) Flowers are always bisexual.
(ii) They are the sexual reproductive organs.
(iii) They are produced in all groups of plants.
(iv) After fertilisation they give rise to fruits.
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iii)

(c) (i) and (iii)
(d) (ii) and (iv)

Ans. (d) (ii) and (iv)
Explanation :
Flowers are the sexual reproductive organs of a plant. They are
produced in angiosperms. Majority of flowers are bisexual. After
fertilisation, they give rise to fruits.
57. Which among the following statements are true for
unisexual flowers?[NCERT Exemplar]
(i) They possess both stamen and pistil.
(ii) They possess either stamen or pistil.
(iii) They exhibit cross pollination.
(iv) Unisexual flowers possessing only stamens cannot produce

fruits.
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (iii) and (iv)

Ans. (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Explanation :
The flowers which are unisexual (papaya, watermelon) contain either
stamens or carpels. Since only one reproductive organ is present in
them, they depend on cross pollination to form zygote after
fertilisation. Both stamen and carpels are required for fertilisation, so
only one of them cannot produce fruits.
58. Which among the following statements are true for sexual
reproduction in flowering plants?
[NCERT Exemplar]
(i) It requires two types of gametes.
(ii) Fertilisation is a compulsory event.
(iii) It always results in formation event.
(iv) Offspring formed are clones.
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iv)

Ans. (c) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Explanation :
Sexual reproduction creates variation in organisms. So, clones
cannot be produced through it. Clones are identical copies of parent
organism. Sexual reproduction needs two type of gametes, i.e., male
and female to form zygote after fertilisation.
59. In figure, the parts A, B and C are sequentially:
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) cotyledon, plumule and radicle
(b) plumule, radicle and cotyledon
(c) plumule, cotyledon and radicle

(d) radicle, cotyledon and plumule
Ans. (c) plumule, cotyledon and radicle

Explanation :
Plumule 'A' grows into shoots, cotyledon 'B' stores food and radicle
'C' grows into roots.
60. The figure is given alongside shows the human male
reproductive organs. Which structures make sperms and
seminal fluid?
(a) V makes sperms and X makes seminal fluid
(b) W makes sperms and Y makes seminal fluid
(c) X makes sperms and W makes seminal fluid
(d) Y makes sperms and W makes seminal fluid
Ans. (d) Y makes sperms and W makes seminal fluid

Explanation :
Y represents the testes that produce sperms and W represents the
Seminal vesicle that produces seminal fluid.
61. The male human reproductive system consists of the testes
and the male accessory glands.
Which of the following statements about male accessory glands
is false?
(a) The prostate gland also synthesises sperm.
(b) The prostate gland and seminal vesicles are found outside the
testes.
(c) The secretions of prostate gland and seminal vesicles make

semen fluid and provide nutrition.
(d) Male accessory glands contribute to semen.
Ans. (a) The prostate gland also synthesises sperm.

Explanation :
Sperm is synthesized only by the testes. The prostate gland and
seminal vesicles are found outside the testes along the path of vas
deferens. Secretions from the prostate gland and seminal vesicle
glands contribute to the composition of semen. The seminal vesicles
secretions include fructose and nourishment for sperm cells.
Secretions from the prostate gland contribute to the fluid in semen.
62. In human males, the testes lie in the scrotum, because it
helps in the:[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) process of mating
(b) formation of sperm
(c) easy transfer of gametes
(d) all of the above

Ans. (b) formation of sperm
Explanation :
Formation of germ cells or sperms takes place in the testes and it
lies in the scrotum. In the scrotum (outside the abdominal cavity), the
temperature is about 3°C lower than the temperature of the body.
Testes lie in scrotum because the sperm formation requires a lower
temperature than the normal body temperature.
63. Which among the following is not function of testes at
puberty?[NCERT Exemplar]
(i) Formation of germ cells
(ii) Secretion of testosterone
(iii) Development of placenta
(iv) Secretion of estrogen
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)

Ans. (c) (iii) and (iv)
Explanation :
Development of placenta and secretion of estrogen are related to
female reproductive system, hence are not the function of testes at
puberty.
64. The correct sequence of organs in the male reproductive
system for transport of sperms is
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) testis → vas deferens → urethra
(b) testis → ureter → urethra
(c) testis → urethra → ureter
(d) testis → vas deferens → ureter

Ans. (a) testis → vas deferens → urethra
Explanation :
Sperms formed in testis are delivered through the vas deferens
which joins with another tube called urethra coming from the urinary
bladder.
65. During adolescence several changes occur in the human
body. Mark one change associated with sexual maturity in boys.
[NCERT & NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Loss of milk teeth
(b) Increase in height
(c) Weight gain
(d) Cracking of voice

Ans. (d) Cracking of voice
Explanation :
Cracking of voice is associated with sexual maturity in boys which
occurs during adolescence. Loss of milk teeth, height gain, and
weight gain are all part of the natural growing process for both boys
and girls as they become older.
66. Which of the following is not a part of the female
reproductive system in human beings? [NCERT]
(a) Ovary
(b) Uterus
(c) Vas deferens
(d) Fallopian tube

Ans. (c) Vas deferens
Explanation :
The ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitals
make up the female reproductive system. Vas deferens is a male
reproductive organ that connects the epididymis to the urethra and
transports sperm from the testis to the urethra.
67. Which of the following sterilisation methods is permanent?
(a) Vasectomy
(b) Tubal Sterilisation
(c) IUD
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Ans. (d) Both (a) and (b)
Explanation :
Female sterilisation via tubal ligation, commonly known as “tied
tubes,” transcervical sterilisation, and male sterilisation or vasectomy
are the three types of permanent birth control.
68. Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is
caused by a virus?
(a) Syphilis
(b) Chlamydia
(c) Hepatitis B
(d) Cholera
Ans. (c) Hepatitis B
Explanation :
Infected blood, semen, and vaginal secretions contain the hepatitis B
virus. It is a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) that spreads
through unprotected sexual contact and also by contaminated
needles and syringes.
69. Which among the following diseases is not sexually
transmitted ?[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) HIV-AIDS
(b) Hepatitis
(c) Syphilis
(d) Gonorrhoea
Ans. (b) Hepatitis
Explanation :
Hepatitis is a virus-induced inflammation of the liver that spreads
through the person’s body fluids, blood, and other bodily fluids.
Syphilis and Gonorrhea are sexually transmitted bacterial diseases.
AIDS is a sexually transmitted viral disease caused by HIV.
70. Offspring formed as a result of sexual reproduction exhibit
more variations because:
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) sexual reproduction is a lengthy process.
(b) genetic material comes from two parents of the same species.
(c) genetic material comes from two parents of different species.
(d) genetic material comes from many parents.

Ans. (b) genetic material comes from two parents of the
same species.
Explanation :
Sexual reproduction is a process in which two individuals of the
same species collaborate to produce two distinct gametes, one male
and one female. The fusion of gametes results in the mixing of
genetic material, resulting in the formation of a diploid cell with new
combinations.
Directions : In the following questions, a statement of assertion is

followed by a statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as :
(a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.
71. Assertion: XX chromosome give rise to female child whereas
XY give rise to male child.
Reason: The Y chromosome in males is smaller than X
chromosome.
Ans. (b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the
Explanation :
Smaller Y chromosome, does not decide the gender of the child. Its
presence is important not the size. Thus, both assertion and reason
are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
72. Assertion: Male is responsible for the sex determination in
humans.
Reason: It has similar kind of chromosomes XX.
Ans. (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
Explanation :
Male is responsible for the sex determination in humans because it
has different kinds of chromosomes namely XY. A child which
inherits X chromosome from his father will be a girl and the one who
inherits Y chromosome will be a boy. Thus, assertion is true but
reason is false.
73. Assertion: Plants raised by vegetative propagation can bear
flower and seed earlier than those produced from seeds.
Reason: Plants which have lost the capacity to bear viable seeds,
can propagate through vegetative propagation.
Explanation :
The plant which are unable to produce seed reproduce by the means
of vegetative propagation. This process is a type of asexual
reproduction which is much faster than sexual reproduction. Thus,
both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct
74. Assertion: Meiosis takes place only in gametes.
Reason: To restore the total number of chromosomes in offspring.
Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the
Explanation :
Both the sperm and ovum have 23 pairs of chromosomes, so when
the zygote is formed after their fusion it forms 46 chromosomes in
the zygote, and hence the number of chromosome is restored in the
offspring. Thus, both assertion and reason are correct and reason is
the correct explanation of the assertion.
75. Assertion: Non flowering plants cannot reproduce sexually.
Reason: Flower is only reproductive part of the plant that can
produce gametes.
Explanation :
Gametes are mandatory for sexual reproduction. Though plants can
reproduce through other parts like stem and roots (vegetative
reproduction), but they cannot reproduce sexually in absence of
flowers. Thus, both assertion and reason are correct and reason is
the correct explanation of the assertion.
76. Assertion: The flower of papaya is called unisexual flower.
Reason: The flower contains stamens only as a sex organ.
Ans. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Explanation :
Unisexual flowers are those which can have either stamen or carpels
as sex organ. It is not true that it has only stamen in it. It can have
only carpel also, so either of these will describe a unisexual flower.
Thus, assertion is true but reason is false.
77. Assertion: Pollen grains reach directly to the egg, which is
seated deep in the ovarian cavity.
Reason: To effect fertilisation, the pollen grains germinate on the
stigma.
Ans. (d) Assertion is false but reason is true.
Explanation :
In angiosperms the female gametophyte is seated deep in the
ovarian cavity, quite away from the stigma. In seed plants, the male
gametes are brought to the egg containing female gametophyte by a
pollen tube. A pollen grain does not pass down the stigma. Only its
pollen tube does so. Thus, assertion is false but reason is true.
78. Assertion: High chances of fertilisation is during the mid of the
menstrual cycle.
Reason: Sperms are very active during that time.
Explanation :
Ovulation takes place on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle, so if
the sperm happens to meet the ovum during that phase fertilisation
will take place. Thus, assertion is true but reason is false.
79. Assertion: In male reproductive system, transport of sperm
takes place in a fluid which also provide nutrition.
Reason: Prostate glands and seminal vesicles secrete their
secretions
Explanation :
Semen (seminal fluid) contains the sperm cells as well as the
seminal plasma. The seminal plasma is the secretion from the
tubules of the seminal tract (seminal vesicles, etc) and from the
seminiferous tubules in the testicles. It nourishes the sperm cells
from ejaculation up to fertilisation. The vas deferens joins the ends of
the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory ducts. Thus, both
assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation
of assertion.
80. Assertion: The testes descend into the scrotum just before birth.
Reason: Human males have 2 testes in the body.
Explanation :
Human males have 2 testes and the testes descend into the scrotum
just before the birth for the movement of the foetus in the canal.
Thus, both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the
correct explanation of the assertion.
81. Assertion: Lumen of fallopian tube is lined by ciliated epithelium.
Reason: Ciliated epithelium helps in moving the zygote towards the
uterus for implantation.
Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
Explanation :
Lumen of Fallopian tube is lined by ciliated epithelium as Cilia have a
rhythmic waving and beating motion that helps substances to travel
from one place to another. Thus, both assertion and reason are
correct and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
82. Assertion: Placenta is connected to the embryo through an
umbilical cord which helps in the transport of substances to and from
the embryo.
Reason: Placenta acts as an endocrine tissue.
Explanation :
Placenta performs both the given functions. But they are not related
to each other. Being an endocrine tissue it releases hormones like
progesterone, estrogen and others, but does not help in transport of
materials to and from the embryo. Thus, both assertion and reason
are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
83. Assertion: Ovary releases one egg every month.
Reason: The lining of uterus is always thick and spongy.
Explanation :
The thick and spongy lining of the uterus, the endometrium, is
developed during each menstrual cycle after ovulation. The
endometrium serves as an anchorage for the developing foetus.
Thus, assertion is true but reasion is false.
84. Assertion: Copper-T can be used as a contraceptive method.
Reason: It prevents from sexually transmitted disease.
Explanation :
Copper-T is a contraceptive method, which is inserted inside the
uterus, it prevents implantation. It does not prevent sexually
transmitted disease. Thus, assertion is true but reason is false.
85. Assertion: HIV/AIDS is a viral disease.
Reason: HIV infection is spread by sexual contact with an infected
person.
Explanation :
HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. One
can get HIV from contact with infected blood, semen, or vaginal
fluids. Most people get the virus by having unprotected sex with
someone who has HIV. Another common way of getting it is by
sharing drug needles with someone who is infected with HIV. Thus
both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct
86. Read the passage given below and answer the following
questions from (i) to (v).
Reproduction is a biological process by which new individual
organisms are produced. Reproduction is a fundamental feature of
all life forms; each individual exists due to the process of
reproduction. Reproduction is the mechanism of species
continuation. Mechanism and process of reproduction varies for
different species in this world.
(i) Which of the following statement is not true about reproduction?
(a) Organisms create exact copies of themselves.
(b) Creation of a DNA copy is a basic event in reproduction.
(c) Simply breaking up into smaller pieces upon maturation is also a

method of reproduction.
(d) Cell division in unicellular organisms is the method of

reproduction.
Ans. (a) Organisms create exact copies of themselves.
(ii) The ability of cell to divide into several cells during reproduction
in plasmodium is called __________ .
(a) budding
(b) reproductive division
(c) multiple fission

(d) binary fission
Ans. (c) multiple fission
(iii) Vegetative propagation is a type of:
(a) farming
(b) reproduction
(c) cooking
(d) movement control
Ans. (b) reproduction
(iv) Organisms in which reproduction is a function of a specific cell

type are:
(a) multicellular organisms
(b) amoeba
(c) unicellular organisms
(d) bacteria
Ans. (a) multicellular organisms
(v) Which one of the following is not a method of reproduction?
(a) Regeneration
(b) Budding
(c) Spore formation
(d) Vegetation
Ans. (d) Vegetation

Asexual reproduction, in which offspring arise from a single
organism, occurs in a variety of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
including plants, fungi, and animals. It may have some advantages
over the sexual reproduction, in which individuals of two genders,
females and males, must be involved but only females can give birth
to new individuals. There are several different methods of asexual
reproduction. Asexual reproduction can be very rapid. This is an
advantage for many organisms. It allows them to crowd out other
organisms that reproduce more slowly.
(i) Budding is a mode of asexual reproduction in:
(a) amoeba
(b) plasmodium
(c) yeast
(d) leishmania
Ans. (c) yeast
(ii) The specific reproductive part in Rhizopus responsible for

reproduction is:
(a) sporadic
(b) stick
(c) hyphae
(d) sporangia
Ans. (d) sporangia
(iii) Buds produced in the notches along the leaf margin of

Bryophyllum fall on the soil and develop into new plants. This is an
example of:
(a) vegetation
(b) vegetative propagation
(c) sexual reproduction
(d) clone formation
Ans. (b) vegetative propagation
(iv) Hydra and Planaria can be cut into any number of pieces and
each piece grows into a complete organism. This is known as:
(a) regeneration
(b) budding
(c) fragmentation
(d) speciation
Ans. (a) regeneration
(v) In amoeba the splitting of the two cells during division can take
place in ______ plane.
(a) single
(b) perpendicular
(c) directional
(d) any
Ans. (d) any

Sexual reproduction is the most common method of reproduction in
animals and plants. One male and one female parent are involved in
the process of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves
fusion of two types of reproductive cells known as gametes to form a
single cell called zygote. The zygote multiplies repeatedly and
undergoes specific changes to form a new individual.
(i) What is the source of variations in populations of organisms?
(a) DNA copying is error free
(b) DNA copying is not error free
(c) Protein formation
(d) Involvement of only one parent
Ans. (b) DNA copying is not error free.
(ii) The reproductive parts of angiosperms are located in the:
(a) fruit
(b) flower
(c) pistil
(d) stigma
Ans. (b) flower
(iii) _____ is the male reproductive part in a plant and it produces

pollen grains that are yellowish in colour.
(a) Stamen
(b) Pistil
(c) Carpel
(d) Petal
Ans. (a) Stamen
(iv) In plants, after fertilisation, the zygote divides several times to

form an embryo within the ovule. The ovule develops a tough coat
and is converted gradually into a:
(a) bud
(b) seed
(c) fruit
(d) plant
Ans. (b) seed
(v) As the rate of general body growth begins to slow down,

reproductive tissues begin to mature. This period during
adolescence is known as:
(a) puberty
(b) adulthood
(c) germination
(d) reproduction
Ans. (a) puberty

Sexual reproduction is a method to give rise to one’s progeny. In
higher animals, male and female gametes are produced by different
individuals to carry out sexual reproduction. Such individuals are
said to be unisexual. However, in some animals like flatworm,
earthworm, leech, and hydra both male and female gametes are
produced by the same individual. Such organisms are said to be
hermaphrodites or bisexual. Male and female gametes fertilise to
form a zygote that has trail of characters from both the parents.
(i) Where does fertilisation occur in human females?
(a) Cervix
(b) Vagina
(c) Uterus
(d) Oviduct
Ans. (d) Oviduct
(ii) The offspring formed by sexual reproduction exhibit more

variations because _________.
(a) sexual reproduction is a lengthy process
(b) genetic material comes from two parents of same species
(c) genetic material comes from two parents of different species
(d) genetic material comes only from one parent
Ans. (b) genetic material comes from two parents of same species.
(iii) Why are pollens spiny?
(a) Help in Fertilisation
(b) For easy pollination
(c) To attach to bodies of insects

(d) Appearance
Ans. (c) To attach to bodies of insects
(iv) What is the principle of natural contraceptive methods?
(a) Avoiding sperm and ovum to meet
(b) Avoiding release of egg
(c) Avoiding release of sperm
(d) Abortion when pregnant
Ans. (a) Avoiding sperm and ovum to meet
(v) The number of chromosomes present in parents and offspring of

a particular species remains constant due to ________.
(a) doubling of chromosomes during zygote formation
(b) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation
(c) doubling of chromosomes after gamete formation
(d) halving of chromosomes after gamete formation
Ans. (b) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation

90. The below given picture shows a few methods of
contraception and avoiding sexually transmitted diseases in
humans. See the picture carefully and answer the following
(i) Which one out of the below given terms is STD?
(a) Kala azar
(b) Jaundice
(c) Pyorrhea
(d) Syphilis
Ans. (d) syphilis
(ii) IUCD is used for:
(a) Vegetative propagation
(b) Preventing miscarriage
(c) Contraception
(d) In vitro fertilisation
Ans. (c) contraception
(iii) Use of condom for contraception is a:
(a) mechanical method
(b) surgical method
(c) hormonal method
(d) chemical method
Ans. (a) mechanical method
(iv) The best way to avoid Sexually Transmitted Diseases is by use

of:
(a) a condom
(b) medicine
(c) chemical
(d) IV injection
Ans. (a) a condom
(v) Which one of the following statements is not true?
(a) Prenatal sex determination has been prohibited by law in India.
(b) Illegal sex-selective abortion of female foetus in India is the

prime reason for unbalanced male to female sex ratio.
(c) Contraceptive pills change hormonal balance in a female body.
(d) Mechanical barriers for contraception is available only for males.
Ans. (d) Mechanical barriers for contraception is available only for

males.
91. Why is vegetative propagation practiced for growing some

types of plants? [NCERT]
Ans. Vegetative propagation is practiced for growing some types of
plants because:
1. The plants which cannot produce seeds or produce non-viable
seeds also can be easily propagated by this method.
2. It is a very easy, quick and cheapest method of propagation.
3. Seedless plants can be produced by vegetative propagation.
4. Flowers and fruits are produced in very short time.
5. Parental features are preserved.

92. Explain why fertilisation is possible if mating takes place
during the middle of menstrual cycle?
Ans. Mostly in an healthy woman ovulation occurs on 14th day of 28
days menstrual cycle which is the middle day of the cycle hence if
mating occurs in the middle of cycle there is maximum chance of
fertilisation.
93. Why does menstruation occur in human females?
[NCERT]
Ans. Menstruation occurs in human females when egg is not
fertilised. Every month the ovary releases an egg and uterus
prepares itself to receive the embryo. The wall of uterus gets
thickened and they are richly supplied with blood which provides
nutrition to the growing embryo from mother. If egg is not fertilised
then there is no need of rich supply of blood and thick lining of
uterine wall and egg also disintegrates thus egg along with blood
and mucus comes out through vagina in the form of menstrual flow.
94. Name the life process of an organism that helps in the

growth of its population.[Board Question]
Ans. Reproduction.
95. Where is DNA found in cell?
Ans. DNA is found inside the nucleus in a cell.
96. What is termed as the blue print of life and why?
Ans. DNA is termed as the blue print of life because it carries all the
information for the organisms to grow, survive and reproduce.
Proteins which are the structural and functional unit of cells are
synthesised according to the information stored in DNA.
97. Can you consider cell division as a type of reproduction in
unicellular organisms? Justify.
Ans. Yes, cell division can be considered as a type of reproduction
in unicellular organisms because through cell division two or more
daughter cells are produced from a parent cell.
98. Is the chromosome number of zygote, embryonal cells and
adult of a particular organism always constant? How is the
constancy maintained in these three stages?
Ans. Yes, the chromosome number of zygote, embryonal cells and
adult of a particular organism is always constant. This is because
zygote is diploid and it undergoes mitotic divisions to form embryonal
cells and finally adult and during the process of mitosis the
chromosome number remains constant.
99. What is a clone? Why do offsprings formed by asexual
reproduction exhibit remarkable similarity?
Ans. Clone is an exact replica of an organism produced as a result
of asexual reproduction. Since all the offsprings formed by asexual
reproduction have exact copies of DNA of their parent so they exhibit
remarkable similarity.
100. What is the effect of DNA copying which is not perfectly
accurate in the reproduction process?
Ans. If DNA copying is not perfectly accurate in the reproduction
process it would lead to variations in the populations which may
prove a better survival option to the species.
101. Name the types of asexual reproduction in which two
individuals are formed from a single parent and the parental
identity is lost. Write the first step from where such a type of
reproduction begins.
Ans. Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which two
individuals are formed from a single parent and the parental identity
is lost. The reproduction starts from Karyokinesis i.e., division of
nucleus.
102. Name the causative agent of the disease kala-azar and its
mode of asexual reproduction.
Ans. Leishmania causes kala-azar and its mode of asexual
reproduction is binary fission.
103. Name the method by which spirogyra reproduces under
favourable conditions. Is this method sexual or asexual?
Ans. Spirogyra reproduces under favourable conditions by
fragmentation which is an asexual mode of reproduction.
104. An organism which is a worm has very simple eyes, that
are really eye spots which detect light. Name the organism.
Ans. Planaria.
105. Name the method by which Hydra reproduces? Is this
method sexual or asexual?
Ans. Hydra can reproduce by budding and regeneration. Both are
asexual methods of reproduction.
106. How does Planaria reproduce? Is this method sexual or
asexual?[Board Question]
Ans. Planaria reproduces by regeneration process. This method is
an asexual mode of reproduction. In this process, if Planaria is cut
into many pieces each piece grows into a new Planaria.
107. Name a tiny fresh water animal which reproduces by the
same method as that of yeast ? What is this method known as ?
Ans. Hydra is a tiny fresh water animal which reproduces by the
same method as that of yeast and this method is known as budding.
108. Name the method by which Hydra reproduces ? Is this
method sexual or asexual ?
Ans. Hydra can reproduce by budding and regeneration. Both are
asexual methods.
109. Name the plant that reproduces vegetatively by leaf?
Ans. Bryophyllum reproduces vegetatively by leaf.
110. State the method of growing rose plant and jasmine plant ?
Ans. Vegetative propagation like cutting is used to grow rose plant
and layering method is used to grow jasmine plant.
111. Explain the vegetative reproduction in Bryophyllum.
Ans. Bryophyllum has a special case of vegetative propagation. The
buds are generated from the margins of the leaves. These buds
grow up to be new saplings on the leaf itself and fall off to the ground
to be rooted and matured. These buds are formed from mitosis of
meristematic type tissues in the phylloclade of the plant. They are
called epiphyllous buds since they are present on top of the leaves.
Buds in Bryophyllum are known as epiphyllous buds.
112. What is the end product of double fertilisation?
Ans. In double fertilisation one of the male gametes fuse with egg
cell to form a zygote whereas the other male gamete fuses with two
polar nuclei to form primary endosperm that provides nourishment to
the growing embryo.
113. What are those organisms called which bear both the sex
organs in the same individual? Give one example of such
organism.
Ans. Organisms having both the sex organs in the same individual
are called Hermaphrodite. E.g., Earthworm.
114. Name the agents which bring about cross pollination.
Ans. Insects, wind, water, animals etc., are the agents which bring
about cross pollination.
115. How many gametes are produced after germination of
angiosphermous pollen grains over the stigma of carpel ?
Ans. Two male gametes are produced after germination of
angiosphermous pollen grains over the stigma of carpel.
116. Explain the roles of gamete and zygote in sexual
reproduction?
Ans. Gametes play an important role in sexual reproduction because
fusion of male and female gametes lead to formation of a zygote.
Zygote formed as a result of fertilisation develops into embryo and
finally into a new individual.
117. What would be the ratio of chromosome number between
an egg and its zygote? How is the sperm genetically different
from the egg?
Ans. The ratio of chromosome number between an egg and its
zygote is 1 : 2. Sperms are of two types 50% of sperms have X
chromosome and rest 50% Y chromosomes. But eggs have only one
type of chromosome i.e., X chromosome.
118. In a bisexual flower inspite of the young stamens being
removed artificially the flower produces fruit. Provide a suitable
explanation for the above situation.
Ans. Though the stamens are removed but pistils are present so
cross pollination might have taken place which leads to fertilisation
and finally to the formation of fruits.
119. Where is the zygote located in the flower after fertilisation?
Ans. Zygote is located inside the ovule which is present in the ovary
part of the pistil.
120. Name a unisexual and a bisexual flower.
Ans. Watermelon is an unisexual flower whereas Hibiscus is a
bisexual flower.
121. List two functions of ovary of human female reproductive
system ?
Ans. Ovaries produce the ova or eggs and they produce hormones
like oestrogen and progesterone. Oestrogen helps in development of
secondary sexual characters in females at the time of puberty
whereas progesterone prepares the uterus for receiving the fertilised
egg.
122. List two functions performed by testes in human beings.
Ans. In human testes, sperms are produced by the process of
spermatogenesis and interstitial cells present in testes produce the
male hormone testosterone.
123. What is the significance of testes being located in scrotal
sacs outside abdomen?
Ans. The formation of sperms requires a temperature of 2°C–3°C
lower than the body temperature. So testes are located in a sac like
structures called scrotum outside the abdomen.
124. Name the largest cell present in the human body.
Ans. Ovum is the largest cell present in the, human body.
125. If a woman is using copper-T, will it help her in protecting
from Sexually Transmitted Diseases?
Ans. No, copper-T will not help her in protecting from Sexually
Transmitted Diseases. It only prevents the implantation of embryo
inside uterus.
126. How does the chemical method help in preventing
pregnancy?
Ans. Chemical methods prevent the ovaries from releasing the egg
hence no fertilisation can occur thus preventing pregnancy.
127. Expand: (i) IUCD (ii) STDs.
Ans. (i) IUCD: Intra Uterine Contraceptive Devices.
(ii) STDs: Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
128. What are the benefits of using mechanical barriers during
sexual act?
Ans. Mechanical barriers like condoms prevent unwanted
pregnancies and transmission of Sexually Transmitted Diseases like
AIDS, syphilis etc.
129. Why is variation beneficial to the species but not

necessary for the individual? [NCERT]
Ans. Due to recombination and crossing over in meiosis process
during formation of gametes as well as during sexual reproduction
the mixing up of male with female gametes produce some variations
in the offsprings. These variations are necessary for survival of a
particular species to the changing environment. If there would be no
variations then there will be less chance of a particular species to get
adapted to the changed environment and with course of time that
particular species may extinct. Variations also lead to evolution of the
species. Thus it is said that variation is beneficial to the species but
not necessary for the individual.
130. How are the methods of reproduction different in
unicellular and multicellular organisms?
[NCERT]
Ans. An unicellular organism has a single cell so there is no specific
organ system for reproduction. They divide by the process of cell
division. The different modes of reproduction in unicellular organism
are binary fission, multiple fission, budding etc. But in multicellular
organism there are specific tissues and organ system to carry out
this process. There is formation of male and female gametes. It is a
very complex process and normally takes more time as compared to
unicellular organisms.
131. What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?
[NCERT]
Ans. DNA copying is necessary as parents transmit their characters
to offsprings through DNA. Due to this, the offsprings resemble in
some of the features with their parents. But DNA copying also
produces some variations in the offsprings that helps them to adapt
to the changing environment.
132. How does reproduction helps in providing stability to
population of species? [NCERT]
Ans. There is a natural cycle of born and death, through
reproduction the lost species can be replenished. Stability of a
particular species is maintained by equalising birth and death ratios
which is possible through reproduction. It ensures the survival of a
particular species which might extinct if there is no reproduction
process.
133. When a cell reproduces what happens to its DNA?[Board
Question]
Ans. During the process of reproduction DNA is transmitted from
parents to offspring. But DNA is replicated before reproduction i.e.,
two copies of DNA are produced. During the time of cell division the
two copies of DNA are equally distributed between the two daughter
cells. Each daughter cell receives same type and amount of DNA
from parent cell. Thus, the consistency in type and amount of DNA is
maintained in the particular species of a living organism.
134. Newly formed DNA copies may not be identical at times.
Give one reason.[Board Question]
Ans. During the time of DNA replication most of the base sequence
in daughter cells is identical to the parent DNA but sometimes due to
mutations or some errors during replication some changes in the
newly formed DNA copies may occur. So, it is said that newly formed
DNA copies may not be identical at times.
135. List the two types of reproduction. Which one of the two is
responsible for bringing in more variations in its progeny and
how?
[Board Question]
Ans. There are two types of reproduction- sexual and asexual.
Sexual reproduction is responsible for bringing in more variations in
its progeny as it involves fusion of male and female gametes from
two different organisms which leads to more diversity of characters
in offsprings. Gametes are formed by meiosis process which brings
new combinations of genes due to crossing over and homologous
recombination. Due to all these factors sexual reproduction is
responsible for bringing in more variations in its progeny.
136. Write one main difference between asexual and sexual
mode of reproduction. Which species is likely to have
comparatively better chances of survival–the one reproducing
asexually or the one reproducing sexually? Give reasons to
justify your answer.
Ans. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and the
offsprings produced are clone and similar copies of their parents
where as sexual reproduction involves two parents and the
offsprings produced are different from their parents. Offsprings
produced by sexual reproduction have better chances of survival.
Sexual reproduction leads to variation because it leads to the
formation of offspring by the combination of DNA from both the
parents, so the species will have better adaptability and better
survival rate.
137. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over
asexual reproduction ?
Ans. The advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual
reproduction are :
(i) Variations are produced due to sexual reproduction which helps in
better survival of offsprings to the changing environment.
(ii) More diversity is seen in case of sexual
reproduction as compared to asexual
reproduction.
(iii) Due to recombination and crossing over in meiosis process
during formation of gametes and as there is mixing of male and
female gametes, genetic variations are seen which is the main cause
of evolution.
138. How is the process of binary fission different in Amoeba
and Leishmania?
Ans. In amoeba, the process of binary fission occurs in any plane
but in Leishmania binary fission occurs in a definite orientation.
Leishmania has a whip like structure at one end of the cell. The
division occurs longitudinally in relation to this whip like structure.
139. Answer the following questions:
(i) Budding, fragmentation and regeneration, all are considered as
asexual mode of reproduction. Why?
(ii) With the help of neat diagrams, explain the process of
regeneration in Planaria.
Ans. (i) Budding, fragmentation and regeneration are considered as
asexual mode of reproduction because only one parent is involved
and no sex cells are involved.
(ii) Regeneration in planaria.
Fig. Regeneration in Planaria
The process of getting back a full organism from its body parts is
called regeneration. Planaria reproduces by this method in which if
the body of Planaria somehow gets cut into a number of pieces, then
each body piece can regenerate into a complete Planaria by growing
all the missing parts.
140. How are spores produced in sporangia of Rhizopus?
Ans. Spores are thread-like structures that developed above the
hyphae of the bread mould (Rhizopus). The tiny blob-on-a-stick
structures known as sporangia contain cells, or spores, that can
eventually develop into new Rhizopus individuals. In each
sporangium, a nucleus divides a number of times generating a large
number of nuclei.
Nuclei surrounded by a little cytoplasm are covered by thick walls
that protect them until they come into contact with another moist
surface and can begin to grow. The wall of sporangium breaks to
release the spores in air.
141. Why are budding, fragmentation and regeneration all
considered as asexual types of reproduction?
Ans. A single parent is involved and gamete formation does not take
place in reproduction through budding, fragmentation, and
regeneration. Hence, all of these are considered as asexual types of
reproduction.
142. Can you think of reasons why more complex organisms
cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration?
[NCERT]
Ans. Complex organisms have highly and well developed tissue and
organ system to perform a particular function. There is division of
labour in the body of complex organisms. Their body is highly
complicated and the tissue and organ system are highly
differentiated and are made up of different kinds of cells. So, it is
very difficult for complex organisms to give rise to new individuals
through regeneration, which is seen in simple organisms like Hydra,
Planaria etc.
143. Answer the following:
(i) With the help of a diagram demonstrate the process of
regeneration as seen in Planaria?
(ii) Which type of cells are used by such multicellular organisms to

regenerate?
Ans. (i) Regeneration is the process by which an organism has an
ability to regenerate its lost parts of the body which might have been
removed by injury or by some other methods. When Planaria is cut
into many pieces, each piece grows into a complete organism.
Regeneration is carried out by specialised cells which have the
capacity to develop, proliferate and differentiate into various cell
types and tissues.
(ii) A single pluripotent adult stem cell type (neoblasts) is used by
such multicellular organisms to regenerate.
144. What happens when:
(i) Planaria gets cut into two pieces.
(ii) A mature Spirogyra filament attains considerable length.
(iii) On maturation sporangia burst.
Ans. (i) When planaria gets cut into two pieces each piece
regenerates into a new Planaria.
(ii) When a mature Spirogyra filament attains considerable length it
breaks into two or more fragments and each fragment grows into a
new individual.
(iii) On maturation when sporangia burst, spores are liberated and
they are dispersed.
On getting a suitable substratum and under favourable conditions
each spore germinates into new mycelium.
145. Students were asked to observe the permanent slides
showing different stages of budding in yeast under high power
of a microscope.[Board Question]
(i) Which adjustment screw were you asked to move to focus the
slides?
(ii) Draw diagrams in correct sequence to show budding in yeast.
Ans. (i) Fine adjustment screws were moved to focus the slides.
(ii)
146. Fallen leaves of Bryophyllum on the ground produce new

plants whereas the leaves of rose do not. Explain this difference
between the two plants?
Ans. In Bryophyllum new plants develop from the adventitious buds
on their leaves through vegetative propagation but buds do not
develop from the leaves of rose plants hence new plants cannot
grow from the fallen leaves of rose plant.
147. What are the advantages of vegetative propagation?
Ans. Some advantages of vegetative propagation are:
1. It is cheaper, easier and rapid method.
2. The plants which cannot produce seeds also can be easily
propagated by this method.
3. The plants produced by this method bear fruits and flowers earlier.
4. It produces new individuals with exactly identical qualities as the
parent, which preserves the parental characteristics.
148. Mohan was watching his mother cutting some potatoes
into small pieces, each with one or two buds. These buds have
started sprouting. She planted them in kitchen garden and
started watering them daily. Mohan asked his mother why she
planted them as they have no seeds.
(i) What is this method of propagation called?
(ii) Which part of plant is used in this case?
(iii) Is it sexual or asexual mode of reproduction?
Ans. (i) It is called vegetative propagation.
(ii) The stem tuber is used.
(iii) It is asexual mode of reproduction as there is no involvement of
gametes and it involves only single parent.
149. How will an organism be benefited if it reproduces through
spores? [NCERT]
Ans. An organism can be benefited if it reproduces through spores
by following ways:
1. Spores are covered with thick walls which protect them from
adverse environmental conditions like drought, high temperature etc.
So, they can survive even in these adverse conditions.
2. They are very light, small and can be easily dispersed through
wind, water, animals and on getting favourable conditions they
germinate and give rise to new individuals.
3. This mode of reproduction is simple and faster.
4. Large number of spores are produced at one time within a
sporangium.
(i) Name the structures where spores are formed? Give the terms
used for non-flagellated, non-motile spores and flagellated, motile
spores?
(ii) Give one example of plant where modified tuberous roots can be
propagated vegetatively when planted in soil?
Ans. (i) Spores are formed in sporangia. Non-flagellated, non-motile
spores are called aplanospores and flagellated, motile spores are
called zoospores.
(ii) Sweet potato is an example of plant where modified tuberous
roots can be propagated vegetatively when planted in soil.
151. State the basic requirements for sexual reproduction?
Write the importance of such reproduction in nature?[Board
Question]
Ans. The basic requirements for sexual reproduction are
involvement of a father and mother, parents which will contribute the
male and female gametes respectively. The gametes are haploid
which are produced through meiosis which on fusion produce a
zygote and normal diploid number of chromosome is restored in
offsprings.
Importance of sexual reproduction:
1. It involves variations in species.
2. Two individuals are required one male and another female.
3. Specialised cells called sex cells are involved in this type of
reproduction.
4. It promotes diversity of characters in offsprings.
5. It results in recombination of genes thus increases the chances of
genetic variations.
6. It plays an important role in the origin of new species.
152. List six specific characteristics of sexual
reproduction.
Ans. Characteristics of sexual reproduction are:
1. In sexual reproduction, two parents are involved (male and
female).
2. The new organism produced is genetically different from both
parents.
3. During gamete formation meiosis occurs. After fertilisation all
divisions are mitotic.
4. Sexual reproduction helps in evolution.
5. Fertilisation of gametes leads to zygote formation. This zygote
grows and develops to form a new organism.
6. Humans, fish, dogs, hens, cats, cows, horses, deer, rabbit; lions
and tigers all reproduce by the method of sexual reproduction. Most
of the flowering plants also reproduce by sexual reproduction.
153. Distinguish between pollination and fertilisation. Mention
the site and the product of fertilisation in a flower.
Ans. 1. The transfer of pollen grains from anther of a stamen to the
stigma of a carpel is called pollination whereas fertilisation is the
process when the male gamete present in pollen grain joins the
female gamete present in ovule.
2. Pollination is an external mechanism whereas fertilisation is an
internal mechanism which takes place inside the flower.
3. Site of fertilisation in flower is ovary. Product of fertilisation in
flower is Zygote.
154. What is carpel? Write the function of its various parts.
[Board Question]
Ans. The flask-shaped organ in the centre of a flower is called
carpel. It is also called as female reproductive organ of the plant.
It is made up of three parts:
1. Stigma
2. Style
3. Ovary
1. Stigma is the top part of carpel and is sticky. So, it receives the
pollen from the anther of stamen.
2. Style connects stigma to ovary.
3. Ovary contains female gametes of the plant and helps in
reproduction.
155. What are stamen and carpel in a flower ? What is the name
of yellow powdery substance present in the anther of a flower ?
Ans. Stamen is the male reproductive part of a flower whereas
carpel is a female reproductive part of a flower. The yellow powdery
substance present in the anther of a flower is known as pollen
grains.
156. Name the two reproductive parts of a bisexual flower which
contain the germ cells. State the location and function of its
female reproductive part.
Ans. Stamen and carpel are the two reproductive parts of a bisexual
flower which contain the germ cells. Carpel- the female reproductive
part is located at the centre of a flower. Carpel has three parts, the
tip part is stigma which is sticky and receives the pollen grains, style
is long and middle part through which pollen tube from pollen grains
travel to reach ovary. Ovary is the swollen, bottom part of carpel
which contains the female gametes where fertilisation takes place.
157. Name the following parts:
(i) The organ where foetus develop during gestation period.
(ii) A funnel like structure near the posterior end of ovary.
(iii) Technical term given to the stalk of the flower.
(iv) Three parts of carpel.
Ans. (i) Uterus
(ii) Fallopian tube
(iii) Pedicel
(iv) Stigma, style, ovary
(i) What happens to the ovule and ovary after fertilisation?
(ii) Which group of plants show double fertilisation?
Ans. (i) After fertilisation ovule develops into seeds and ovary into
fruit.
(ii) Mostly angiosperms show double fertilisation.
(i) Write the names of those parts of a flower which serve the same
functions as the following do in the animals.
(a) Testis, (b) Sperm, (c) Ovary, (d) Egg
(ii) State the function of flowers in the flowering plants?
Ans. (i) (a) Testis – Anther; (b) Sperm – Pollen grains; (c) Ovary –
Ovary; (d) Egg – Ovum
(ii) Flowers are the main organs of sexual reproduction. They contain
the reproductive organs.
160. What is the role of seminal vesicles and prostate glands?
[NCERT]
Ans. Seminal vesicles and prostate glands are accessory
reproductive organs. The secretion from seminal vesicles provides
nourishment and motility to the sperms. Prostate glands secretion
neutralises the acidic pH of vagina so that sperms can easily pass
through vagina.
(i) Trace the path of the sperms from where they
are produced in the human body to the exterior?
(ii) Write the functions of seminal vesicles and prostate glands in
human male reproductive system?
Ans. (i) Seminiferous tubules → Epididymis → Sperm duct →
Urethra
(ii) Seminal vesicles secretion serves as a medium for transportation
of sperms and also they activate and nourish the sperms. The
secretion of prostate gland makes the medium alkaline and
neutralises the acidic medium of female vagina.
(i) Name the organ that produces sperms as well as secretes a
hormone in human males. Name the hormone it secretes and write
its functions.
(ii) Name the parts of the human female reproductive system where
fertilisation occurs.
(iii) Explain how the developing embryo gets nourishment inside the
mother’s body?
[Board Question]
Ans. (i) Testes produce sperms as well as secretes a hormone in
human males. The hormone secreted by testes is testosterone and
its functions are:
1. It stimulates sperm production.
2. It stimulates development of secondary
sexual characters in males.
3. It involves the development, maturation and functioning of male
accessory sex organs.
(ii) Fallopian tubes are the site of fertilisation in the human female
reproductive system.
(iii) A specialised tissue called placenta connects developing foetus
with uterine wall of mother that provides nutrients from mother to
child. Placenta is formed by interlocking of finger like projections
called villi which provide a large surface area for diffusion of nutrients
like glucose and respiratory gases like oxygen from mother. Carbon
dioxide gas and metabolic wastes released by foetus are removed
by placenta.
163. Name the hormones responsible for puberty.
Ans. Puberty is the stage in life when a child's body develops into an
adult's body. The changes take place gradually, usually between the
ages of 10 and 16.
Changes occur at puberty because of hormones are:
1. Testosterone is produced by the testes and it controls the
development of male secondary sexual characteristics.
2. Oestrogen is produced by the ovaries and it controls the
development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
164. How does the embryo get nourishment inside the mother’s
body? [NCERT]
Ans. The embryo gets nourishment inside the mother’s body through
a disc shaped structure called placenta. It connects embryo with
mother’s blood. It supplies nutrients, oxygen to the growing embryo
and removes carbon dioxide, wastes from embryo. Through this
structure the blood of embryo comes in close contact with mother’s
blood and by diffusion process exchange of nutrients occurs. The
placenta is formed by interlocking of two sets of villi, which provide
maximum surface area for absorption of nutrients and oxygen gas.
165. What are the changes seen in girls at the time of puberty?
[NCERT]
Ans. Changes seen in girls during puberty are:
1. Appearance of thick hair in genital parts and under arm pits.
2. Enlargement of breasts.
3. Darkening of skin surrounding the nipples.
4. Start of menstrual cycle.
5. Oily skin and pimples.
166. Why does menstruation occur?
Ans. When the egg is not fertilised and the uterus has not received a
fertilised egg, the lining becomes thick. The thick and soft inner lining
of the uterus along with the blood vessels and the dead egg comes
out of the vagina in the form of blood. This cycle is known as
menstruation.
167. Write the functions of each of the following parts in a
human female reproductive system.
(i) Ovary
(ii) Uterus
(iii) Fallopian tube
Write the structure and functions of placenta in a human female.
Ans. (i) Ovary: It produces female gametes and female sex
hormones like estrogen, progesterone.
(ii) Uterus: It supports and nourishes the developing foetus. It
expands according to the growth of the baby.
(iii) Fallopian tube: They are the site of fertilisation and carry eggs
from ovary to uterus.
Placenta connects baby with mother’s body. It is a disc like structure
embedded in uterine wall. It is a special tissue formed by the
interlocking of two sets of villi, one set given by wall of uterus and
other set from embryo. It is the site of exchange of materials
between the blood of mother and baby. It provides nutrients, oxygen
from mother to foetus and removes excretory substances, carbon
dioxide from foetus.
168. The embryo gets its nutrition from the mother’s blood with
the help of special tissue.
(i) What is this special tissue called?
(ii) Give any other function of this tissue apart from one mentioned
above.
(iii) Explain the structure of this special tissue.
Ans. (i) This special tissue is called placenta.
(ii) Besides providing nutrition to the embryo, placenta helps in
removing waste products from embryo, it also helps in providing
oxygen to the embryo and eliminating carbon dioxide from embryo.
(iii) Placenta is a disc like structure which is attached to the wall of
the uterus. It is formed by two sets of minute finger like projections
called villi. One set from uterine wall and other set from the embryo.
The blood flows through fine capillaries of the placenta.
169. List four points of significance of reproductive health in a
society. Name any two areas related to reproductive health
which have improved over the past 50 years in our country.
Ans. Significance of reproductive health in a society are:
1. It helps in controlling population growth.
2. It helps in preventing the transmission of Sexually Transmitted
Diseases like syphilis, AIDS etc.
3. It helps in family planning.
4. It helps in knowing the suitable age for marriage and giving birth to
child so that the mortality rates of mother and new born child can be
reduced.
The two areas related to reproductive health which have improved
over the past 50 years in our country are less mortality rate in new
borns and mother.
170. What are different methods of contraception?
[NCERT]
Ans. The methods or devices used to prevent fertilisation and
implantation are referred to as contraceptive methods. Some of the
methods are:
1. Barrier methods: Use of condoms in male and diaphragms in
female prevents the entry of sperms into uterus.
2. Chemical methods: Use of various hormonal pills prevents the
release of egg from ovary. They cause a change in menstrual cycle
thus delaying ovulation.
3. IUCDs: Use of IUCDs devices like copper-T which is fitted inside
uterus that prevents implantation of embryo into the wall of uterus.
4. Surgical methods: Tubectomy is done in female where a small
portion of oviducts are removed and ligated to prevent the entry of
egg from ovaries. Vasectomy is done in males where a small portion
of vas deferens is cut and ligated preventing passage of sperms.
5. Natural methods: To avoid copulation around the time of
ovulation.
171. What could be the reasons for adopting contraceptive
method? [NCERT]
Ans. The reasons for adopting contraceptive method are:
1. Preventing unwanted pregnancies to control population growth.
2. It protects from Sexually Transmitted Diseases like AIDS, Syphillis
etc.
3. Proper health of mother and child can be maintained by
preventing frequent pregnancies.
4. Sufficient gap between the offsprings, which ensures the proper
health of the mother and child.
(i) List two sexually transmitted diseases in each of the following
cases:
(a) Bacterial infections (b) Viral infections
(ii) How may the spread of such diseases be prevented?
Ans. (i) (a) Gonorrhoea and syphilis are bacterial
infections.
(b) AIDS, warts are viral infections.
(ii) They can be prevented by avoiding sexual contact with the
infected persons, using barriers like condoms, maintaining personal
hygiene.
173. Rajeev, a sales executive in a MNC was not keeping well for
a long time. He underwent a complete medical check-up and
was diagnosed as HIV+. He was terminated on account of this
condition.
(i) To which category of disease does AIDS belong to? Give its
causative organism.
(ii) Do you think it was a right decision by the head of the company?
Justify?
(iii) What concern should the society show towards HIV+ individuals?
Ans. (i) AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease. Its causative
organism is HIV.
(ii) No, it was not a right decision by the head of the company
because HIV is not spread by shaking hands, mixing with HIV
infected individuals. Instead he should be given equal rights, justice
and freedom so that he should feel happy and should not get
depressed.
(iii) The society should show positive attitude towards HIV positive
persons. They should be given proper care and treatment.
Everybody should support them so that they can lead a healthy life
without getting mental depression. We should not isolate them but
we should provide proper education and create awareness among
people about HIV and AIDS.

(i) Name the different types of asexual reproduction seen in living
organisms. Give examples for each.
(ii)
Identify the process occurring in the above figure. Briefly describe
the process.
Ans. (i) The different types of asexual reproduction seen in living
organisms are:
1. Fission: It is the process in which a unicellular organism splits
into two or more daughter cells. They are mainly of two types- Binary
fission which is seen in Amoeba, Leshmania, Paramecium and
Multiple fission seen in Plasmodium.
2. Fragmentation: It is seen in Spirogyra.
3. Regeneration: It is seen in Hydra, Planaria.
4. Budding: It is seen in Yeast, Hydra.
5. Spore formation: Here reproduction occurs through formation of
spores. Spores under favourable conditions give rise to new
individuals. It is seen in Rhizopus, Mucor etc.
6. Vegetative propagation: It is mainly seen in plants.
(ii) The figure depicts fragmentation process in Spirogyra. In the
process of fragmentation organism after maturation breaks into
smaller fragments and each fragment grows into a new individual.
This process is called fragmentation.
175. With the help of suitable diagrams explain the various
steps of budding in Hydra.
Ans. Budding is a form of asexual reproduction and is the process of
production of new individual from an outgrowth called bud formed on
the parent body. Regenerative cells present in Hydra are used for
budding. Due to repeated mitotic divisions an outgrowth called bud
develops from the parent body which enlarges in size and finally
develops into a small hydra. After attaining suitable maturity the
offspring gets detached from the parent body and becomes an
independent individual.
Fig. Budding in Hydra

176. Define pollination. Explain the different types of pollination.
List two agents of pollination. How does suitable pollination
lead to fertilisation?
[Board Question]
Ans. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of the
stamen to the stigma of the pistil with the help of air, water and
insects.
Types of pollination:
1. Self pollination: Transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the
stigma of the same flower.
2. Cross pollination: Transfer of pollen grain from the anther of one
flower to the stigma of other flower of the same species.
Two agents of pollination are air, water, insects, etc. When correct
species of pollen grain lands on the stigma it results in some
chemical response from the ovary that causes the growth of pollen
tube from pollen grain. The pollen grain slides down the pollen tube
and enters the ovary where it meets the egg. This process is called
as fertilisation and leads to the formation of zygote.
177. What is vegetative propagation? Describe various methods
of vegetative propagation?
Ans. The growth of new plants from vegetative parts of the plant like
roots, stem, leaves other than the seeds is called vegetative
propagation. Various methods of vegetative propagation are:
1. Cutting: Small piece of plant part like roots, stem or leaves is cut
and is used for propagation. Examples: Rose, china-rose, sugarcane
etc.
2. Layering: It is the process where roots are induced when a stem
comes in contact with the ground. Examples: Grapevine, jasmine,
litchi, mango etc.
3. Grafting: It is a process of joining a part of a living plant like stem
or bud to another plant and they grow as one plant. Examples: Lime,
lemon etc.
4. Propagation by plant tissue culture: In this method plant cells
are cultured in an artificial culture media, where a cell divides into
undifferentiated mass of cells called callus which is transferred to
different nutrient medium to grow into plantlets.
All the above methods are artificial method of vegetative
propagation.
In natural methods of vegetative propagation underground roots
[Root tubers of Dahlia] or underground stems [bulbs of onions,
rhizomes of ginger] or adventitious buds on leaves [Bryophyllum]
grow into new plants.
(i) Draw the female reproductive part of a flower and label:
(a) The part which is sticky and receptors of pollen grains.
(b) The part that transfers male gametes.
(c) The part that contains the female gametes.
(ii) How do the pollen grains reach to the female reproductive part in
a flower?
(iii) Describe how male and female gametes unite in a flowering plant
with suitable diagrams.
Ans.
(i) (a) Stigma is sticky in nature and receptor of pollen grains.
(b) Pollen tube which arises from pollen grains transfers male
gametes by passing through style into ovary.
(c) Ovary contains ovules that carry an embryo sac which contains
the female gametes.
(ii) Pollen grains reach the stigma of carpel through pollination
process by various pollinating agents like wind, insects, water etc.
(iii)
The process of mixing of male and female gametes to form a zygote
is called fertilisation. By pollination process pollen grains gets
deposited on stigma of carpel. Under suitable conditions they
germinate. A long pollen tube containing two male gametes arises
and it passes through style to reach the ovary. The ovary contains
ovule which has a embryo sac. Female gamete is present inside
embryo sac. The pollen tube enters the ovule through micropyle and
penetrates through the embryo sac. One male gamete fuses with
female gamete to produce zygote whereas the second male gamete
fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm. This process is called
double fertilisation.
179. Study the following diagram and answer the following
questions:
(i) Label the parts A, B, C and D.
(ii) Which parts represent the male and female reproductive part
respectively.
(iii) What is the function of the parts labeled A and D ?
(iv) What do you mean by pollination and explain the different types
of pollination?
Ans. (i) A – Petals; B – Stamens; C – Pistil; D – Sepals

(ii) Part B [Stamens] represent male reproductive part and part C
[Pistil] represent female reproductive part of a flower.
(iii) The main function of petal is to attract insects for pollination so
they are large, showy and brightly coloured. The main function of
sepal is to protect the stamens and pistils.
(iv) Pollination is the process of transfer of pollen grains from anther
to the stigma of the carpel by various pollinating agents like wind,
insects etc. There are two types of pollination :
1. Self-pollination : The transfer of pollen grains from anther of a
flower to stigma of the same flower or different flower but in same
plant is called self-pollination.
2. Cross-pollination : The transfer of pollen grains from anther of
flower of one plant to stigma of another flower of different plant but of
same species is called cross-pollination.
180. Describe the role of the following in a male reproductive
system and label them in a figure:
(i) Testis
(ii) Vas deferens
(iii) Epididymis
(iv) Scrotum
(v) Seminal vesicle
Ans. (i) Testes are the primary sex organs in a human male which
produce sperms by the process of spermatogenesis. They also
produce male sex hormone testosterone which helps in the
development of secondary male characteristics at the time of
puberty.
(ii) Vas deferens also called sperm ducts carries the sperms from
testes to urethra.
(iii) Epididymis stores the sperms for some days where they get
mature and become motile in nature.
(iv) Scrotum or scrotal sacs are pouch like structures located outside
the abdomen in which testes are placed. It provides an optimum
temperature for sperm formation.
(v) The secretion of seminal vesicles helps in transportation of
sperms and provides nourishment to the sperms.
(i) Write the function of following parts in human female
reproductive system:
(a) Ovary
(b) Oviduct
(c) Uterus
(ii) Describe in brief the structure and function of placenta.
Ans. (i) (a) Ovary: It produces egg for fertilisation. It secretes
estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen regulates secondary sexual
characters and progesterone controls the thickness of the lining of
uterus.
(b) Oviduct: It is the site of fertilisation and carries egg or fertilised
ovum (zygote) to the uterus.
(c) Uterus: It helps to nourish the fertilised ovum that will develop
into foetus. It holds the baby till it is ready for birth.
(ii) Placenta is a disc shaped structure on uterine wall before
implantation of embyro. It provides oxygen and nutrients to the
foetus. It helps to remove waste also. The placenta is composed of
both material tissues and tissue derived from the embryo. The
chorion is the embryonic derived portion of the placenta. It is
composed of foetal blood vessels and trophoblasts which are
organised into finger-like structures called chorionic villi.
(i) Identify the given diagram. Name the parts 1 to 5.
(ii) What is contraception? List three advantages of adopting

contraceptive measures.
Ans. (i) The parts of the female reproductive system are as follows:
(1) Fallopian tube or Oviduct
(2) Ovary
(3) Uterus
(4) Cervix
(5) Vagina
(ii) Contraception is the method by which a female inhibits
fertilisation and hence prevents pregnancy.
The three advantages of contraception are:
(1) It makes the people more aware about the concept of family
planning.
(2) It educates the people about sexually transmitted diseases and
ways to avoid it.
(3) It helps the female to space children.
(4) It reduces the risk of unwanted pregnancies.
183. Answer the following related to AIDS.
(i) Expand AIDS, HIV.
(ii) Is AIDS an infectious disease?
(iii) State few methods of transmission of this disease.
(iv) Give some preventive measures for control of AIDS.
(v) When is World AIDS day celebrated?
Ans. (i) AIDS – Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
HIV – Human Immuno deficiency Virus
(ii) Yes, AIDS is an infectious disease.
(iii) Few methods of transmission of this disease are:
(1) Sexual contact with an infected person.
(2) Transfusion of blood from an infected person.
(3) From mother to child through placenta during pregnancy.
(4) Sharing of infected needles for injection of drugs or vaccines.
(iv) Some preventive measures for control of AIDS are:
(1) Using disposable syringes.
(2) Using condoms for sex.
(3) Before blood transfusion, blood should be tested for AIDS.
(4) Educating people about transmission and prevention of AIDS.
(v) World AIDS day is celebrated on December 1 every year.
184. Given below are few questions based on analogy. Fill in the
blanks with appropriate answer in each.
(i) Diaphragm: Barrier methods: : Copper-T : _______.
(ii) Removal of vas deferens surgically: Vasectomy
: : ______ : Tubectomy
(iii) HIV : AIDS : : _________ : Gonorrhoea
(iv) Ovary: Oestrogen: : Testis : __________
(v) Propagation by tissue culture: _________ : : Development of new
plants from adventitious buds in Bryophyllum : Natural Methods of
vegetative propagation.
Ans. (i) Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD)
(ii) Removal of oviduct surgically
(iii) Nisseria gonorrhoeae
(iv) Testosterone
(v) Artificial Methods of vegetative propagation
185. Draw in sequence (showing the four stages), the process

of binary fission in amoeba.
Ans. Binary fission is an asexual mode of reproduction in amoeba
where a single parent cell divides into two daughter cells and each
daughter cell receives a copy of genetic material.
Binary Fission in Amoeba

186. Study the diagram and answer the following:
(i) What does the figure represents?
(ii) Give an example of organism which shows this process.

(iii) Describe the process shown in the picture.
Ans. (i) The figure represents binary fission which is an asexual
mode of reproduction.
(ii) Amoeba and Paramecium show this mode of reproduction.
(iii) The genetic material first duplicates through mitosis leading to
duplication of nucleus through karyokinesis and a constriction
appears in the cell membrane which deepens and finally a single
parent cell divides into two daughter cells. The division of cytoplasm
is called cytokinesis. This mode of asexual reproduction is called
binary fission.
187. The picture given below depicts the process of
reproduction in a single cell organism. Answer the following
questions based on it:
(i) Name the process depicted above and define it?

(ii) What is meant by asexual reproduction?
Ans. (i) The diagram given above represents multiple fission. The
process by which there is division of a parent cell into several
daughter cells is called multiple fission. During this process the
nucleus of parent cell divides into many daughter nuclei along with
the division of cytoplasm.
(ii) The reproduction which involves only one parent and occurs
without the formation and fusion of gametes and there is no mixing
of genetic material is called asexual reproduction.
188. A student is observing a permanent slide showing
sequentially the different stages of asexual reproduction taking
place in yeast. Name this process and draw diagrams of what
he observes in a proper sequence.
Ans. This process is called budding.
189. Draw a diagram of Rhizopus labelling the reproductive and
non-reproductive parts. Explain the process of reproduction in
Rhizopus.
Ans. Spores are reproductive parts and Hyphae are non-
reproductive parts of Rhizopus.
Rhizopus reproduces through asexual method by spore formation.
During spore formation a structure called sporangium develops from
the fungal hypha. The nucleus divides several times within the
sporangium and each nucleus with small amount of cytoplasm
develops into a spore. The spores are liberated and develop into
new hypha on the substratum when conditions become favourable.

(i) Identify the process depicted in the diagram given below:
(ii) The spores have a covering of thick walls around it. What is its
advantage?
(iii) What are hyphae?
Ans. (i) The process is known as spore formation in rhizopus.

(ii) Spores are covered by a thick structure to withstand unfavourable
conditions like drought, high temperature etc., so that they can
survive for a long time.
(iii) Hyphae are long, thread, branched filaments of fungus which
release enzymes to absorb nutrients from food sources.
191. Draw the diagram of a flower and label the four whorls.
Write the names of gametes producing organs in the flower.
Ans. Anther of stamen produce male gametes and ovary pistil
produce female gametes.
192. Draw a labelled diagram of the longitudinal section of a

flower. [NCERT]
Ans.
L.S. of a Flower
193. Study the diagram and answer the following questions.
(i) What does the figure indicate?

(ii) Label the parts A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H.
(iii) Mention the role of parts B, E?
Ans. (i) The figure indicates fertilisation process in flowering plant.
(ii) A – Pollen grains, B – Stigma, C – Male gametes, D – Style, E –
Pollen tube, F – Ovule, G – Ovary, H – Embryo sac
(iii) Stigma is the part of carpel which receives pollen grains during
pollination.
Pollen tube contains the male gamete which passes through the
style and finally reaches the ovary. It carries the male gametes
towards female gametes for fertilisation.
194. Draw and label the diagram of embryo of a gram seed. Give
the functions of each parts labelled by you ?
Ans. Cotyledons store food for the growth of embryo.
Radicle becomes root in future plant.
Plumule becomes shoot in future plant.
195. Study the diagram and answer the following:

(i) What does the figure represent and label the parts A and B.
(ii) Name a hormone produced by X and what is its function?
(iii) Mention the substances carried by ducts C and D.
Ans. (i) The figure represents human male reproductive system. Part
A is seminal vesicle and B is prostate gland.
(ii) The organ represented by X is testes and Hormone produced by
it is testosterone which helps in developing secondary sexual
characters in males at the time of puberty.
(iii) Duct C is vas deferens which carries sperms and Duct D is
urethra which carries both sperms and urine.
196. Answer the following by carefully studying the figure:
(i) Identify the image shown below.
(ii) Label in the figure the ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina.
Ans. (i) The figure represents female reproductive system.

(ii) The labelled figure is given below:
197. What is the difference between albuminous seed and ex-

albuminous seed?
Ans.
Albuminous seeds Ex-albuminous seeds
Endosperm is present and They lack endosperm and cotyledons

cotyledons are thin and are thick and fleshy because they
surrounded by membrane. store food. Examples : Gram, peas.
Examples: Cereals,
custard apple.
198. How does binary fission differ from multiple fission?
[NCERT]
Ans.
Binary fission Multiple fission
A single parent cell divides It results in production of many

into two daughter cells. daughter cells.
Nucleus divides once and Nucleus divides repeatedly to form

then each nucleus gets many nuclei and each gets
surrounded by cytoplasm to surrounded by cytoplasm to form
form two individuals. many daughter cells.
It occurs under favourable It occurs under unfavourable

conditions. Example: Binary conditions. Example: Plasmodium.
fission in Amoeba,
Paramecium.
199. Distinguish between a gamete and zygote?
Ans.
Gamete Zygote
The germ cells that are mixed It is the product of the fusion of
during sexual reproduction are male gametes and female
called gametes, e.g. sperm (male) gametes during sexual
and ova (female). reproduction.
Gametes are unfertilised Zygote is a fertilised egg or a

reproductive cells. fertilised egg.
As a product of meiosis, gametes Since zygote is the product of

are always haploid cells. the fusion of the male and
female gamete haploid, it is a
diploid structure.
Haploid Diploid
Meiosis and cytokinesis occur. Compaction and formation of

blastula occur.
Found in gonads. Found in fallopian tube.
No new individuals are formed. New individuals are formed.
Has one copy of all autosomes Have two copies of all of the
and one sex chromosome, either autosomes. Sex chromosomes
X or Y. may be either XX or XY.
They give rise to the zygote. They give rise to the foetus.
Sperm: very motile. Oocyte: no- Non-motile

motile
200. A potato is cut into a number of small pieces, these potato

pieces are placed on wet cotton kept in a tray. After a few days,
green shoots and roots appear only from some potato pieces
and not from all potato pieces, why?
Ans. In those potato pieces which possess the buds on getting
moisture, light, oxygen new plants develop from them which is an
example of natural methods of vegetative propagation and those
potato pieces which do not have buds, from them new plants do not
grow.
201. Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water but multiply in
sugar solution. Give one reason for this.
Ans. Sugar solution provides energy which cannot be provided by
water for the growth of yeast colonies.
202. What is the advantage of reproduction through spores in
the case of Rhizopus?
Ans. Spores are highly resistant to adverse environmental
conditions like drought, heat etc. They have a thick wall which
protects them and on exposure to suitable conditions they germinate
and give rise to new individuals.
203. Hormones are powerful. It takes only a tiny amount to
cause big changes in cells or even your whole body. That is
why too much or too little of a certain hormone can be serious.
Laboratory tests can measure the hormone levels in your
blood, urine, or saliva.
(i) Name the part of the brain that regulates the release of hormones.
(ii) Name any two endocrine glands that are common in both males
and females.
(iii) Name the endocrine gland which is present only in the males.
Also, name the hormone that is produced by this gland.
(iv) Name the endocrine gland which is present only in the females
and the hormone that is produced by this gland.
Ans. (i) The part of the brain that controls and regulates the release
of hormones is the hypothalamus.
(ii) Pituitary gland and thyroid gland.
(iii) Testis which produces a hormone named testosterone is present
only in males.
(iv) Ovary which produces the hormones progesterone and estrogen
is the endocrine gland which is present only in the females.
(i) Complete the sentence by filling in X and Y. The ovary contains
the X and the X contains the Y.
(ii) If a farmer wishes to develop a mango with characters of two
related species, what method of vegetative propagation should he
use?
Ans. (i) X is Ovule, Y is embryo sac which contains egg cell and two
polar nuclei.
(ii) Grafting method is used.
205. Why is the number of sperms produced always more than
the number of eggs produced?
Ans. A single ejaculation produces about 400 million sperms.
Sperms are motile in nature and they have to travel long distance to
reach the egg for fertilisation. They also compete with each other to
reach the egg, very few are able to climb through uterus to reach
oviduct whereas rest die and are absorbed on the way. Only one
sperm in the end fuses with egg so to fertilise a single egg million
number of sperms are produced.
206. The sexual act always has the potential to lead to
pregnancy. Pregnancy will make major demands on the body
and the mind of the woman, and if she is not ready for it, her
health will be adversely affected. Therefore, many ways have
been devised to avoid pregnancy.
(i) Name any two bacterial diseases that are caused due to
unprotected sex.
(ii) How a pill helps in preventing pregnancy?
(iii) What is vasectomy?
(iv) What are the common side-effects of using contraceptive pills?
Ans. (i) The two bacterial diseases that are caused due to
unprotected sex are gonorrhea and syphilis.
(ii) The pill helps in preventing pregnancy as it prevents the release
of the ovum, by changing the hormonal balance.
(iii) Vasectomy is the surgical process by which the vas deferens is
cut. This prevents the sperms from reaching the ejaculatory duct.
(iv) The common side-effects of using contraceptive pills are
irritation, nausea, and mood swings.
207. Are binary fission and budding faster processes of

reproduction when compared to sexual reproduction? Justify.
Ans. Yes, binary fission and budding are faster processes of
reproduction when compared to sexual reproduction because in
sexual reproduction there are lot of events like formation of gametes,
fusion of gametes, development of a zygote to a young one etc.
208. Name the type of asexual reproduction in which two
individuals are formed from a single parent and the parental
identity is lost. Draw the initial and the final stages of this type
of reproduction. State the event with which this reproduction
starts.
Ans. Binary fission is the type of asexual reproduction in which two
individuals are formed from a single parent and the parental identity
is lost.
This reproduction starts with elongation of Nucleus.

(i) A slide showing several amoeba was given to a student and was
asked to focus the Amoeba undergoing binary fission. What will the
student look for to correctly focus on a dividing Amoeba?
(ii) How can you identify the daughter cells which are formed due to
binary fission in amoeba?
Ans. (i) Student should observe the Amoeba which will have a
elongated nucleus along with a constriction in the middle of
cytoplasm.
(ii) The daughter cells would be smaller in size than their respective
parent cells.
210. A student is made to observe two permanent slides. He
was asked to identify the mode of reproduction in the
respective organism. The student observed the following
slides:
Slide I Slide II
Ans. Slide I is showing budding in yeast and slide II is showing the
process of binary fission in Amoeba.
211. A Planaria worm is cut horizontally in the middle into two
halves P and Q such that the part P contains the whole head of
the worm. Another Planaria worm is cut vertically into two
halves R and S in such a way that both the cut pieces R and S
contain half head each. Which of the cut pieces of the two
Planaria worms could regenerate to form the complete
respective worms?
(a) only P
(b) only R and S
(c) P, R and S
(d) P, Q, R and S
Ans. (d) P, Q, R and S
Explanation: When a Planaria gets cut into two pieces, each piece
will regenerate into a new individual.
212. Write any two precautions while studying different parts
of an embryo of a dicot seed?
Ans. Two precautions are:
1. The slide should first be observed under low power magnification
compound microscope and then under high power magnification
compound microscope.
2. The slides should be focused properly.
213. Name three dicot seeds. Seeds on germination give rise to
_______ and __________.
Ans. The three dicot seeds are gram, peas and beans.Seeds on
germination give rise to plumule and radicle.
(i) Name the remaining structure after removing the testa from
water soaked gram seed.
(ii) How many cotyledons are present in the embryo of gram?
Ans. (i) Full mature embryo
(ii) Two cotyledons
215. Which among the following organisms is capable of
reproducing through spores?
(i) Amoeba
(ii) Plasmodium
(iii) Hydra
(iv) Rhizopus
Ans. (iv) Rhizopus
Explanation: Asexual reproduction by spore formation is the
common method of reproduction in fungi and bacteria. Example:
Rhizopus During spore formation a structure called sporangium
develops from the fungal hypha. The nucleus divides several times
within the sporangium and each nucleus with small amount of
cytoplasm develops into a spore. The spores are liberated and
develop into new hypha on the substratum when conditions become
favourable.
216. (i) Observe a permanent slide of Amoeba under a microscope.

(ii) Similarly observe another permanent slide of Amoeba showing
binary fission.
Now, compare the observations of both the slides.
Ans. One slide shows an amoeba containing a nucleus and
cytoplasm whereas the second slide shows amoeba undergoing
binary fission i.e., nucleus to be dividing, constriction appearing on
the cytoplasm, a single amoeba divides to produce two daughter
amoeba.
217. (i) Collect water from a lake or pond that appears dark green
and contains filamentous structures.
(ii) Put one or two filaments on a slide.
(iii) Put a drop of glycerine on these filaments and cover it with a
coverslip.
(iv) Observe the slide under a microscope.
Can you identify different tissues in the Spirogyra filaments ?
Ans. Spirogyra is a multicellular, filamentous, green algae where
cells are alike and there is no differentiation of tissues.
218. A student noticed that an organism by mistake was cut in
two parts. After sometime both the parts developed into new
individuals.
(i) Name the mode of reproduction used by the organism.
(ii) State the type of cells which carry this process.
(iii) Write examples of two organisms which multiply by this process.
Ans. (i) Regeneration method of asexual mode of reproduction.
(ii) Specialised regenerative cells.
(iii) Planaria and Hydra multiply by this process.
219. (i) Dissolve about 10 g of sugar in 100 mL of water.
(ii) Take 20 mL of this solution in a test tube and add a pinch of yeast
granules to it.
(iii) Put a cotton plug on the mouth of the test tube and keep it in a
warm place.
(iv) After 1 or 2 hours, put a small drop of yeast culture from the test
tube on a slide and cover it with a cover slip.
Observe the slide under a microscope.
Ans. Formation of yeast cells by budding process could be seen.
Some may show a chain of yeast cells attached to each other.
220. (i) Take a potato and observe its surface. Can notches be seen
?
(ii) Cut the potato into small pieces such that some pieces contain a
notch or bud and some do not.
(iii) Spread some cotton on a tray and wet it. Place the potato pieces
on this cotton. Note where the pieces with the buds are placed.
(iv) Observe changes taking place in these potato pieces over the
next few days. Make sure that the cotton is kept moistened.
Which are the potato pieces that give rise to fresh green shoots and
roots ?
Ans. Potatoes having buds show the growth of fresh green shoots
and roots and those who do not have buds does not show any
growth of new plants.
221. (i) Select a money-plant.
(ii) Cut some pieces such that they contain at least one leaf.
(iii) Cut out some other portions between two leaves.
(iv) Dip one end of all the pieces in water and observe over the next
few days.
Which ones grow and give rise to fresh leaves ?
Ans. The portion of money plant having at least one leaf develops
fresh leaves and branch as they have axillary bud present in exile of
leaf. Other parts did not show any growth.
222. (i) Soak a few seeds of Bengal gram (chana) and keep them
overnight.
(ii) Drain the excess water and cover the seeds with a wet cloth and
leave them for a day. Make sure that the seeds do not become dry.
(iii) Cut open the seeds carefully and observe the different parts.
Ans. The seed contains two cotyledons which store food, when seed
germinates plumule and radicle are seen which grows into shoot and
root respectively.
223. (i) Wet a slice of bread, and keep it in a cool, moist and dark
place.
(ii) Observe the surface of the slice with a magnifying glass. Record
your observations for a week.
Ans. A white cottony mass appears on the moist bread which later
becomes black to produce sporangiosphores which contain spores
in them. This is called Rhizopus or bread mould.
224. Ravi took three bread slices and kept the three pieces of
the slices in the following conditions.
(i) Slice 1 in a dried and dark place.
(ii) Slice 2 in a moist and dark place.
(iii) Slice 3 in moist and in refrigerator.
What would he observe in each of the above conditions? Give
reasons for your answer.
Ans. In slice 1, no spores will develop as there is lack of moisture. In
slice 2, white spongy mass like structures with black spots will be
seen as both moisture and darkness favours the growth of bread
moulds. In slice 3, there will be no formation of spores even though
moisture is present because the low temperature in refrigerator does
not favour the growth of spores.
225. We hear and read about female foeticide, which is really a
wrong practice. In some families, be it rural or urban, females
are tortured for giving birth to a girl child. They do not seem to
understand the scientific reason behind the birth of a boy or a
girl.
In your opinion, the approach of the society towards mother in
this regard is correct or not? Explain the scientific reason.
Ans. No, it is not correct. Mother should not be blamed for this.
There is no difference between a male and female child, both are
equal. A female is born if it receives the X bearing sperms from
father as father carries both X and Y chromosomes and mother
carries only X chromosomes.
226. Ram and Shyam went for a trip to Botanical garden. They
saw some plants with beautifully coloured and scented flowers.
They wondered why some flowers were beautifully coloured
and scented. Then they saw in a flower bed, rose plants with
same coloured flowers and of same size. Next day when they
went to school they asked teacher about that.
(i) Why flowers are beautifully coloured and scented?
(ii) Why all the flowers in the flower bed were of same size and
colour?
Ans. (i) Flowers are beautifully coloured and scented to attract
insects for pollination. Pollination would lead to fertilisation and finally
formation of fruits and seeds will take place.
(ii) Rose plants might have propagated by vegetative propagation so
they resemble their parents i.e., all the rose plants are of same size
and of same colour.
227. It is a well known fact that pregnant woman’s health is a
backbone of every family, society and thus nation.
(i) Which tissue is responsible for providing nutrition from mother to
growing embryo?
(ii) According to you, what can likely be the measures to maintain
woman health during pregnancy.
Ans. (i) Placenta is responsible for providing nutrition from mother to
growing embryo.
(ii) Following measures should be maintain for the proper health of
woman during pregnancy:
1. Well balanced and proper nutritious diet.
2. She should not take alcohol, smoke cigarette.
3. She must be kept stress free away from family problems.
4. Regular check-ups and visits to doctor.
5. Avoid use of excess medicines and do light exercises.
228. Study the table given below and answer the questions.
Contraceptive Duration of Hormonal

method efficiency exposure
Copper IUD 10 years No
Pills Use days Yes
Diaphragm Reusable No
(i) What are STDs?

(ii) Which of the bacteria is responsible for causing syphilis?
(iii) Name the contraceptive device that is commonly used by the
males?
(iv) What is the part of the male reproductive organ that is cut in the
process of vasectomy?
Ans. (i) There are a number of diseases that are caused by sexual
intercourses. These diseases are called STDs “Sexually transmitted
disease”.
(ii) Treponema pallidum is the bacterium that causes a disease
called syphilis in humans.
(iii) The contraceptive device that is commonly used by the males is
the condom.
(iv) The vas deferens is cut in the process of vasectomy. This
prevents the sperms from reaching the ejaculatory duct.
229. Elaborate the statement ‘DNA contains the blueprint of the

next generation’.
Ans. DNA is the hereditary material. It stores the blueprint in the
genes which are the sequence of nucleotides. Genes control
synthesis of proteins. These proteins act as enzymes which control
biochemical reactions of the body. Genes are responsible for
transmitting characters from parents to offspring. Before transmitting
characters from parents to offspring prior to cell division DNA makes
its copies by replication. Hence, DNA contains the blueprint of the
next generation.
230. Due to his recent travel and the location of sores, Dr.
Gonzala suspects that Mike may have contracted
Leishmaniasis.
(i) Name the parasite that causes Leishmaniasis.
(ii) The parasite that causes Leishmaniasis reproduced through
which mode?
(iii) How it is transmitted?
Ans. (i) Leishmaniasis infection is caused by the parasite
Leishmania.
(ii) Leishmania reproduces through binary fission.
(iii) Leishmania is transmitted through the bite of an infected sand-fly.
Leishmania (which cause kala-azar), have a whip-like structure at
one end of the cell.
231. Study the table given below and answer the questions.
Disease Causative agent
Syphilis Treponema pallidum
Genital herpes HSV-2
AIDS HIV
Trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis vaginalis
(i) What are STDs?

(ii) What is the full form of HIV and AIDS?
(iii) Is syphilis a bacterial infection or a viral infection?
(iv) Is trichomoniasis a bacterial infection?
Ans. (i) There are a number of diseases that are caused by sexual
intercourses. These diseases are called STDs “Sexually
Transmitted Disease”.
(ii) The full form of HIV is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and
the full form of AIDS is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
(iii) The syphilis is a bacterial infection as it is caused by a bacteria
named Treponema pallidum.
(iv) No, trichomoniasis is not a bacterial infection as it is caused by
a protozoan named Trichomoniasis vaginalis.
232. The diagram represents gametes P and Q fusing to give
cell R. This cell then produces gametes S.T.U. and V.
(i) State whether P, Q and R are haploid or diploid.

(ii) What is the Ratio of Number of Chromosomes in a Human
Zygote and a Human Sperm?
(iii) The parental cell divides and gives rise to two daughter cells.
Each division doubles the number of cells. How many numbers of
cells will be there in third generation? If starting cells is considered
as 0 generation.
Ans. (i) P and Q are haploid gametes while R is zygote and diploid.
(ii) The number of chromosomes in a human sperm is half the
number of chromosomes in a zygote i.e their ratio is 2:1
(iii) The number of cells increases exponentially and can be
expressed as 2n, where n is the number of generations. If we apply
the formula 2n, where n is equal to 3, the single cell would give rise
to 23 i.e 8 cells.
233. Mrs. Alka, 37 years old, was diagnosed with secondary
infertility. The experts diagnosed her for tubal factor infertility
that was obstructing her second pregnancy. Later, she was
suggested to go for In-Vitro Fertilisation (IVF). She conceived in
the first attempt of the treatment and delivered a healthy baby.
Why it is difficult to conceive if fallopian tube is blocked?
Ans. In case the fallopian tube is blocked, the passage for sperm to
get to the eggs, as well as the path back to the uterus for the
fertilised egg, is blocked. To prevent pregnancy in females quite
often the fallopian tube is blocked by surgery due to which the egg
released by the ovary is not able to reach the uterus and hence
fertilisation does not occur. If the fallopian tube is blocked then the
female cannot conceive. The process of fertilisation starts in the
fallopian tube hence if it is blocked then it is difficult for the female to
get pregnant.
234. A 25-year-old young man with his partner of 3 years
decides not to have babies and undergoes a surgical procedure
to prevent pregnancy. This led to permanent sterilisation of
young mam.
(i) Name the surgery performed.
(ii) Which part is cut during this process?
(iii) How does this process prevent pregnancy?
Ans. (i) Vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilisation or
permanent contraception.
(ii) During the procedure, the male vasa deferentia are cut and tied
or sealed.
(iii) Cutting and sealing of vasa deferentia prevents sperm from
entering into the urethra and thereby prevents the fertilisation of a
female through sexual intercourse.
235. Discuss what will be the effect of DNA copying which is not
perfectly accurate in the reproduction process?
236. What are the different methods of asexual reproduction?
Explain budding and regeneration with diagrams?
237. Give one difference between binary fission and budding.
238. Explain budding in yeast with proper diagram?
239. List distinguishing features between sexual and asexual types
of reproduction in tabular form.
240. Answer the following related to diagrams given below:
Figure (A) Figure (B) Figure (C) Figure (D)

(i) Identify the organisms in figure A, B, C and D.
(ii) Identify the life process shown in all the figures.
(iii) How is the life process advantageous to the organisms?
241. What is syngamy?
242. Which parts of plants can grow vegetatively?
243. What are the various parts of an embryo of a dicot seed?
244. Which hormone stimulates the release of egg from ovary
almost every month after puberty in woman?
245. Mention secondary sexual characters in human male and
female.
(i) List two advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual
reproduction?
(ii) How will an organism be benefitted if it reproduces through
spores.
(iii) Name a sexually transmitted disease and a method to avoid it.
(iv) Illustrate the following with the help of suitable diagrams:
(a) Spore formation in Rhizopus
(b) Multiple fission in Plasmodium
247. Assertion: XX chromosome give rise to female child whereas
XY give rise to male child.
Reason: The Y chromosome in males is smaller than X
chromosome.
248. (i) Draw a longitudinal section of flower exhibiting germination
of pollen on stigma and label ovary, male-germ cell, female-germ
cell, ovule on it.
(ii) After fertilisation in a flower, mention the structures that develop
into the embryo and seed.
249. What is the role of Seminal Fliud ?
250. Give reason for the statement— “Since the ovary releases one
egg every month, the uterus also prepares itself every month by
making its lining thick and spongy.”
251. List two differences between self-pollination and cross-
pollination?
252. From the internet, gather information about the chromosome
numbers of five animals and five plants. Correlate the number with
the size of the organism and answer the following questions:
(i) Do larger organisms have more number of chromosomes or cells?
(ii) Can organism with fewer chromosomes reproduce more easily
than organisms with more number of chromosomes?
(iii) More the number of chromosomes or cells greater is the DNA
content. Justify.

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1.

Asexual reproduction: The process of producing offsprings

14. What is the disadvantage of parthenogenesis?

(b) Retention of genotype

(c) Lack of adaptability

(d) Variety in population

(b) More variations are observed in the offspring of asexually

(c) No difference in variation is observed in offspring of sexually and

(d) Cannot be determined.

(c) golgi bodies

(b) only variations with parents.

(d) neither similarities nor variations.

(b) halving of chromosomes during gamete formation.

(c) doubling of chromosomes after gamete formation.

(d) halving of chromosomes after gamete formation.

(b) fulfill their energy requirement.

(c) maintain growth.

(d) continue the species generation after generation.

The correct sequence is :

(b) I, II, IV, III

(c) III, IV, II, I

(d) I, III, IV, II

(b) Reduction division

(c) Multiple fission

(d) Binary fission

Multiple Fission Binary fission

(d) Includes a definite pattern of Has no definite pattern of

Ans. (c) Divides repeatedly—Divides only once.

(ii) Level of genetic variation in offsprings.

(iii) Number of parents involved.

(iv) Multiple fission happens in Plasmodium whereas binary fission

(a) Only (i) is correct

(b) Both (i) and (iv) are correct

(c) (iii) is correct

(d) (ii) is correct

Ans. (b) Both (i) and (iv) are correct

(a) I, IV, III, II, V

(b) III, I, IV, II, V

(c) I, II, IV, III, V

(d) I, III, IV, II, V

Ans. (d) I, III, IV, II, V

(b) Binary fission produces two new organisms.

(c) Binary fission in amoeba happens only in the vertical plane.

(d) Binary fission in Leishmania can happen in any plane.

Ans. (b) Binary fission produces two new organisms.

(b) they are all unicellular

(c) they reproduce only sexually

Ans. (d) they reproduce asexually

(a) (ii) and (iv)

(b) (i), (iii) and (iv)

(c) (i) and (iv)

(d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

(ii) Asexual reproduction does not involve gametes.

(iii) Asexual reproduction occurs before sexual reproduction.

(iv) Asexual reproduction occurs after sexual reproduction.

(a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (i) and (iii)

(c) (ii) and (iv)

(d) (iii) and (iv)